第十六單元：歐盟法與生命對話
歐盟法研討會
THE ECONOMIC POSITION OF AUSTRIA
AS A MEMBER STATE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
1
Taipei, 3 June 2014
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方
式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】
OVERVIEW
2
1.
AUSTRIA’S UNIQUE POSITION
2.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT FROM AN ECONOMIC
PERSPECTIVE
CASE STUDY # 1: FINANCIAL AND SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
CASE STUDY # 2: ENERGY SECURITY
3.
SUMMARY & OUTLOOK
AUSTRIA’S UNIQUE POSITION
3
1804
1867
1914
1918
1938
1945
• Austrian Empire
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• First World War
• First Austrian Republic
• Second World War (German annexation)
• Second Austrian Republic
1955
• Austrian State Treaty > independent sovereign state
• Declaration of Neutrality
1995
• Accession to EU
• Bilateral agreement with NATO (Partnership for Peace)
4
Article I Declaration of Neutrality (Federal Constitutional Law 1955/10/26)
(1) For the purpose of the permanent maintenance of its external
independence and for the purpose of the inviolability of its territory, Austria,
of its own free will, declares herewith its permanent neutrality which it is
resolved to maintain and defend with all the means at its disposal.
(2) In order to secure these purposes Austria will never in the future accede to
any military alliances nor permit the establishment of military bases by
foreign States on its territory.
1995 Accession to the EU
 popular referendum > 66% approval
 neutrality regarded as outdated concept resulting from World War II > not
applicable after fall of iron curtain that divided East and West
 neutrality currently exists on paper > “post-neutral”
 in practice, neutrality has become flexible concept
5
Key lesson # 1:
 Austria is in a unique position to serve as “Bridge-Builder to the
World”.
GEOGR.
LOCATIO
N
EU
MEMBER
UNIQUE
POSITION
BRIDGE
BUILDER
NEUTRAL
HISTORY
6
CRISIS MANAGEMENT FROM AN ECONOMIC
PERSPECTIVE
CASE STUDY # 1: FINANCIAL & SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
GDP
per capita
130
above EU average
100
REAL GDP
growth rate
0.4 (2013)
0.1 (2013)
DEBT
over 80% (2014)
below EU average, 60% limit
86.9%
DEFICIT
2009 EDP expected to end 2014
2.5%
below EU average , 3% limit
4%
INFLATION
2.1% (2013)
1.5% (2013)
UNEMPLOYMENT
4.9% (2014)
lowest in EU
10.5% (2014)
TAX RATE
44.3% of GDP
above EU average
40.7% EU
7
ECONOMIC &
FISCAL
REFORMS
FISCAL
CONSOLIDATI
ON
National Reform Programme
Stability Programme
2016 zero‐deficit
2011 Sixpack
MIP, EIP > European Semester
MTO
2012 Austrian Stability Pact (ÖStP)
debt brake for government
2012 Fiscal Compact (TSCG)
balanced budget rule
2013 Fiscal Council
2014 Draft Budgetary Plan
2013 Twopack
national fiscal council
budgetary timelines
INVESTMENT
education, universities, R&D, infrastructure
STRUCTURAL
REFORMS
2012 Stability Package
pensions, health care, public admin., subsidies, labour
markets
TAX REFORM
2014 Tax Law Amendment Act [AbgabenänderungsG]
close loopholes, eliminate distortive exemptions >
distr. burden among priv. households, business, finan. inst.
2011 Euro Plus Pact
goals for national economic policies to
strengthen competitiveness and
convergence
8
BANKING &
FINANCIAL REFORMS
BANKING UNION
Single rulebook
Single Supervisory Mechanism
Single Resolution Mechanism
2013 CRD / CRR IV
no global systemically important bank
(G-SIB)
2013 Reg. conferring tasks on ECB
Hypo Bank restructuring/liquidation;
in addition to domestic bank tax banks
must contribute to EU resolution fund
2014 Bank Restructuration and
Resolution Directive (BRRD)
2014 SRM Regulation
Deposit Guarantee Scheme
TRANSPARENCY
OF BANK ACCOUNTS
FINANCIAL
TRANSACTION
TAX (FTT)
2014 Directive (recast)
EU agreement with 3rd countries,
2003 / 2014 Savings Directive
last MS to allow scrutiny of foreigners'
fight cross-border tax evasion
accounts, keeping bank secrecy for
autom. exchange of bank account data
Austrians
> tax savings income
strongly supports common approach
hopes to levy tax starting 2016
2011/2013 Commission prop. harmon.
financial transaction tax
enhanced cooperation
EU
9
ENHANCED
COOPERATIO
N
TEU TITLE IV: PROVISIONS ON ENHANCED COOPERATION
at least 9 MS
Article 20 TEU
1. MS which wish to establish enhanced cooperation between themselves within the framework of
the Union's non-exclusive competences may make use of its institutions and exercise those
competences by applying the relevant provisions of the Treaties ... Enhanced cooperation shall
aim to further the objectives of the Union, protect its interests and reinforce its integration
process. Such cooperation shall be open at any time to all MS ...
