IMMUNE SYSTEM ASEPSIS PRETEST 1. Define Nosocomial infection 2. Identify what DTP stands for 3. Identify the most common Nsg. Intervention to prevent infection 4. Define sensory deprivation 5. Give one example of a Nsg. Procedure that uses surgical asepsis. PRETEST ANSWERS 1. Acute care or hospital acquired. 2. Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis 3. Handwashing 4. Mental alteration resulting from severely decreased stimulation 5. Invasive procedures: Starting an IV, injections, urinary catheterization IMMUNITY: DEFINITION Specific resistance of the body to infectious agents SUSCEPTIBILITY: DEFINITION Degree to which an individual can be affected likelihood of an organism causing an infection in that person CHAIN OF INFECTION 6 LINKS 1. Etiologic agent (microorganism) 2. Reservoir (source) 3. Portal of exit from reservoir 4. Method of transmission 5. Portal of entry to the susceptible host 6. Susceptible host ETIOLOGIC AGENT BODY SOURCES (6) 1.Respiratory tract 2.GI tract 3.Urinary tract 4.Reproductive tract (including genitals) 5.Blood 6.Tissue RESERVOIRS & PORTALS OF EXIT (5) 1.Respiratory tract= nose/mouth, Endotracheal tubes or tracheostomies 2.GI tract= Mouth per saliva, vomitus, anus/ostomies: feces, drainage tubes (eg, NG or T-tubes) 3.Urinary tract= Urethral meatus & urinary diversion ostomies Con’t 4. Reproductive tract= vagina: vaginal discharge; may be further transported by urine; urinary meatus: semen, urine 5. Blood= open wound, needle puncture site, any disruption of intact skin or mucous membrane surfaces METHODS OF TRANSMISSION (3) Direct Transmission= 1. Immediate & direct contact 2. Droplet spread if source & host within 3 ft of each other Indirect Transmission= 1. Vehicle borne = fomites 2. Vectorborne=animal, flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting agent (con’t) Airborne Transmission= droplet nuclei or residue of evaporated droplets that may remain in air for long periods of time emitted by infected host or dust particles containing the infectious agent are transmitted by air currents to a suitable portal of entry BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION First link broken by use of antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilization Aim of most isolation precautions & many hospital practices for infection prevention & control is breaking chain during transmission phase of cycle ANTISEPTIC AGENTS VS DISINFECTANTS Antiseptics= agents that inhibit growth of some microorganisms chemical preparation used on skin or tissue Disinfectants= agents that destroy pathogens other than spores chemical preparation used to treat inanimate objects more concentrated solution=can be toxic & caustic to tissue BACTERICIDAL VS BACTERIOSATIC Bactericidal= destroys bacteria Bacteriostatic= prevents growth & reproduction of some bacteria ANTISEPTICS & DISINFECTANTS – “Commonly Used Antiseptics and Disinfectants, Effectiveness, and Use STERILIZATION Process that destroys all micro org. including spores & viruses METHODS (4): 1. Moist heat (steam) 2. Boiling water 3. Gas 4. Radiation INFECTION RISK FACTORS HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY: age, heredity, stress level, nutritional status, immunization status, current medical therapy, pre existing disease processes, & some past or recent surgical interventions POPULATIONS AT RISK FOR INFECTION Elderly, the very young poorly nourished individuals individuals with deficiency of serum immunoglobulins individuals with insufficient immunizations or existing disease process Individuals with multiple stressors Individuals with certain medical therapies MEASURES THAT REDUCE A PERSON’S SUSCEPTIBILITY Adequate hygiene Administration of immunizations on a timely basis Nutrition that is balanced and adequate Fluid intake that is adequate Rest and sleep that are adequate Reduce stress STAGES OF AN INFECTIOUS PROCESS (4) 1. Incubation period=time between entry of microorg. Into body & onset of s/s 2. Prodromal Period=time from onset of nonspecific s/s until specific symptoms of infection appear 3. Illness Period=specific s/s develop & become evident: localized s/s & systemic s/s (Con’t) 4. Convalescent Period=extends from time s/s start to abate until person returns to normal state of health NORMAL BODY DEFENSES Nonspecific= intact skin & mucuous membranes, nasal passage cilia, lung alveolar macrophages & phagocytes, oral cavity lactoferrin & shedding, tears, GI pH,vaginal pH, inflammation Specific= 1. Active: natural vs artificial 2. Passive: natural vs Artificial STAGES OF INFLAMMATION 1. Vascular & cellular responses 2. Exudate a. Serous b. Purulent c. Hemorrhagic d. Serosanguineous 3. Reparative LEUCOCYTOSIS Abnormally high levels of white blood cells (leukocytes)= inflammation Normal WBC count can go from 450011,000 per cubic millimeter of blood to 20,000 or more IMMUNIZATIONS INITIAL HBV=Hep B-1,Hep B-2=Hep B-3= Hepatitis