Revitalising the Smallholder
Beef Cattle to Achieve Beef Self
Sufficiency Through the
Integration Farming System
Marsetyo
Department of Animal Sciences
Tadulako University
PDA ARG Food Security
Denpasar, 16 October 2013
Important Messages
• The animal protein consumption of Indonesian people is
low
• The price of beef go sky high (the most expensive in the
world)
• Government has set self sufficiency target on beef
(2010 and 2014)
• Beef demand increase 5.5%/year, domestic supply
increase only 3,7%/year
• Beef cattle import are remained high
• Can we achieve beef self sufficiency?
Beef Cattle in Indonesia
• Play as biological, social, and economic roles
- Contribute 19 % (505.477 tones/year) national
meat production
- Provide jobs, draught power, fertilizer, soil
conditioner, transport
- Enhance crop production
- Generate cash incomes
- Potentially to reduce poverty
Cattle statistic
900000
16000000
772868
800000
13,581,570
14000000
700000
644849
12000000
521002
516992
500000
413359
400000
Head of cattle
600000
head of cattle
14,824,373
11514871
12,256,604
12,759,838
10000000
8000000
6000000
300000
4000000
200000
2000000
100000
0
0
2007
2007
2008
2009
2010
2008
2011
2009
2010
Years
Years
Life cattle imported from Australia
Population of beef cattle
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
2011
?
?
Meat Production
Proportion of Meat Production
range broiler
18%
free range chicken
19%
10%
53%
other meat
600
Beef production (thousand ton/year)
beef
Beef Production
485
500
400
393
409
2008
2009
505
436
300
200
100
0
2010
2011
2012
Years
Total meat production per year = 2.081.000 tonnes
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
Beef Self Sufficiency
• National population 14.824.373 heads (2011)
• By year 2014 cattle import is about 5-10%
• Beef consumption can be meet through domestic
supply
• A national beef self sufficiency will require a large
biomass of unutilised feed to support increased cattle
population
• We cannot increase cattle population without sufficient
feed supply
Smallholders Characteristics
• 4.572.766 household
• 67% small holder farmers are in
Java (51% population)
• 19% small holder farmers in
eastern Indonesia (31%
population)
• Small number of cattle (2-5 per
farmer)
• Integrated crop/livestock systems
• Cut and carry forage feed system
(Stall feeding)
• Low quality crop residues used as
animal feed
• Cattle tethered
Beef cattle performance
• Calving rate 45-56% (Bali cattle) or 36% (Ongole
crossbreeds)
• Calf mortality 18%
• Calving interval 15-17 months
• Cow mortality 2.70%
• Growth dictated by seasonal feed availability
- Wet season daily live weight gain 0.25-0.50 kg/d
- Dry season weight loss 20%
What should we do??
• Better feed managment can change the
productivity of cattle
• Apply “Three in one” as Vision
– One year-One cow-One calf
National twin project has no impact
Potential huge grazing area in eastern Indonesia
Forage Limitation at Smallholder farm
• Lack of knowledge about
importance of good quality forage
to cattle production – reliance on
communal grazing and native grass
• Lack of access to suitable
productive species or lack of land
to grow improved forages in
intensive cropping systems
• Difficult environmental conditions
e.g. low rainfall, long dry seasons,
poor soils
Response of weaned Bali calf given native grass and
libitum
Sites
Dry matter feed
intake (%LW/d)
DM feed
digestibility
(%)
Daily liveweight
gain
(g/d)
Grati
1.94
62.3
122
Lombok
2.10
52.9
25
Kendari
2.85
52.7
173
Kupang
1.95
71.3
24
Palu
2.38
58.5
103
Making better management and use of existing forage sources
•
•
•
Gliricidia and Leucaena are
present in most villages but
poorly utilised and managed
Farmers have no experience
Lack of cattle acceptance
Responses of weaned Bali calves given tree legumes as single feed or as feed
supplement
Sites
Feed stuffs
DM feed intake (% BB)
Grati
Leucaena
1.80
69.8
336
Grati
Elephant grass + leucaena (1%BW/d)
2.63
60.9
192
Lombok
Leucaena
3.30
49.7
471
Lombok
Sesbania
3.30
55.4
429
Lombok
Sesbania + rice bran (1%BW)
3.23
56.9
401
Lombok
Moringa
2.30
62.1
221