2. The decision authorising enhanced cooperation shall be adopted by the Council as a last
resort, when it has established that the objectives of such cooperation cannot be attained
within a reasonable period by the Union as a whole, and provided that at least nine MS
participate in it …
3. All members of the Council may participate in its deliberations, but only members of the Council
representing the MS participating in enhanced cooperation shall take part in the vote ...
4. Acts adopted in the framework of enhanced cooperation shall bind only participating MS. They
shall not be regarded as part of the acquis which has to be accepted by candidate States for
accession to the Union.
TFEU TITLE III: ENHANCED COOPERATION
10
Article 326 TFEU
Any enhanced cooperation shall comply with the Treaties and Union law.
Such cooperation shall not undermine the internal market or economic, social
and territorial cohesion. It shall not constitute a barrier to or discrimination in
trade between MS, nor shall it distort competition between them.
Article 327
Any enhanced cooperation shall respect the competences, rights and
obligations of those MS which do not participate in it. Those MS shall not
impede its implementation..
Article 328
1. . enhanced cooperation … shall be open to all MS ...
2. The Commission and, where appropriate, the High Representative of the
Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy shall keep the European
Parliament and the Council regularly informed ...
Article 329
11
1.
MS which wish to establish enhanced cooperation … in one of the areas covered by the Treaties, with the
exception of fields of exclusive competence and the common foreign and security policy, shall address a
request to the Commission, specifying the scope and objectives of the enhanced cooperation proposed.
The Commission may submit a proposal to the Council to that effect. In the event of the Commission not
submitting a proposal, it shall inform the MS concerned of the reasons for not doing so. Authorisation to
proceed with the enhanced cooperation … shall be granted by the Council, on a proposal from the
Commission and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament.
2. The request of the MS which wish to establish enhanced cooperation .. within the framework of the common
foreign and security policy shall be addressed to the Council. It shall be forwarded to the High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who shall give an opinion on whether the
enhanced cooperation proposed is consistent with the Union's common foreign and security policy, and to
the Commission, which shall give its opinion in particular on whether the enhanced cooperation proposed is
consistent with other Union policies. It shall also be forwarded to the European Parliament for information.
Authorisation to proceed with enhanced cooperation shall be granted by a decision of the Council acting
unanimously.
Article 330
All members of the Council may participate in its deliberations, but only members of the Council
representing the MS participating in enhanced cooperation shall take part in the vote. …
Article 334
The Council and the Commission shall ensure the consistency of activities undertaken in the context of
enhanced cooperation and the consistency of such activities with the policies of the Union, and shall
cooperate to that end.
Key lesson # 2:
12
 Despite challenges resulting from “bad
banks” in the financial sector and the
need to consolidate its fiscal household,
Austria has remained one of the
economically most stable members in
the EU.
 The need to respond to the crisis may
have even served as a good “excuse” for
the government to tackle necessary, long
outstanding structural reforms.
 Austria’s proactive stance with regard to
the introduction of a common financial
transaction tax highlights the fact that
Austria is not passively complying with EU
target objectives but even willing to
assume a leading role among EU MS.
 Therefore this case study may be
regarded as a positive example,
evidencing how economic and financial
challenges can become a driving force
for transformation and renewal.
ECONOM
. & FISCAL
ENHANCE
D
COOPERA
T.
BANKING
&
FINANCIA
L
INVEST
FINANCIAL &
SOVEREIGN
DEBT CRISIS
TAX
CASE STUDY # 2: ENERGY SECURITY
13
2007 South Stream project
 one of the largest infrastructure projects in the world
 natural gas pipeline from Russia under the Black Sea through
Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary to Austria > alternative route of gas
imports to Europe bypassing Ukraine!
 signing of intergovernmental agreements
14
2009 EU’s Third Energy Package