B= birth DTP= Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis=2,4,6 months Hib= Haemophilus Influenzae type b=2,4, 6 months OPV=Oral Poliovirus=2, 4, 6 months MMR= Measles, mumps, rubella=12 mo. (Con’t) Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine= 1218 months BOOSTER SHOTS HBV= health care workers draw titer & immunize with each exposure DTP= 12 months, 4-6 yrs; Tetanus toxoid every 10 years thereafter Hib= 12-15 months (Depending on type used) OPV= 4-6 yrs MMR= 4-6 yrs or 11-12 yrs NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION: DEFINITION Infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION ORIGINS Endogenous Source= from the clients themselves Exogenous sources= microorganisms originate from the hospital environment and personnel IATROGENIC INFECTIONS Nosocomial infections that are due to any aspect of medical therapy Example: Bacteremia resulting from an IV line Other contributing factors: Presence of compromised hosts, insufficient hand washing or poor healthcare provider compliance with asepsis MAJOR SITES FOR NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS (4) 1. 2. 3. 4. Respiratory tract Urinary tract Bloodstream Surgical or open wounds RISK FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION 1. Invasive procedures 2. Medical therapies 3. Existence of large number of susceptible persons 4. Inappropriate use of antibiotics 5. Insufficient hand washing after client contact & after contact with body substances LOCALIZED vs SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS: DEFINITIONS Localized: Infectious Process in only the affected body organ or area Example: abscess of big toe of right foot Systemic: Infectious process in the entire body Example: bacteremia S/S OF LOCAL VS SYSTEMIC INFECTION Local infection= localized swelling, localized redness, pain or tenderness with palpation or movement, palpable heat of affected part, loss of function of affected body part, wound drainage Systemic infection= ^ TPR,lassitude, malaise, loss of energy anorexia & n/v enlargement & tenderness of lymph nodes that drain area of infection see Kozier pg. 641 LABORATORY DATA ^LEUCOCYTE COUNT 1. ^Neutrophils=acute suppurative infection 2. Neutrophils Decrease=acute bacterial infection in elderly 3. Lymphocytes=^ in chronic bacterial & viral infection 4. Monocytes ^ in some protozoal & rickettsial infections & TB (Con’t) 5. Eosinophils= unaltered in infectious process 6. Basophils= unaltered in fection process ^ ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR) Rate increases in presence of an inflammatory process CULTURE & SENSITIVITY STUDIES Specimens of: urine, blood, sputum, or other body drainage= cultures microorganisms in special growth medium to indicate presence of pathogenic microorganisms and chemical substance they are susceptible to ASEPSIS DEFINITION Freedom from infection or infectious material Example: handwashing MEDICAL ASEPSIS vs SURGICAL ASEPSIS All practices intended to confine a specific microorg. To a specific area, limiting the number, growth, & transmission of microorganisms Example: 2-minute handwashing Practices that keep an area or objects free of all microorg.; it includes practices that destroy all microorg and spores Example: Invasive procedures=IV starts, injections urinary cath. RELEVANT NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSES High risk for infection Altered oral mucous membranes High risk for altered body temperature Impaired skin integrity Impaired tissue integrity Impaired physical mobility Altered nutrition: less than body requirements (Cont’) Pain Social isolation Diversional Activity deficit Self-esteem disturbance Anxiety Fear Hopelessness NURSING INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT INFECTION Discuss risk factors which place pt. at risk for infection Teach Pt.: purpose of meds, monitoring of health status, drsg. Chges., TCDB, frequent repositioning, isolation precautions Monitor VS & skin color q shift for s/s of infection Assess lab values for s/s of infection=CBC, cultures (Cont’d) Ask Pt. About presence of subjective clinical s/s of infection (chills, malaise, lethargy) Assess & document s/s of localized infection(auscultate lungs & inspect urine, sputum & other drainage for alterations in color & consistency) Inspect skin for s/s inflammation & impaired tissue integrity (Cont’d) Collect wound, sputum, urine & other specimens as ordered for C & S and report abnormalities Assess Pt.’s immunization status & life-style practices Develop & implement plan to teach Pt. About proper nutrition =high-protein, highvitamin diet, adequate fluid intake, proper hygiene & importance of rest METHODS OF KILLING OR REDUCING INFECTIOUS AGENTS Medical asepsis Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis Use of Medications: antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals ANTIBIOTIC: DEFINITION Natural or synthetic