What is this? Teosinte grass Previous slide from: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science/maize/337.threat-biological-diversity.html This slide from: http://gallery4share.com/t/teosinte-grass.html Hippocrates From www.pbs.org, NOVA: The Hippocratic Oath Today Aristotle From en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Aristotle Anton van Leeuwenhoek From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek.png Carl von Linnè (Linnaeus) From http://linnaeus.sourceforge.net/ Jena-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamark (Lamark) From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamark Charles Lyell From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell Charles Darwin From http://galapagosonline.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/charles-darwin-in-galapagos/ (left) From http://www.biography.com/people/charles-darwin-9266433 (right) The Beagle From http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/09/ the-hms-beagle-and-charles-darwin-on-the-shores-of-the-galapagos-islands-picture-essay-of-the-day/ Alfred Wallace From http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/jan/20/alfred-russel-wallace-forgotten-man-evolution Francis Galton From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton English Biometry Karl Pearson Ronald Fisher From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Pearson_2.jpg (left) From http://apprendre-math.info/anglais/historyDetail.htm?id=Fisher (right) Gregor Mendel From http://www.thomasmore.edu/library/mendel_collection.cfm Mendel’s pea phenotypes Early Cell Biology (You do not need to know these names!) 1665: Robert Hooke: First cell described 1839 - 1855: Schwann, Virchow et al: Cell theory developed 1866: Ernst Haeckle: Nucleus is the seat of heredity 1870s: Walther Flemming, Edouard Van Beneden: Chromosomes identified. 1880s: August Weissman, Wilheln Roux, Theodor Boveri: Chromosomes contain the hereditary material. Thomas Hunt Morgan From http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html Drosophila Phylogeny From http://insects.eugenes.org/DroSpeGe/ Social Darwinism • Application of principles of evolution to societies • Predates “Origin of Species” (philosophical works by Herbert Spencer and others) • Concepts of competition and genetic superiority /inferiority • Justified nationalism and colonialism • Most extreme example: Nazi philosophy Eugenics • Long history in many cultures (infanticide as a form of selection) • Plato: state regulated marriage and reproduction • Francis Galton: modern concept and term • Encourage those with desirable traits to reproduce; discourage those with undesirable traits from reproducing • In early days, weakly correlated with political views Two U.S. Examples: 1) Compulsory Sterilization • • • • 1907 Indianna By 1950, around half the states Practice varied immensely Buck v Bell 2) Immigration restriction • • • • Initially US had almost unrestricted immigration 1870s onward: restrictions on Asian immigrants Early 1900s: restrictions on indigents, unhealthy 1920s: restrictions based on nationality Charles Davenport From http://www.dnaftb.org/14/gallery.html Carrie Buck From http://saintleoinkblot.com/2012/05/02/today-in-the-history-of-psychology-52/carrie-buck-2/ Harry Hamilton Laughlin From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Laughlin Adolph Hitler From http://natgeotv.com/asia/historys-secrets/galleries/the-hunt-for-hitler/2 Nazi Social Darwinism and Eugenics • • • • 1920: Racial superiority/inferiority present at its origin 1925: Mein Kampf 1933: Hitler elected as Chancellor 1933 on: Series of laws on • Racial classification • Job and marriage restrictions • Compulsory sterilization • 1939: Invasion of Poland • 1939: Euthanasia program • 1941: Invasion of Soviet Union • Large scale genocide • 1942: Official plans for “the final solution” • Wannsee conference death camps Trofim Lysenko From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lysenko_evil_eyes.jpg Lysenkoism • 1930s: poor harvests in Soviet Union • Lysenko promised quick and radical solutions • Genetics = “capitalistic Mendelian-Morgonian science” • Theory based on Marxist principles (dialectical materialism) • Vernalization • Appointed head of Soviet agriculture • Purge of geneticists • Great harm to Soviet agriculture • Influenced waned after Stalin’s death (1953) From Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2002). Science. 296: 707-711