Directive 2009/73/EC common rules for the internal market in natural gas; Regulation
715/2009 conditions for access to natural gas transmission networks

liberalization of energy sector > prevent monopolistic supply chain
 ownership unbundling > network operator vs. producer/supplier
 third parties access to pipeline infrastructure
 transparent, objective, non-discriminatory tariffs
2013/12/4 European Commission director for energy markets > bilateral agreements are all in
breach of EU law
(1) Gazprom owns both transmission network and gas
(2) Gazprom has not allowed third parties non-discriminatory access
(3) tariff structure links oil and gas prices
2014/3 European Commission placed project approval process on hold (following Russian
annexation of Crimea) > calls for joint purchase of Russian gas and uniform gas price in
EU market
15
2014/3/5 European Commission > €11 billion economic package to support Ukraine
Macro-Financial Assistance (MFA II)

exceptional EU crisis-response instrument, complementing IMF assistance

€1 billion loan > help Ukraine finance stabilisation and reform programme
Association Agreement (AA)

political provisions signed 21 March 2014

Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)
Trade measures > (temporary) removal of customs duties

Regulation on reduction/elimination of customs duties on goods originating in Ukraine
(effective 23 April 2014), granted for limited period (until 2014/11/1)
2014 EU sanctions against Russia

asset freezes and travel bans on individuals and companies

neither Gazprom nor its managers have been targeted
TFEU Part V: External action
16
Art 205 General provisions
Art 206f Common commercial policy > trade agreements
Art 208ff Cooperation with third countries (development/economic/financial/technical cooperation),
humanitarian aid
Art 215 restrictive measures (“interruption or reduction, in part or completely, of economic and financial
relations with one or more third countries … the Council may adopt restrictive measures … against
natural or legal persons and groups or non-State entities.”)
Art 216ff International agreements
Art 220f relations with international organizations, third countries and union delegations
Art 222 Solidarity clause
1. The Union and its Member States shall act jointly in a spirit of solidarity if a Member State is the object of a
terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or man-made disaster. …
2.
Should a Member State be the object of a terrorist attack or the victim of a natural or man-made
disaster, the other Member States shall assist it at the request of its political authorities. …
3.
The arrangements for the implementation by the Union of the solidarity clause shall be defined by a
decision adopted by the Council acting on a joint proposal by the Commission and the High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. …
2014/3/21 European Council Conclusions
17
19. … completing the internal energy market by 2014 and developing interconnections so as
to put an end to any isolation of Member States from European gas and electricity
networks by 2015 remain a priority … effective and consistent implementation of the Third
Energy Package by all players in the European energy market …
20. …Efforts to reduce Europe's high gas energy dependency rates should be intensified …
calls on the Commission to conduct an in-depth study of EU energy security and to
present by June 2014 a comprehensive plan for the reduction of EU energy dependence.
The plan should reflect the fact that the EU needs to accelerate further diversification of
its energy supply, increase its bargaining power and energy efficiency, continue to
develop renewable and other indigenous energy sources and coordinate the
development of the infrastructure to support this diversification in a sustainable manner,
including through the development of interconnections … further action should be taken
to support the development of the Southern Corridor, including further spur routes through
Eastern Europe …
29. … agrees to expand the list of individuals to be subject to visa ban and asset freeze …
decides to cancel the next EU-Russia Summit and notes that Member States will not hold
bilateral regular summits for the time being … support the suspension of negotiations over
Russia's joining the OECD and IEA.
32. … any further steps by the Russian Federation to destabilise the situation in Ukraine would
lead to additional and far reaching consequences for relations in a broad range of
economic areas between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand,
and the Russian Federation, on the other hand. In this respect, the European Council asks
the Commission and the Member States to prepare possible targeted measures.
Article 36 TEU
18
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy shall regularly
consult the European Parliament on the main aspects and the basic choices of the
common foreign and security policy and the common security and defence policy and
inform it of how those policies evolve. He shall ensure that the views of the European
Parliament are duly taken into consideration. … The European Parliament may ask
questions or make recommendations to the Council or the High Representative. Twice a
year it shall hold a debate on progress in implementing the common foreign and security
policy, including the common security and defence policy.
2014/4/17 European Parliament resolution on Russian pressure on Eastern Partnership
countries and in particular destabilisation of eastern Ukraine
6.
… EU and its Member States to speak to Russia with one united voice …
7.
.. measures against Russian companies and their subsidiaries, particularly in the energy
sector, as well as Russian investments and assets in the EU, and for all agreements with
Russia to be reviewed with a view to their possible suspension;
11. … introduction of economic, trade and financial restrictions …
19. … welcomes … adoption of the unilateral trade measures; calls for the signing of the full
AA/DCFTA as soon as possible and before the expiry of the unilateral trade measures;
