The Lead Up to the
Great War for Empire
And other important
matters…
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CONTEST FOR A CONTINENT
• The Players
1. Spain
2. France & the New France
3. Holland: The New Netherland
4. Great Britain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
gSNNoeUf4bA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
6eDBy-qOrr0
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EUROPEAN COMPETITION
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Treaty of White Hall, 1686
Doctrine of Two Spheres
“Should war break out between the
two crowns in Europe the subjects of
both crowns in America would
continue in peace, living as though
no such war existed, without
committing the least hostilities, by
themselves or with their allies.”
B.A. (Not Barracus)
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First Tidewater War (1622-1633)
Pequot War (1637-Mystic River Battle)
Second Tidewater War (1644-46)
Bacon’s Rebellion (1675)
King Philip’s War (1675-76—Great Swamp Fight)
King William’s War (1689-1697)
Queen Ann’s War (1701-1713)
– Southern Theater (1702 attack on St. Aug.)
– Northern Theater
Tuscarora War (1711-1713)
Yamassee War (1715-1728)
War of 1740’s
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Cartagena Campaign
Attack on St. Augustine
Spanish Attack into Georgia
Louisburg Campaign
Great War for Empire (1754-1763)
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Building of and Colonial attack on Fr. Duquesne (1754)
Battle of Lake George (1755)
2nd Battle of Fort Duquesne (1755)
Fort Ticonderoga (1758)
Louisburg Campaign under Amherst
Fall of Quebec (1759)
Fall of Montreal (1760)
--Roger’s Rangers (St. Francis Raid-1759)
Why would colonials fight in
European conflicts?
 Land/Territorial disputes
 Fishing rights
 Common ancestry with England
 Religious differences
 Competition over the fur trade
 $$$--Privateering
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British Sea Power
 Increasingly, Britain’s Royal Navy
controlled the seas
 Privateers—merchant ships converted to
warships which raided enemy supply lines
– Privateering became a popular and lucrative
industry in the American colonies. Why?
• This would antagonize both France and Spain, but
particularly France.
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King William’s War
 King James II (England and a Catholic)
was deposed by William and Mary (both
Protestant) in The Glorious Revolution
 King James flees to France (a Catholic
nation led by the expansionist King Louis
XIV—The Sun King)
 King William joins The League of
Augsburg and goes to war against France
 The fight in N.A. pits England and its
Iroquois allies against France and its Huron
allies
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K.W.W.
 Count Frontenac (France) takes initiative
in North America and attacks along the
New York-New England frontier
 The British and Colonial forces counter
and the war stalemates
– A “Tedious War” of frontier raids ensues
– Demonstrates professional European militaries
can provide little security on the frontier
– K.W.W. ends with the Treaty of Ryswick in
1697 (the sides revert to prewar conditions)
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Queen Ann’s War
 France remained unbeaten on the European
battlefield and expands its empire in N.A.
– Builds Ft. Detroit and settles in Louisiana
– Sign a neutrality pact with the Iroquois
(previously an English ally). Why?
• This shocks and scares both England and American
colonials
– The fighting in N.A. takes part on 3 fronts:
• FL, NE, and NY
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British Fleet Commander Sir
Hovenden Walker’s Failure
 Commands the Quebec pincer
 8/23/1711: Navy disaster. Amidst dense
fog, Walker’s fleet strayed ashore, several
ships foundered and over 1,000 men
drowned.
 What does Walker do? Blame the colonial
forces!
– The rift is growing between colonial and
British forces…
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War of the 1740’s
 The English Colonies go to war against
Spain and French
 Oglethorpe attacks Saint Augustine
 Colonial troops (Americans) sent to
Cartagena with British professional
soldiers to attack Spain
– First time Americans sent abroad to fight
– Treated badly by English soldiers
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Lessons Learned
 There is a growing rift between colonial
troops and British professional soldiers
 The English look down on the Americans
 Fighting Indians, Spain, and France is
constant in the colonies
 American History is military history
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1.3 THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
1754 - 1763
15
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THE FRENCH &
INDIAN WAR,
1754-1763
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NORTH AMERICAN CLAIMS
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Origins of the War
 French & British Competition in the Ohio
Valley
Ohio Company of Virginia—asks crown for
a charter to “settle” in Ohio
King George II—grants 500K acres to the co.
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OHIO COMPANY
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FRENCH FORTS
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Origins of the War
 The English make a deal with the Indian
Half King allowing them to build a fort at
Pittsburgh
 The French force the English to surrender
 Washington returns and ambushes a
French diplomatic mission
–
–
The French officer is killed by the Half King
while 22 y.o. Washington watches
Wash. Retreats and builds a fort (Ft.