substance that has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms Synonyms: anti-infectives, antimicrobials antibacterials Several different characteristics may be used to classify antibiotics RX CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS (3) 1. Spectrum of activity=Broad vs narrow spectrum 2. Antimicrobial activity= Bacteriostatic vs bacteriocidal 3. Mechanism of action= (5)=inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, alt. in cell membrane function, (con’t) Inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism, interference with intermediate cell metabolism ( Malseed, et., al. Pharmacology Drug Therapy and Nursing Considerations, 1995 pg.583). LIPPINCOTT’S NSG. GUIDE ANTIBIOTIC CLASSIFICATION (9) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Penicillins Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Lincosamides (Con’t) 8. Macrolides 9. Antibacterials ANTIBIOTICS & NSG. 1. Necessity of therapy; Prophylactic antibiotic use vs Tx of infection 2. Identification of pathogen & sensitivity 3. Dosage & duration of therapy, level monitoring 4. Hypersensitivity reactions 5. Organ toxicity 6. Superinfection 7. Resistance CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC) Principal public health agency at the national US level concerned with disease prevention and control Roles: 1. Develop policy re. Communicable Diseases 2. Research 3. Educate public and healthcare providers (Con’t) 4. Maintain national data bank on prevalence and incidence of communicable diseases ISOLATION: DEFINITION Measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorg. to health personnel, clients & visitors DISEASE SPECIFIC ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Provide for precautions for specific diseases Example:pulmonary TB Precautions= Placing Pt. In private room with special ventilation or having Pt. Share a room with other Pt.s who are infected with same organism & use of special masks by staff entering room & gowning only to prevent gross soilage of clothes; no gloves indicated CATEGORY-SPECIFIC ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Based on 7 categories: 1. Strict isolation 2. Contact isolation 3. Respiratory isolation 4. TB isolation 5. Enteric precautions 6. Drainage/secretions precautions 7. Blood/body fluid precautions UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS Apply to those body fluids associated with bloodborne pathogens= Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus and HIV Applicable body fluids= blood, semen vaginal secretions cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid,pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva, body fluids containing blood & body fluids where it is difficult to differentiate among body fluids (Con’t) NonApplicable body fluids= any fluid not mentioned in above list unless they contain visible blood; these fluids are normally not associated with the transmission of bloodborne pathogens Apply to all Pts to < transmission of unidentified pathogens see Kozier page 651 CLINICAL GUIDELINES Universal Precautions (Con’t) CDC recommends universal precautions be used in conjunction with disease-specific or categoryspecific precautions and not replace them OSHA STANDARDS BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN EXPOSURE Regulations to protect health care workers from occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens adapt CDC’s Universal Precautions+avoiding injury due to sharp instruments, measures to take in case of exposure to bloodborne pathogens & communication of biohazards to employees BODY SUBSTANCE OR BODY FLUID ISOLATION Employs generic infection control precautions for all Pts. except those with the few diseases transmitted through air Purposes:Prevent cross-transmission of microorg. & protect health care worker from microorg. harbored by Pts. Body substance=blood & body fluids & substance, urine, feces, wound drainage, oral secretions (Con’t) When BSI precautions are used, category-specific & disease-specific precautions are not required Sufficient for all clients except those who have certain airborne disease= pulmonary TB & varicella or chicken pox ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITALS 1996 Standard precautions= Tier I apply to all hospital persons apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions & excretions except sweat, non-intact skin & mucous membranes Transmission-Based Precautions= Tier II Used in addition to Standard Precautions for Pts. With known or suspected infection that are spread by any of the following: airborne, droplet or contact ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS (con’t) Standard precautions combine the major features of UP Universal Precautions & BSI The three types of transmission-based precautions may be used alone or in combination but always in addition to Standard Precautions Encompass all conditions or diseases