20. … welcomes the decision of the international financial institutions and the EU to provide
Ukraine with substantial short- and long-term financial aid …
19
27. … expects the quick implementation of the autonomous trade preferences adopted by
the EU to bridge the gap until the signing of the remainder of the agreement, which
includes the DCFTA;
28. Welcomes the initial measures adopted by the Commission to enable Ukraine to tackle
an energy crisis should Russia cut gas supplies to the country, and urges the Council and
the Commission to assist and support Kyiv in its efforts to resolve the long-standing gas
dispute with Moscow; stresses the urgent need for a strong common energy security
policy (an Energy Union), with the aim of reducing the EU’s dependency on Russian oil
and gas, including the diversification of energy supply, the full implementation of the
Third Energy Package and the possibility of suspending gas imports when necessary;
takes the view that the South Stream pipeline should not be built, and that other sources
of supply should be made available; is convinced that EU assistance to Ukraine in
securing reverse-flow supply through further diversification, enhanced energy efficiency
and effective interconnections with the EU will strengthen Ukraine against political and
economic pressures; recalls, in this connection, the strategic role of the Energy
Community, of which Ukraine holds the presidency in 2014
20
2014/4/29 Memorandum of Understanding signed between
 Austrian energy company OMV and Russian gas exporter Gazprom
 implement South Stream project
OMV
 central gas hub for CEE > Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, France
 security of gas supply (30% from Russia, ½ flowing through Ukraine pipelines >
need other pipelines!)
Austrian Economy Minister (Reinhold Mitterlehner) supports deal
 “we not only have to diversify our energy sources, but also our supply routes”
Other EU MS interested in joining the deal with Russia
 Germany (current 15% stake)
 Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia (not MS), Croatia, Slovenia, Greece
21
Key lesson # 3:
This case study demonstrates the complex functioning of the EU as a
whole, in particular the diverse interactions between different actors
and legal competences when it comes to the Union’s external
relations. Even though the example primarily concerns the private
business sector, it is clear that the affected enterprises are backed by
their respective governments. The Austrian position in response to
political turmoil in the Ukraine highlights the difficulty of achieving a
coherent position among different stakeholders, especially when vital
interests – such as those related to economy and energy security –
are affected.
CFSP
special
(Art 24 TEU)
ENERGY
shared
COMPETITIO
N exclusive
(Art 4 TFEU)
(Art 3 TFEU)
Article 3 TFEU
22
The Union shall have exclusive competence in the following areas: … (b) competition rules necessary for
the functioning of the internal market; … (e) common commercial policy …
Article 4 TFEU
The Union shall share competence with the MS … (i) energy …
Article 24 TEU
1. The Union’s competence in matters of common foreign and security policy shall cover … foreign policy and
… the Union’s security, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy .... The common
foreign and security policy … shall be defined and implemented by the European Council and the Council
acting unanimously … The adoption of legislative acts shall be excluded. The common foreign and
security policy shall be put into effect by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy and by MS …. The Court of Justice of the European Union shall not have jurisdiction …
2.
… achievement of an ever-increasing degree of convergence of MS’ actions.
3. The MS shall support the Union’s external and security policy actively and unreservedly in a spirit of loyalty
and mutual solidarity and shall comply with the Union’s action in this area. … The MS shall work together to
enhance and develop their mutual political solidarity. They shall refrain from any action which is contrary to
the interests of the Union or likely to impair its effectiveness as a cohesive force in international relations. The
Council and the High Representative shall ensure compliance with these principles.
23
EXTERNAL
ACTION
CFSP
CSDP
•21f TEU (general)
•205ff TFEU (specific)
•21f TEU (general)
•23ff TEU(specific)
•21f TEU (general)
•42ff TEU(specific)
TEU Title V: General provisions on external action and specific provisions on CFSP
24
Art 21f TEU > General provisions on external action
Article 21 TEU
1. The Union's action … shall be guided by the principles …: democracy, the rule of law, … human rights …
solidarity, and respect for the principles of … international law…
2.
The Union shall … (a) safeguard its values, fundamental interests, security, independence and integrity
(b) .. support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law (c)
preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security … (g) assist populations,
countries and regions confronting natural or man-made disasters …
3.
The Union shall respect the principles and pursue the objectives set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 in the
development and implementation of … the Union's external action covered by this Title and by Part Five
of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and of the external aspects of its other policies.
The Union shall ensure consistency between the different areas of its external action and between these
and its other policies. The Council and the Commission, assisted by the High Representative of the Union
for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, shall ensure that consistency …
Article 22 TEU
1. …, the European Council shall identify the strategic interests and objectives of the Union. … The European
Council shall act unanimously on a recommendation from the Council. …
2.
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, for the area of common
