Round one
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Round one consist of 30 questions
Each team will be appointed a judge
A moderator will preside and read the questions
and the corresponding answers.The response time
is 10 sec, one the moderator is complete saying
the last possible answer
Students will use A,B,C,D flash card to inform
the teams judge of their answer
Moderator will read the correct answer and the
rationale
The judges, will record,calculate and submit
individual team answers and scores to the master
judges at the end of round one
Correct answers will be a point,incorrect answers
will deduct one point. Teams may pass without a
penalty
1. Which of the following projections/methods will best
demonstrate the abnormality involving the scaphoid bone?
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A) Lateral wrist
B) PA Ulnar deviation
C) PA Radial flexion
D) Gaynor- Hart method (Carpal tunnel)
1.Answer:
(C) Radial Flexion is used to better demonstrate the medial
carpals.
2. With all other factors remaining the same , as grid ratio
increases :
•A) Recorded detail decreases
•B) Optical density decreases
•C) Focal spot distortion decreases
•D) The scale of contrast increases
2.Answer:
(B) Because lead content increases as grid ratio increases ,
more scattered radiation ( and remnant radiation ) is absorbed
before reaching the image receptor ,with results in decrease
optical density as grid ratio increases (Carlton & Adler, p.
396)
3. What is the minimum total amount of filtration (inherent
plus added) is required in x-ray equipment operated above 70
kvp?
•A) 2.5 mm Al equivalent
•B) 3.5 mm Al equivalent
•C) 2.5 mm Cu equivalent
•D) 3.5 mm Cu equivalent
3.Answer:
(A) The x-ray tube glass envelope and oil coolant are
considered inherent (built in) filtration. Thin sheets of
aluminum are added to make a total of at least 2.5 mm Al
equivalent filtration in equipment operated above 70
kvp.This is done to remove the low energy photons that serve
to contribute only to patient skin dose (Sherer et al, p. 155)
4. The following statement(s) is (are) accurate with respect to
the differences between the male and female bony
pelvis
1. The female pelvic outlet is wider.
2. The pubic angle is 90 degrees or fewer in the male
3. The male pelvis is more shallow
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2, and 3
4. Answer:
(D) The female pelvis differs from the male pelvis in that it
is more shallow and its bones are generally lighter and more
delicate .The pelvic outlet is wider and more circular in the
female, the angle formed by the pubic arch is also greater in
the female. (Saia, p. 106)
5. The function of the developer solution chemicals is to:
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A) Reduce the manifest image to a latent image
B) increase production of silver halide crystals
C) reduce the latent image to a manifest image
D) remove the unexposed crystals from the film
5. Answer:
(C) The latent image is the invisible image produced within
the film emulsion as a result of exposure to radiation . The
developer solution converts this to a visible , manifest image.
The exposed silver halide grains in the emulsion undergo
chemical change in developer solution and the unexposed
crystals are removed from the film during the fixing process
( Shephard, p. 135)
6. Which of the following is the most proximal structure on
the adult ulna?
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A) capitulum
B) styloid process
C) coronoid process
D) olecranon process
6.Answer:
(D) the distal humerus articulates with the proximal radius
and ulna to form the elbow joint.At its proximal end the ulna
presents the olecranon process., found at the proximal and
posterior end of the semi lunar (trochlear) notch .(Saia, p. 88)
7.To produce a perceptible increase in radiographic
density,the radiographer must increase the:
•A) mAs by 30 %
•B) mAs by 15%
•C) kVp by 15 %
•D) kVp by 30%
7.Answer:
(A) if a radiograph lacks sufficient blackening ,an increase
in mAs is required. The mAs regulates the number of x-ray
photons produced at the target. An increase or decrease in
mAs will have a perceptible difference.Increasing the kVp
by 15% will have the same effect as doubling mAs (Carlton
& Adler , p. 370)
8. Protective or “reverse” isolation is required in which of
the following conditions ?
1.
2.
3.
Tuberculosis
Burns
Leukemia
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2, and 3
8.Answer:
(C) Protective or “reverse” isolation is used to keep the
susceptible patient from becoming infected.Patient that have
suffered burns have lost a very important , their skin, and
therefore have increased susceptibility to bacterial
invasion.Patients whose immune system are depressed lose
the ability to combat infection, and hence are more
susceptible to infection.Active tuberculosis requires airborne
precautions (Gurley & Callaway , p.153)
9. A radiograph made with a parallel grid demonstrates
decreased density on its lateral edges.This is most likely
caused by:
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A) static electrical discharge
B) The grid off – centered
C) improper tube angle
D) decreased SID
9.Answer:
(D) The lead strips in a parallel grid are parallel to each other
and therefore not to the x-ray beam. The more divergent the
x-ray beam the more likely there to be cutoff/decreased
density at the lateral edges of the radiograph.This problem
becomes more pronounced at a short SID.If there were a
centering or tube angle problem, there would more likely be a
noticeable density loss on one side or the other ( Shepard, p.