listed in categoryspecific or disease specific AIRBORNE, DROPLET & CONTACT PRECAUTIONS BARRIER TECHNIQUE (REVERSE ISOLATION) Protect compromised Pt.s from microorg. On health care personnel and non sterile items Pts. with leukemia, extensive skin impairments Use Standard Precautions and Transmission/Based Precautions IMPLEMENTING ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS Handwashing=Most effective infection control measures: CDC 10 secs using bar soap, granule soap, soap filled tissues or antimicrobial liquid soap Wash hands: before eating, after using bedpan or toilet, after contact with any body substances, before and after care (even if gloves were used) (Con’t) Wash from clean to dirty by holding hands down below elbows Surgical asepsis hands held above elbows so H2O runs from cleanest to least clean FACE MASKS Worn to reduce risk for transmission of organisms by droplet contact, airborne routes & splatters of body substances Wear under following conditions: 1. Only by those close to Pt. If infection is transmitted by large-particle aerosols (droplets) FACE MASK (Con’t) 2. By all persons entering room if infection is transmitted by smallparticle aerosols (droplet nuclei) – CDC recommends using a disposable dust/mist particulate respirator when caring for any Pt. who has pulmonary TB NONDISPOSABLE SURGICAL MASKS Effective for droplet transmission & splatters but are not effective against airborne microorganisms CLINICAL GUIDELINES: Using disposable masks EYEWEAR Protective eyewear (goggles or glasses) and masks by be indicated in situations where body substances may splatter the face GOWNS Single-use= non reusable paper gowns worn during procedures when staff’s uniform is likely to become soiled Discarded into trash Wash hands after use Sterile gowns: reusable cloth or paper use for strict sterile technique use for barrier technique or reverse isolation GLOVES Non-sterile or clean or rectal used for most activities no special technique required for donning Sterile gloves used when the hands will come in contact with an open wound or when the hands might introduce microorg. Into a body orifice require special technique to don SOILED EQUIMENT & SUPPLIES Essential to: 1. Prevent inadvertent exposure of health care workers to articles contaminated with body substances 2. To prevent contamination of the environment PSYCH IMPLICATIONS OF ISOLATION (2) Result of separation from others & of the special precautions taken in their care 1. Sensory deprivation 2. Decreased self-esteem related to feelings of inferiority SENSORY DEPRIVATION Occurs when the environment lacks normal stimuli for the client Example: frequent communication with others S/S: boredom, inactivity, slowness of thought, daydreaming, increased sleeping, thought disorganization, anxiety, hallucinations and panic FEELING OF INFERIORITY Due to the perception of infection itself or to the required precautions Pt. Feels “soiled”, “contaminated” or “dirty” and that they are at fault and substandard NSG INTERVENTIONS TO < ISOLATION PSYCH PROBLEMS 1. Assess Pt’s.need for stimulation 2. Initiate measures to help meet need for stimulation= reg. Communication with Pt & diversional activities, stimulate visual sense 3. Explain the infection & associated procedures to help clients & their support persons understand & accept the situation (Con’t) 4. Demonstrate warm, accepting behavior. Avoid conveying to the Pt. Any sense of annoyance about the precautions or any feelings of revulsion about the infection WAYS TO ID STERILITY OF ITEMS IN HEALTH CARE SETTING (3) 1. Ensure that pckg. is clean & dry; if moist considered contaminated & must be discarded. 2. Check the sterilization expiration dates on pckg. & look for any indications that it has been previously opened 3. Follow agency practice about the disposal of possibly contaminated pckgs. PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES OF SURGICAL ASEPSIS (9) 1. All objects used in a sterile field must be sterile 2. Sterile objects become unsterile when touched by unsterile objects 3. Sterile items that are out of vision or below the waist level of the nurse are considered unsterile (Con’t) 4. Sterile objects can become unsterile by prolonged exposure to airborne microorg. 5. Fluids flow in the direction of gravity. 6. Moisture that passes through a sterile object draws microorg. from unsterile surfaces above or below to the sterile surface by capillary action. (Con’t) 7. The edges of a sterile field are considered unsterile. 8. The skin cannot be sterilized & is unsterile. 9. Conscientiousness, alertness, & honesty are essential qualities in maintaining surgical asepsis. INFECTION CONTROL NURSE: ROLE IN HOSPITAL SETTING Infection prevention 1. Education of staff & pts. 2. Write policy re. Infection control procedures Infection Control 1.Surveillance of prevalence & incidence of infections 2. Reporting to CDC as per guidelines