Nanoengineered Metamaterials
Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
Pennsylvania State University
April 3, 2008
Division of Business
Iowa Wesleyan College
Mt. Pleasant, IA
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
• Nanotechnology
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: The term
US Patents and Trademarks Office
(2006):
“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology
development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular
levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100
nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide a
fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at
the nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices and
systems that have novel properties and functions because of
their small and/or intermediate size.”
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotech Economy
Total worldwide R&D funding
=
$ 9.6B in 2005
Governments (2005):
$4.6B
Established Corporations (2005):
$4.5B
Venture Capitalists (2005):
$0.5B
Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotech Economy: Scope
Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology
promises to be
• pervasive
• ubiquitous
A. Lakhtakia
Source:
Nanotechnology & Life
A. Lakhtakia
Significant Attributes

Large surface area per unit volume

Quantum effects
Dimensionality
A. Lakhtakia

1D


2D


Ultrathin coatings
Nanowires and nanotubes
3D

Nanoparticles
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
Nanomaterials
A. Lakhtakia


Lots of potential applications
Unreliable production
A. Lakhtakia
Integrated Electronics and
Optoelectronics
Many opportunities:
- memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004)
~ 22 nm (2016)
- plastic electronics
- biosensors, chemical sensors
- structural health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
Bionanotechnology and
Nanomedicine
Many opportunities:
- targeted drug delivery
- in vivo molecular imaging
- antimicrobial agents
- tissues and scaffolds
- “smart” health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
Metrology

Extremely important

Requires standardization

Not much research expenditure incurred
so far, but increasing
A. Lakhtakia
Industrial Applications
• Nothing revolutionary, as of now!
• Significant challenges: from laboratory to
mass manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Desirable Features for
Industrial Application
• Cost-effectiveness
• Waste reduction
• Lifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental
auditing
• Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
J.B.S. Haldane
The Creator, if he exists, has ...
… an inordinate fondness for beetles.
A. Lakhtakia
A. Lakhtakia
Engineers
have had an inordinate fondness
for
composite materials
all through the ages
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials
Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)
• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)
• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials
Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)
• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)
• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials
Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)
• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)
• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
Multifunctionality
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
High strength (resistance to rupture)
High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)
Future: Conducting & other fibers for
(i) reinforcement
(ii) antennas
(iii) environmental sensing
(iv) structural health monitoring
(iv) morphing
A. Lakhtakia
Metamaterials
Rodger Walser
SPIE Press (2003)
A. Lakhtakia
Walser’s Definition (2001/2)
• macroscopic composites having a
manmade, three-dimensional, periodic
cellular architecture designed to
produce an optimized combination, not
available in nature, of two or more
responses to specific excitation
A. Lakhtakia
“Updated” Definition
composites designed to produce an
optimized combination of two or more
responses to specific excitation
Cellularity
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Cellularity
Multifunctionality
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Cellularity
Multifunctionality
Morphology
Performance
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Multi-component system = Assembly of different components
Component:
Simple action
Assembly of components:
Complex action
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Energy harvesting cell
Chemisensor cell
Energy storage cell
Force-sensor cell
Energy distributor cell
RFcomm cell
IRcomm cell
Shape-changer cell
Light-source cell
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Supercell
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Periodic Arrangement of Supercells
Fractal Arrangement of Supercells
Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
A. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
•Sculptured Thin Films
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Morphological
Change
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Morphology
changes
in 3-5 nm
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D morphologies
3-D morphologies
vertical sectioning
Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)
Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Antecedents:
(i)
Young and Kowal - 1959
(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966
(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989
Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)
Optical applications (1992-1995)
Biological applications (2003-)
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Research Groups
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv) Imperial College, London
Penn State
(xvi) University of Glasgow
Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
(xvii) University of Edinburgh
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
(xviii) University of Leipzig
Millersville University
(xix) Toyota R&D Labs
Rensselaer Polytechnic University
(xx) Kyoto University
University of Toledo
(xxi) National Taipei University of
University of Georgia
Technology
University of South Carolina
(xxii) Hanyang University
University of Nebraska at Lincoln
(xxiii) University of Otago
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(xxiv) University of Canterbury
University of Alberta
(xxv) Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Queen’s University
University of Moncton
National Autonomous University of Mexico
A. Lakhtakia
Physical Vapor Deposition
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Optical Devices:
Polarization Filters
Bragg Filters
Ultranarrowband Filters
Fluid Concentration Sensors
Bacterial Sensors
Biomedical Applications:
Tissue Scaffolds
Surgical Cover Sheets
Other Applications:
Photocatalysis (Toyota)
Thermal Barriers (Alberta)
Energy Harvesting (Penn State,
Toledo)
A. Lakhtakia
Optics of Chiral STFs
Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon
A. Lakhtakia
Chiral STF as CP Filter
A. Lakhtakia
Spectral Hole Filter
A. Lakhtakia
Fluid Concentration Sensor
A. Lakhtakia
LIGHT EMITTERS
• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF
A. Lakhtakia
LIGHT EMITTERS
• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two
left-handed chiral STFs
Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 023102.
A. Lakhtakia
Polymeric STFs
A. Lakhtakia
PARYLENE-C STFs:
COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Pursel et al., Polymer 46 (2005) 9544.
A. Lakhtakia
PARYLENE-C STFs:
COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Nanoscale
Morphology
Ciliary Structure
A. Lakhtakia
BIOSCAFFOLDS
A. Lakhtakia
BIOSCAFFOLDS
Lakhtakia et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 46 (2008) 295.
A. Lakhtakia
BIOSCAFFOLDS
72 hours after seeding
Fibroblast Cells: Red stain
Demirel et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res, B 81 (2007) 219.
A. Lakhtakia
•
•
•
•
•
Applications of Parylene STFs
Cell-culture substrates
Coatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)
Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)
Biosensors
Tissue engineering for controlled drug release
Volumetric functionalization
Optical monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE
ARCHITECTURE
A. Lakhtakia
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
Metal STFs on
Topographic
Substrates
Chromium
Aluminum
Molybdenum
Horn et al., Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 303.
A. Lakhtakia
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
Dielectric
STFs on
Topographic
HCP array of SiOx nanocolumns Substrates BCC array of SiOx nanocolumns
1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
A. Lakhtakia