THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Before the Industrial Revolution
• Rural (agriculturebased) economy
• Cottage system of
production
• Inefficient Agriculture
(example: common
pastures, three field
(open field) system)
Major Causes of
the Industrial Revolution
• THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
(1) Acceptance of new crops (potatoes
and maize across Europe)
(2) Crop rotation (the four field system:
wheat, turnips, oats/barley, clover)
(3) The Enclosure Movement (improved soil
and livestock; displaced poor peasants –
formally-The Enclosure Act of 1801)
(4) Technological innovations and
agricultural propaganda
(1793 – Arthur Young and the Board of Agriculture)
“Prosperity under Farmer King George III” 
The Agricultural Revolution (cont.)
The Enclosure Movement
Agricultural Innovations:
Robert Bakewell –
Jethro Tull’s
Stock (selective) Breeding
Seed Drill
Year
Sheep (lbs)
Cattle (lbs)
1710
28
370
1795
80
800
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
– POPULATION GROWTH
• Why?
(1)Better resistance
to diseases
(2) New crops
(3) More reliable
food supply
(4) Young population
(in early 19th
century, 40% in
England - under
age of 15)
Causes of Agricultural Revolution
Technological Changes in the 18th century
• Spirit of innovation
(scientific agriculture
and less resistance
to technology from
urban guilds
• Josiah Wedgewood –
division of labor and
pottery – from 1700s
• Matthew Boulton’s
Factory with Steam
Engine - 1762
Technological Innovations:
Steam Engine
• Thomas Newcomen
(1705) – first modern
steam engine
• James Watt (1763) –
improvement on the
original engine
(partnership with Boulton
and application in
factories and Fulton’s
steamship Claremont
(1807))
Technological Innovations in Textile
(Cotton) Industry
• First industry to go through
mechanization/
industrialization
• Series of inventions reduced labor
costs
- John Kay’s “Flying
Shuttle” (1733)
- Richard Arkwright’s
“Water Frame” (1771)
- James Hargreaves’ “Spinning
Jenny” (1778)
- Samuel Crompton’s “Mule” (1779)
The Spinning Jenny
Machine’s installed in mills
close to water sources. Women
had to leave homes to work in
mills (factories)
Innovations in other Industries:
• The Iron Industry (from
Abraham Darby’s bridge (1779)
to the Crystal Palace (1851))
• Transportation
- Railroads (Stephenson’s
Rocket – 1820’s and 1830s)
- Steamboats and ships
(1838 Transatlantic Steamship
race)
• Communication
(Electric Telegraph -1830s)
Why did the Industrial Revolution
start in Great Britain?
• Diverse economy
- Export – oriented
- Colonies = sources of raw materials /
markets for finished goods
- Unified internal market
• Natural resources and advantages
of physical geography
- Large deposits of coal and iron
- Navigable rivers and coastline
(canals!)
- Island = natural protection against
invasion/wars
• Strong navy and the largest
merchant marine
• Government responsive to
business
- More “fluid” society
- Constitutional protections of private
property
Changes in Social Patterns:
• Urbanization
• Improved connection
between rural and urban
areas (roads, canals, etc.)
• Increase in lower class
women’s and child’s labor
• Formation of new social
classes – urban working
class (proletariat) and the
new middle class
• “Cult of domesticity”
Economic and Political “Isms” –
Responses to the Industrial Revolution:
• Laissez faire
(Capitalism)
• Luddism
• Positivism
• Utilitarianism
• Utopian socialism
• Scientific
socialism -----
(communism)
Impact of Industrialization on NonWestern World
• The revolution spread from England to the
rest of Western Europe and, eventually,
the United States
• Western powers projected their industrial
dominance on non-Western societies
through economic domination and military
interference
Is the Industrial Revolution over?
Work Cited:
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Slide 1: http://mhslibrary.org/Teacher%20Projects/Teacher%20Projects/Social%20Studies/D%27Acquisto/Industrial%20Revolution/progress.jpg
http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg
Slide 2: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_1vEOICRwA/TIgR3d8y3qI/AAAAAAAACs0/6fZo2foigu4/s1600/spinning+shop.jpg
http://adminstaff.vassar.edu/sttaylor/FAMINE/PT/cottage2.jpg
Slide 3: http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/agriculture/agriculture/history/graphics/1700.gif
http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/browser.php?m=objects&kv=65303&i=122795
Slide 4: http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/be83d73d2626451f816016965357fa88_1M.png
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/images/episode/b00b1m9b_640_360.jpg
Slide 5: http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1899/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1899-3198.jpg
http://irinventions.biss.wikispaces.net/file/view/An_English_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png/234866676/508x219/An_Engli
sh_farmer_plants_his_fields_in_the_early_1700s_using_a_seed_drill..png
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Slide 6: http://apworldhistorywiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif/178496593/worldpopulationgrowth2%5B1%5D.gif
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Slide 7:
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http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watt02.htm
http://www.thepotteries.org/works/burslem/brick_house.jpg
Slide 8: http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/images/2008/01/30/thomas_newcomen_engine_lead_203x152.jpg
http://pioneros.puj.edu.co/biografias/img/thomas%20newcomen.jpg
http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_10_img0714.jpg
http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/watto.htm
Slide 9: http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/010.html
Slide 10: http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/images/grafics/nonani/stephenson_rocket_big.gif
http://www.jimwegryn.com/Names/Ships/greatwestern.jpg
Slide 11: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FaidyrQJzCI/TpwledViZDI/AAAAAAAAAFc/f1-SehPULww/s400/Untitled.jpg
Slide 12: http://science.jrank.org/article_images/ep201102/science/science3574.jpg
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Slide 13:
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http://www.google.com/imgres?q=karl+marx&num=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&gbv=2&biw=1268&bih=628&tbm=isch&tbnid=2mojWAeQ
RKO7AM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx&docid=yShKn8aOXxIbKM&itg=1&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/5/50/Marx_color2.jpg/110px-Marx_color2.jpg&w=110&h=141&ei=K5tHTndLcre0gGpyvH5DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=584&vpy=195&dur=51&hovh=112&hovw=88&tx=86&ty=50&sig=112143469369497069947&sqi=2&page=
1&tbnh=112&tbnw=88&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0
Slide 14: http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpg
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http://geosci.uchicago.edu/~moyer/GEOS24705/Images/ChildrenSpinning.jpg
http://iwcmediaecology.pbworks.com/f/1228259284/LudditesSmashingLoomLarge-757004.jpg
http://pier88.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/capitalisms_pyramid.jpg
http://quicktake.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/british-cartoon-on-opium.jpg?w=720