260)
10. Which of the following would be appropriate cassette
front material
1.tungsten
2.magnesium
3.Bakelite
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
10. Answer:
(C ) The cassette is used to support the intensifying screens
and x-ray film.It should be strong and provide good screenfilm contact.The cassette front should be of a sturdy material
with a low atomic number , because of attenuation of the
remnant beam is undesirable.Bakelite (the forerunner of
today's plastics) and magnesium (the lightest structural metal)
are most commonly used materials for cassette fronts.The
high atomic number of tungsten makes it inappropriate as a
cassette front
11. Which of the following criteria is (are) required for
accurate visualization of the greater tubercle in profile?
1.epicondyles parallel to the image receptor
2.arm in external rotation
3.humerus in AP position
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
11.Answer:
(D) The greater and lesser tubercles are prominences on the
proximal humeras separated by the bicipital groove. The AP
projection of the shoulder/humerus places the epicondyles
parallel to the image receptor and the shoulder in external
rotation and demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile.
(Ballinger & Frank, Vol 1, p. 156)
12.The manubrial notch, a bony landmark used in
radiography of the sternoclavicular joints, is located at the
same level as the:
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A) vertebra prominens
B) first thoracic vertebra
C) third thoracic vertebra
D) ninth thoracic vertebra
12.Answer:
(C) The manubrial notch is the depression on the superior
border of the manubruim and is located at the level of the
third thoracic vertebra.The vertebra prominens is at the level
of the seventh cervical vertebra (Ballinger & Frank Vol 1,
p,62)
13.The most effective method of sterilization
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A) dry heat
B) moist heat
C) pasteurization
D) Freezing
13. Answer:
( C) The most effective way of sterilization is moist heat,
using steam under pressure.This is known as autoclaving.
(Adler & Carlton, p. 208)
14.What should be the radiographers main objective
regarding personal radiation safety?
• A) not to exceed his or her dose limit
• B) to keep personal exposure as far below the dose limit
as possible
• C) to avoid whole body exposure
• D) to wear protective apparel when “holding” patients for
exposures
14. Answer:
(B) Even the smallest exposure to radiation can be harmful. It
must,therefore, be every radiographers objective to keep his
or her occupational exposure as far below the dose limit as
possible.Radiographer should never hold patients during an
x-ray examination. (Bushong p.8)
15.In the lateral projection of the foot, the
1. Plantar surface should be perpendicular to the
image receptor
2. Metatarsals are superimposed
3. Talofibular joint should be visualized
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A) 1 only’
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
15. Answer:
(B) When the foot is positioned for a lateral projection , the
plantar surface should be perpendicular to the image receptor,
so as to superimpose the metatarsals.This may be
accomplished by patient lying on either affected or
unaffected side(usually affected).The talofibular joint is best
demonstrated in an oblique projection of the ankle
(Ballinger& Frank, Vol 1, p.268)
16.Factor(s) that can be used to regulate radiographic
density is (are)
1. Milliamperage
2. Exposure time
3. kilovoltage
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A) 1 only
B) 2 0nly
C) 1 and 2 only
D) 1,2 and 3
16. Answer:
(D) Factors that regulate the number of x-ray photons
produced at the target are be used to control radiographic
density,namely milliamperage and exposure time (mAs).
Although kvp is used to control contrast, it may also be used
to regulate density in variable kvp techniques, according to
the 15% rule (Selman, p.332)
17.The term that refers to part closer to the source or
beginning is:
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A) cephalad
B) caudad
C) proximal
D) medial
17. Answer:
(C) There are many terms ( with which the radiographer must
be familiar) that are used to describe radiographic positioning
techniques.Structures close to the source or beginning are
said to be proximal. (Ballinger & Frank, Vol1, p.75)
18. Developer solution is prevented from entering the fixer
tank in automatic processing by the
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A) guide shoes
B) rollers
C) switch
D) timer
18.Answer:
(B) The processor transport rollers serve to squeeze the
solution from the film surface, and the acid fixer stops the
(alkaline) development process. (Bushong ,p.210)
19.Radiographers use monitoring devices to record their
monthly exposure to radiation. The types of devices suited
for this purpose include:
1. Pocket dosimeter
2. TLD
3. OSL
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
19.Answer:
( C) The OSL is rapidly becoming the most commonly used
personnel monitor today.Film badge and TLDs have been
successfully used for years.A pocket dosimeter is used
primarily when working with large amounts of radiation and
when a daily reading is desired ( Selman,p.401)
20. Which ethical principal is related to the theory that
patients have the right to decide what will be done to them?
