Made by
Usman Farid Rizwan
Omer saleem
While Thomas Savery patented the first crude
steam engine in 1698. Thomas Newcomen
improved on this design. However, it wasn't until
Scotsman James Watt improved on the steam
engine in the second half of the 18th century steam
engine is able to harness the energy of steam to
move machinery. It is a fairly clean source of
energy. Steam engines were used to great effect to
run locomotives and steamshipsSteamships and
steam locomotives allowed for the quicker
transportation of raw materials that could be used
to produce finished goods.
In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander
Graham Bell both independently designed devices that
could transmit speech electrically (the telephone). Both
men rushed their respective designs to the patent office
within hours of each other, Alexander Graham Bell
patented his telephone first. Elisha Gray and Alexander
Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the
invention of the telephone, which Bell won. By June 1875
the goal of creating a device that would transmit speech
electrically was about to be realized. They had proven that
different tones would vary the strength of an electric
current in a wire. To achieve success they therefore needed
only to build a working transmitter with a membrane
capable of varying electronic currents and a receiver that
would reproduce these variations in audible frequencies
The non-electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe
in 1794. This system was visual and used semaphore, a
flag-based alphabet, and depended on a line of sight for
communication. The optical telegraph was replaced by the
electric telegraph, the focus of this article.
In 1809, a crude telegraph was invented in Bavaria by
Samuel Soemmering. He used 35 wires with gold
electrodes in water and at the receiving end 2000 feet the
message was read by the amount of gas caused by
electrolysis. In 1828, the first telegraph in the USA. was
invented by Harrison Dyar who sent electrical sparks
through chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and
dashes
Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old. The first sewing needles
were made of bones or animal horns and the first thread was made of animal sinew.
Iron needles were invented in the 14th century. The first eyed needles appeared in
the 15th century
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The English inventor and cabinet maker, Thomas Saint was issued the first
patent for a complete machine for sewing in 1790. It is not known if Saint
actually built a working prototype of his invention. The patent describes an
awl that punched a hole in leather and passed a needle through the hole. A
later reproduction of Saint's invention based on his patent drawings did not
work. In 1810, German, Balthasar Krems invented an automatic machine for
sewing caps. Krems did not patent his invention and it never functioned well.
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Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger made several attempts at inventing a
machine for sewing and was issued a patent in 1814. All of his attempts were
considered unsuccessful.
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In 1804, a French patent was granted to Thomas Stone and James Henderson
for "a machine that emulated hand sewing." That same year a patent was
granted to Scott John Duncan for an "embroidery machine with multiple
needles." Both inventions failed and were soon forgotten by the public.
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In 1818, the first American sewing machine was invented by John Adams
Doge and John Knowles. Their machine failed to sew any useful amount of
fabric before malfunctioning
The cotton gin is a machine designed to remove cotton from its seeds. The
process uses a small screen and pulling hooks to force the cotton through
the screen. It was invented by Eli Whitney on March 14, 1794, one of the
many inventions that occurred during the American Industrial Revolution.
However, earlier versions of the cotton gin had existed since the first
century. It was improved over time from a single roller design to a double
roller machine
The cotton gin made the cotton industry of the south explode. Previous to
its invention, separating cotton fibers from its seeds was a labor intensive
and unprofitable venture. However, after Eli Whitney unveiled the cotton
gin, processing cotton became much easier resulting in greater availability
and cheaper cloth. However, the invention also had the by-product of
increasing the number of slaves needed to pick the cotton thereby
strengthening the arguments for continuing slavery. Cotton as a cash crop
became so important that it was known as King Cotton and affected
politics up until the Civil War.