Settling the Northern Colonies 16191700
The Protestant Reformation Produces
Puritanism
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Martin Luther starts the Reformation.
John Calvin expands upon Luther’s ideas
afterwards. Published Institutes of the
Religion in 1536. To Calvin, humans were
weak and sinful. Only the predestined could
go to Heaven, no matter what. A reaction to
the Roman Catholic Church’s combination of
indulgences and good works .
Puritans believed in Calvin’s story. Divided
into two groups: Larger group worked within
Anglican Church for reform. Smaller group
left the church and became known as
Separatists.
Under James I, Separatist Puritans went into
exile to escape religious persecution.
Most fled to Holland, another Protestant
nation. Dutch were also heavily into the wool
trade as were many Puritans.
England becomes Protestant
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Henry VIII broke ties with the Catholic
Church in the 1530’s over a dynastic
question.
He divorced his first wife, Catherine
of Aragon, the daughter of Charles V
of Spain and Austria and the Holy
Roman Emperor.
Some became “Puritans” who
wanted to purify the English church
of its Roman Catholic influences.
James VI of Scotland became King
James I of England in 1603 and
maintained the Anglican Church the
faith of England. He banished many
of these so-called Puritans because
they questioned his authority as head
of the English or Anglican Church.
Separatist Puritans became Pilgrims
The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at
Plymouth
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The Pilgrims or Separatists came from
Holland after having fled the wrath of
James I.
The Pilgrims (only half of whom were
Separatists)
The Pilgrims spoke with the Virginia
Company and resolved to settle far to
the north of Jamestown. They had no
charter, they were going to settle
illegally. They were “squatters”.
The Pilgrims actually made a few
surveys before landing at Plymouth.
Before they left the ship they signed
the Mayflower Compact, a set of
rules all agreed to obey.
Miles Standish was a skilled soldier
and negotiator.
The Pilgrims (Continued)
• 102 people land at Plymouth. The
winter was very tough. Only 44 of
the 102 original Pilgrims survived.
• Thanks to the advice of Squanto,
a local Wampanoag indian,
harvests were bountiful and the
first Thanksgiving was celebrated.
• William Bradford was chosen as
governor of Plymouth thirty
times. Plymouth exported dry
fish, furs and lumber.
• In 1691, Plymouth merged with
the larger Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
• In 1629, non-Separatist
Puritans obtained a royal
charter to settle in the New
World. They secretly kept
the charter later using it as
the basis for their
constitution.
• Well equipped group: 11
ships and 1000 colonists
• John Winthrop was elected
governor for 19 years, Mass
Bay prospered in fur, timber
and fisheries trades.
Building the Bay Colony
• The right to vote was soon
extended to all “freemen” adult
males who belonged to Puritan
congregations.
• Winthrop feared democracy;
religious leaders wielded
considerable power.
• John Cotton was a prominent
minister who emigrated to
Massachusetts to escape
persecution for his criticism of
the Anglican Church.
• Earthly pleasures were not
prohibited but regulated; public
signs of affection (ie. kissing)
could draw a fine even if couple
was married.
Troubles in the Bible Commonwealth
• Ironically, even as they had
rebelled against orthodoxy, the
Puritans sought to enforce it.
• Quakers were flogged, fined and
banished.
• Anne Hutchinson defied Church
elders with her claim that
predestination made all good
works completely irrelevant.
“Antinomianism”
• The Rhode Island "Sewer"
• Roger Williams fled to the Rhode
Island area in 1636. There, he
established religious freedom for
all kinds of people.
New England Spreads Out
• New England Spreads Out
• Hartford and Connecticut were founded in 1635. An
energetic group of Boston Puritans poured into the
Hartford area lead by Reverend Thomas Hooker. (Colony)
• In 1639, the settlers of the new Connecticut River colony
drafted a document known as the Fundamental Orders. It
was basically a constitution.
• New Haven was established in 1638.
• Part of Maine was purchased by Massachusetts Bay in 1677
from the Sir Ferdinando Gorges heirs.
• In 1641, New Hampshire was absorbed by the greedy
Massachusetts Bay. The king took it back and made New
Hampshire a royal colony in 1679.
New England Spreads Out
Puritans Versus Indians
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Puritans versus Indians
The Wampanoag chieftain,
Massasoit, signed a treaty with the
Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621. The
Wampanoag helped the Pilgrims
have the first Thanksgiving in that
same year.
In 1637, hostilities exploded between
the English settlers and the powerful
Pequot tribe. The English militiamen
and their Narragansett Indian allies
annihilated the Pequot tribe.
In 1675, Massasoit's son, Metacom
(also nicknamed King Philip by the
English) launched a series of attacks
and raids against the colonists'
towns. The war ended in 1676.
Seeds of Colonial Independence
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Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form
the New England Confederation. It was
made to defend against foes or potential
foes. The confederation consisted of only
Puritan colonies - two Massachusetts
colonies (the Bay Colony and small
Plymouth) and two Connecticut colonies
(New Haven and the scattered valley
settlements).
Each colony had 2 votes, regardless of size.
As a slap at the Massachusetts Bay Colony,
King Charles II gave rival Connecticut in 1662
a sea-to-sea charter grant, which legalized
the squatter settlements.
In 1663, the outcasts in Rhode Island
received a new charter, which gave kingly
sanction to the most religiously tolerant
government yet devised in America.
In 1684, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's
charter was revoked by London authorities.
Andros promotes the first American
Revolution
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Andros Promotes the First American Revolution
In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created
by royal authority. Unlike the homegrown New
England Confederation, it was imposed from
London. It embraced all of New England until in
1688 when it was expanded to New York and East
and West Jersey.
The leader of the Dominion of New England was Sir
Edmund Andros - an able English military man. He
established headquarters in Puritanical Boston.