Kendari
Gliricidia
2.64
55.2
182
Kendari
Gliricidia+ rice bran (1%BW)
2.87
59.5
257
Kupang
Leucaena
2.46
59.1
422
Kupang
Leucaena + rice bran (1%BW)
2.66
47.2
555
Kupang
Leucaena + corn stover (1%BW)
2.60
56,6
614
Palu
Gliricidia
3.21
58,8
269
Palu
Elephant grass hay + gliricidia (1%BW)
3.52
58.3
280
Palu
Corn stover + gliricidia (1%BW)
3.85
59.1
311
BW = Body weight, DM = dry matter
DM feed
digestibility (%)
Daily
liveweight
gain (g/d)
Better management of existing forage
• Cut regularly
• FertilizingBetter Management of Forage
• Weed control
No urea
fertilization
Urea
fertilization
Introduction of new forage
•new pasture and cut & carry
•grasses and legumes
Brachiaria mulato
Brachiaria X cv
Mulato
Clitoria ternatea
Paspalum atratum
Panicum maximum
Paspalum atratum
Panicum maximum
Arachis pintoi
Stylosanthes cv verano
Weaning and mating management
Weaning was not practiced by farmers
Weaning calf at 5-6 months old provide some benefits
Growth of early weaned Bali calf in villages
Control mating
Calving at the end of wet season
Control mating calendar
Mating 1
Weaning at wet season
Calving 1
Mating 2 Weaning
Calving 2
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Uncontrolled mating (naturally)
Mating
Calving
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Dry season
Wet season
Dry season
Wet season
The main benefit of weaning early and
control mating
• Synergize the available nutrients and nutrient
demand
• Increase the reproductive performance of the
cows
- Increase pregnancy rate
- Decrease calving to conception interval
- Increase weaning rate
- Decrease calf mortality
Integration Cattle-Crops
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increasing human food demand, most of arable
land used for crops
Huge amount of agricultural byproducts
produced annually (e.g. Rice straw)
Until recently Agricultural byproduct have not
been yet fully utilized
Integration cattle-crops allows nutrients to be
recycled more efficiently
Most of them are low nutritive value
Difficult to use the product at fresh form over
extended period
Model of integration between cattle and crops
Fertiliser
Integrated farming system
(Crops+ forages+ cattle)
Forages +Crop
residues
ORGANIC FARM
Feed
Key
Bio
gas
Cattle pen
Control mating, calving, weaning,
feeding etc ,
Marketing
Faeces
Cattle/Beef
Packing
The Integration Cattle and Plantation
• Large Plantation occupy most of
the arable land
• Free grazing or tethered on the
vegetation under plantations of
coconut and oil palm
• Save approximately 30% cost of
weed control
• The area under this plantation
can be grown for Leucaena,
Gliricidia, stylo, Panicum
maximum, Pennisetum purpureum)
for cut and carry
Plantation byproducts
• Oil palm byproducts such
as palm press fibre, palm
fronds, palm kernel meal
• Coconut byproduct
namely copra meal
• Sugar cane byproducts:
sugar cane top and
baggase
• Cacao pods
Use Cocoa Pods to Address Feed Gaps in the Dry season
• Indonesia is the second largest cacao
producer in the world after Cote d
Ivoire
• Total plantation area 1.19 million ha
(more than 50% from Sulawesi)
• 75% cacao fruit is pod- high
potential for ruminant feed
•
Contain medium protein content
• One hectare can produce about 1 ton
DM cacao pod/year
•
Using cacao pod will reduce the
incidence of cacao disease
(Conopomorpha cramerella)
Cattle eating fresh cacao pods
Use and Conserving crop residues
Rice straw (Jerami padi) –
usually low quality but can be
supplemented with e.g. Tree legume
Maize stover – usually of medium
quality and digestibility if conserved
soon after harvest
Cassava top
 peanut, cowpea and mungbean
straw – these retain good protein levels
if harvested correctly
Recommendations
• Beef self sufficiency can be achieved through
incresaing beef cattle population
• Program to achieve beef self sufficiency must be
focused on small holder farmers as part integration
system
• Strategy to optimise and explore feed and forages
should be facilitate by:
– Improve and provide infrastructure
– Increase capacity building of farmers, extensionist and
relevant stakeholders
Thank You