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A) Autonomy
B) Beneficence
C) Fidelity
D) Veracity
20.Answer:
(A) Autonomy is the ethical principle related to the theory
that patients have the right to decide what will or will not be
done to them. (Adler & Carlton , p.308)
21. The type(s) of radiation produced at the tungsten target
is /are:
1. Photoelectric
2. Characteristic
3. Bremsstrahlung
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
21.Answer:
(C) X-ray photons are produced in two ways as high- speed
electrons interact with target atoms.First, if the high – speed
electron is attracted by the nucleus of a tungsten atom and
changes its course , the energy is given up as the electron is
“braked”.Characteristic radiation comprises only
approximately 15% of the primary beam ( Saia, p.217)
22. The energy of ionizing electromagnetic radiations is
measured in
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A) mA
B) mAs
C) keV
D) kVp
22.Answer:
(C ) The unit keV is used to identify the x-ray photon
energies produced by diagnostic x-ray equipment.(Bushong
pp. 156-158)
23. The exposure factors used for a particular nongrid
radiograph were 400 ma,0.02 seconds,and 90 kVp.Another
radiograph using an 8:1 grid is requested.Which of the
following groups of factors is most appropriate?
•A) 400 mA, 0.02 second, 110kVp
•B) 200 mA,0.08 second, 90 kVp
•C) 300 mA, 0.05 second,100 kVp
•D) 400 mA, 0.08 second, 90 kVp
23.Answer:
(D) The addition of a grid will help clean up scatter radiation
produced by higher kVp, but it requires an mAs
adjustment.According to the grid conversion factors the
addition of an 8:1 grid requires that the original mAs be
multiplied by a factor of 4 ( Saia, p. 324)
24.An ambulatory patient is one who:
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A) is able to walk
B) is unable to walk
C) has difficulty breathing
D) arrives by ambulance
24.Answer:
(A) An ambulatory patient is one who is able to walk with
minimal or no assistance . Outpatients as well as many
inpatients are usually ambulatory. Patients who are not
ambulatory are usually transported to the radiology
department via stretcher (Saia, p.24)
25. The energy of a photon has an inverse relationship with
1. Photon wavelength
2. Applied mA
3. Applied kVp
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A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
25.Answer:
(A) As kVp is increased ,more high – energy photons are
produced and the overall energy of the primary beam is
increased.Photon is inversely related to wavelength. AN
increase in mA is related to an increase in number of
photons and is unrelated to energy of photons
26.The photoelectric process is an interaction between an xray photon and:
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A) an inner shell electron
B) an outer shell electron
C) a nucleus
D) another photon
26.Answer:
(A) In the photoelectric effect, a relatively low-energy
incident photon uses all of its energy to eject an inner-shell
electron, leaving a vacancy.An electron from the next shell
will drop to fill the vacancy, and a characteristic ray is given
up in the transition (Bushong,pp.176-178)
27.Most laser film must be handled:
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A) under Wratten 6B safelight
B) in total darkness
C) under GBX safelight
D) with high temperature processors
27. Answer:
(B) Most laser film is sensitive to both the Wratten 6B and
the GBX safelight filters.Laser film will fog if handled
under these safelight conditions.Most laser film is loaded
into a film magazine in total darkness (Shephard,p. 232)
28.Which of the following medical equipment is used to
determine blood pressure?
1. Pulse oximeter
2. Stethoscope
3. sphygmomanometer
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A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1,2 and 3
28.Answer:
( C) A pulse oximeter is used to measure a patient pulse rate
and oxygen saturation level. A stethoscope and a
sphygmomanometer are used together to measure blood
pressure.( Adler & Calton ,pp.161-167)
29.Underexposure of a radiograph can be caused by all of
the following except:
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A) insufficient mA
B) insufficient exposure time
C) insufficient kVp
D) insufficient SID
29.Answer:
(D) insufficient mA and or exposure time will result in
insufficient density.Insufficient kVp will result in under
penetration and excessive contrast.Insufficient SID, however
will result in increased exposure rate and radiographic
overexposure ( Selman, pp.331-333)
30.When examining the third to fifth fingers in the lateral
position, which side of the forearm should be closest to the
image recorder:
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A) anterior
B) posterior
C) medial
D) lateral
30.Answer:
(c) When examining the third through fifth in the lateral
position , the medial side of the forearm (ulnar side) should
be closest to the image receptor (Ballinger and Frank, Vol
1,p.103)