Necessity which the French attack and
Wash. Surrenders after major defeat
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George Washington
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Undeclared War in North
America
Benjamin Franklin Albany Plan (1754)
The Plan represented one of multiple early
attempts to form a union of the colonies
"under one government as far as might be
necessary for defense and other general
important purposes."[
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Benjamin Franklin’s
Albany Plan of Union
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French & Indian War
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Undeclared War in North America
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Braddock’s Failed Mission
–
The Plan: an ambitious four pronged assault during
the summer of 1755.
William Shirley, the Governor of Massachusetts, was to
attack and seize Fort Niagara at the western end of Lake
Ontario with a force of American troops and Indians.
Another colonial force, commanded by General William
Johnson, was to capture Fort St. Frederic (also known as
Crown Point) at the southern end of Lake Champlain.
A third attack to capture Fort Beausejour in Nova Scotia
was assigned to General Robert Monckton and a
combined force of British and American troops.
Braddock would lead two divisions of Irish infantry,
English soldiers, and colonial militia men to attack Ft.
Duquesne
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Maj. Gen. Edward Braddock
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BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT
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Braddock’s Defeat
 The French at Ft. Duq understood they
were outnumbered and couldn’t stand a
seige. So they attack Braddock and
Washington.
 Of 1400 men: 500 killed, 500 wounded.
Braddock is KIA. Washington nobly
covers the retreat.
 Had Braddock won, there would not have
been a French and Indian War.
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War is Declared
 Indian Attacks and French Successes
 The Indians’ guerrilla warfare hugely
successful against European warfare
Fort William Henry Col. George Munro
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJv86Rp
LsVQ
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MONTCALM
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Aeronautical
University
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Embry-Riddle
Aeronautical University
War is Declared
* Changing Tactics—more guerrilla tactics
used. New Technologies: the Kentucky
Rifle
* Maj. Robert Rogers—Ranger/Scout unit,
quite successful.
**Battle of the Snowshoes (1757):
Roger’s Rangers and British forces
attacked by French. Heavy casualties but
the Americans had the advantage b/c…
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ROBERT ROGERS
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ROGER’S RANGERS
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KENTUCKY RIFLE
How did this weapon further revolutionize the way battles are faught
and won? What are its advantages? What are its disadvantages?
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WILIAM PITT’S WAR
 Change in Strategy
* Pitt wants to control the sea to starve the
French
* Pitt believes the Great War for Empire’s
ultimate prize is North America
* Control the seas, lots of military power
(boots on the ground) in N.A.
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WILLIAM PITT
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WILIAM PITT’S WAR
 Change in Strategy
 Seizure of Louisbourg
 Failure at Ticonderoga
 Capture of Forts Duquesne & Frontenac
 Jeffrey Amherst & James Wolfe Score
Major Successes
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FORT TICONDEROGA
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BATTLE OF QUEBEC
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BATTLE OF QUEBEC
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WILIAM PITT’S WAR
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Change in Strategy
Seizure of Louisbourg
Failure at Ticonderoga
Capture of Forts Duquesne & Frontenac
Jeffrey Amherst & James Wolfe Score Major
Successes
 Rogers Attacks St. Francis
 Capture of Montreal
 Treaty of Paris (1763)
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BRITISH GAINS
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British-American Colonial
Tensions
Colonists
British
Methods of Fighting
Indian guerilla style tactics
March in formation or
bayonet charge
Military Organization
Colonial militias served
under own captains
British officers wanted to
take charge of colonials
Military Discipline
No military respect or
protocols observed
Drills and tough discipline
Finances
Resistance to raising taxes
Colonists should pay for
their own defense
Demeanor
Casual, non-professionals
Prima Donna British officers
with servants and tea
settings
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Treaty of Paris (1763)
 FRANCE: lost her Canadian possessions, most of her
empire in Indian and claims to lands east of the
Mississippi River
 SPAIN: got all French lands west of the Mississippi River
and New Orleans
 ENGLAND: got all French lands in Canada, exclusive
rights to the Caribbean slave trade and commercial
dominance in India
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Effects of the War on Britain
1.
It increased her colonial empire in the Americas
2.
It greatly enlarged England’s debt
3.
Britain’s contempt for the colonists created bitter feelings
THEREFORE, ENGLAND FELT THAT A
MAJOR REORGANIZATION OF HER AMERICAN EMPIRE
WAS NECESSARY!!!
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Proclamation Line of 1763
 King George III forbids Americans from
settling west of the Appalachians
– Why?
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