Andros stopped the town meetings; laid heavy
restrictions on the courts, the press, and schools;
and revoked all land titles.
In 1688-1689, the people of old England engineered
the Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution. They
dethroned Catholic James II and enthroned the
Protestant rulers of the Netherlands, the Dutchborn William III and his English wife, Mary, daughter
of James II.
In 1691, Massachusetts was made a royal colony.
There was unrest in New York and Maryland from
1689-1691, until newly appointed royal governors
restored a semblance of order.
Old Dutch at New Netherland
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Late in the 16th Century, the Netherlands fought for and won
its independence from Catholic Spain with the help of
England.
In the 17th Century, the Dutch (the Netherlands) became a
power. Golden Age. It fought 3 great Anglo-Dutch naval
battles. The Dutch Republic became a leading colonial
power, with by far its greatest activity in the East Indies.
The Dutch East India Company was nearly a state within a
state and at one time supported an army of 10,000 men and
a fleet of 190 ships, 40 of them men-of-war.
This company hired an English explorer, Henry Hudson, to
seek great riches. He sailed into the Delaware Bay and New
York Bay in 1609 and then ascended the Hudson River. He
filed a Dutch claim to a wooded and watered area. The Dutch
West India Company was less powerful than the Dutch East
India Company, and was based in the Caribbean. It was more
interested in raiding than trading.
In 1628, in raided a fleet of Spanish treasure ships and stole
$15 million.
The company established outposts in Africa and Brazil.
In 1623-1624, the Dutch West India Company established
New Netherland in the Hudson River area. It was made for its
quick-profit fur trade. The company also purchased
Manhattan Island from the Indians for worthless trinkets. The
island encompassed 22,000 acres.
New Amsterdam, later New York City, was a company
town. The Quakers were savagely abused.
Dutch Friction with English and
Swedish Neighbors
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New England was hostile to the growth of its Dutch
neighbor, and the people of Connecticut finally
ejected intruding Hollanders from their verdant
valley. 3 of the 4 member colonies of the New
England Confederation were eager to wipe out New
Netherland with military force. Massachusetts,
providing most of the troops, rejected this.
From 1638-1655, the Swedish trespassed on Dutch
preserves by planting the anemic colony of New
Sweden on the Delaware River.
The Golden Age for Sweden was during and
following the Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648, in
which its brilliant King Gustavus Adolphus had
carried the torch for Protestantism.
Resenting the Swedish intrusion, the Dutch
dispatched a small military expedition in 1655. It
was led by the able of the directors-general, Peter
Stuyvesant, who had lost a leg while soldiering in
the West Indies and was dubbed "Father Wooden
Leg" by the Indians. The main fort fell after a
bloodless siege, whereupon Swedish rule came to
an abrupt end.
Dutch Residues in New York
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In 1664, Charles II granted the area of
modern-day New York to his brother,
the Duke of York, and that year,
British troops landed and defeated
the Dutch, kicking them out, without
much violence.
New Amsterdam was renamed New
York.
The Dutch Legacy
– The people of New York retained
their autocratic spirit.
– Dutch names of cities remained, like
Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate.
Even their architecture left its mark
on buildings.
– The Dutch also gave us Easter eggs,
Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut,
bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in
Pennsylvania
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The Quakers (characteristics)
They “quaked” under deep religious
emotion.
They were offensive to religious and
civil rule.
They addressed everyone with simple
“thee”s and “thou”s and didn’t
swear oaths because Jesus had said
“Swear not at all,” this last part
creating a problem, since you had to
swear a test oath to prove that
you weren’t Roman Catholic.
Though stubborn and unreasonable,
they were simple, devoted,
democratic people against war and
violence.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in
Pennsylvania
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William Penn, a well-born Englishman, embraced
the Quaker faith.
In 1681, he managed to secure an immense grant of
fertile land from the king.
It was called Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn, who,
being the modest person that he was, had insisted
that it be called Sylvania.
It was the best advertised of all the colonies.
XV. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
Thousands of squatters already lived in
Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia was more carefully planned than most
cities, with beautiful, wide streets.
Penn bought land from the Indians, like Chief
Tammany, later patron saint of New York’s political
Tammany Hall.
His treatment of the Indians was so gentle that
Quakers could walk through Indian territory
unarmed without fear of being hurt.
However, as more and more non-Quakers came to
Pennsylvania, they mistreated the Indians more and
more.
Pennsylvania
• By 1700, only Virginia was more populous and
richer.
• Penn, unfortunately, was not well-liked
because of his friendliness
towards James II, the deposed Catholic king,
and he was jailed at
times, and also suffered a paralytic stroke,
dying full of sorrows.
Pennsylvania
• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania
– All had fertile soil and broad expanse of land.
– All except for Delaware exported lots of grain.
– The Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the
rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls.
– The middle colonies were the middle way between New England and
the southern plantation states.
– Landholdings were generally intermediate in size.
– The middle colonies were more ethnically mixed than other colonies.
– A considerable amount of economic and social democracy prevailed.
– Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, entered
Philadelphia as a seventeen-year-old in 1720 with a loaf of bread
under
each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane,
open
atmosphere of the city.
Pennsylvania
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In the 1600s, England was undergoing a massive population boom.
About 75% of English immigrants were indentured servants.
Most of them were young men from the “middling classes.”
Some had fled during the cloth trade slump in the early 1600s while
others had been forced off their land due to enclosure.
Some 40% of indentured servants died before their seven years were over.
Late in the 17th century, as the supply of indentured servants slowly ran
out, the southerners resolved to employ black slaves.
From 1629 to 1642, 11,000 Puritans swarmed to the Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
In contrast to the indentured servants, Puritans migrated in family groups,
not alone.
Puritans brought the way of life from England with them to America.