foreign and security policy, and the Commission, for other areas of external action, may submit joint
proposals to the Council.
Art 23ff TEU > CFSP
25
Article 26 TEU
1.
The European Council shall identify the Union's strategic interests, … define general guidelines for
the common foreign and security policy…
2. The Council shall frame the common foreign and security policy and take the decisions necessary
for .. implementing it on the basis of the general guidelines and strategic lines defined by the
European Council. The Council and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy shall ensure the unity, consistency and effectiveness of action by the Union.
3.
The common foreign and security policy shall be put into effect by the High Representative and by
the Member States, using national and Union resources.
Article 27 TEU
1.
The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who shall chair the
Foreign Affairs Council, shall contribute through his proposals towards the preparation of the
common foreign and security policy and shall ensure implementation of the decisions adopted by
the European Council and the Council.
2. The High Representative shall represent the Union for matters relating to the common foreign and
security policy. He shall conduct political dialogue with third parties on the Union's behalf and shall
express the Union's position in international organisations and at international conferences.
3. … the High Representative shall be assisted by a European External Action Service. …
Article 29 TEU
26
The Council shall adopt decisions which shall define the approach of the Union to a particular
matter of a geographical or thematic nature. MS shall ensure that their national policies conform
to the Union positions. …
Article 31 TEU
1.
Decisions under this Chapter shall be taken by the European Council and the Council acting
unanimously ... The adoption of legislative acts shall be excluded. When abstaining in a vote,
any member of the Council may qualify its abstention by making a formal declaration ... In that
case, it shall not be obliged to apply the decision ... the MS concerned shall refrain from any
action likely to conflict with or impede Union action. ...
Article 32 TEU
MS shall consult one another within the European Council and the Council on any matter of
foreign and security policy of general interest in order to determine a common approach. Before
undertaking any action on the international scene or entering into any commitment which could
affect the Union's interests, each MS shall consult the others …. MS shall ensure, through the
convergence of their actions, that the Union is able to assert its interests and values on the
international scene. MS shall show mutual solidarity. When the European Council or the Council
has defined a common approach of the Union …, the High Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the MS shall coordinate
their activities within the Council. …
Article 37 TEU
The Union may conclude agreements with … States or international organizations …
Art 42ff TEU > CSDP
27
Article 42 TEU
1. The common security and defence policy shall be an integral part of the common foreign and security
policy. It shall provide the Union with an operational capacity drawing on civilian and military assets.
The Union may use them … for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international
security …. The performance of these tasks shall be undertaken using capabilities provided by the MS.
2. The common security and defence policy shall include … a common Union defence policy. This will lead
to a common defence .. the European Council … shall in that case recommend to the MS the
adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. The policy
of the Union … shall … respect the obligations of certain MS, which see their common defence realised
in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) …
4.
Decisions relating to the common security and defence policy … shall be adopted by the Council
acting unanimously on a proposal from the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy or an initiative from a MS. …
7. If a MS is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other MS shall have towards it an obligation
of aid and assistance …
Article 43 TEU
1. The tasks referred to in Article 42(1), in the course of which the Union may use civilian and military means,
shall include joint disarmament operations, humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and
assistance tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of combat forces in crisis
management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation. ….
EUROPEAN COUNCIL
identify strategic interests
28
define general guidelines for
CSFP
(FOREIGN AFFAIRS)
COUNCIL
propose
decisions to implement
ensure
compliance/unity/effect
COMMISSION
HIGH
REPRESENTATIVE
propose
put into effect, represent
ensure
compliance/unity/effect
MEMBER STATES
put into effect, consult, converge
loyalty, solidarity, aid
2013/12/11 Joint Communication
29
High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy +
Commission
EU comprehensive approach to conflict prevention and crisis
resolution
CONFLICT
PREVENTION
PEACEBUILDING
REINTEGRATI
ON
EARLY
WARNING
JUSTICE
REFORM
STABILISATI
ON
DISARMAME
NT
CRISIS
RESPONSE &
MANAGEME
NT
SUMMARY & OUTLOOK
30
Throughout the entire history of European integration the idea
of achieving peace and stability by employing a dual strategy
of politics and economics has served as a constant source of
inspiration. Despite such high objectives and ideals, the
European continent continues to face conflicts arising from
both external and internal sources, between East and West,
North and South, between the EU and its MS and even among
the MS.
NORTH /
SOUTH
EURO MS /
NONEURO
MS
WEST / EAST
EU / MS
INTERNAL/
EXTERNAL
CONFLICT
S
EU/ CHINA
31
East vs. West (Cold War)
Traditionally, borderlines were drawn between the East and the
West, with Austria located right at the center between these two
separate blocs. Under this constellation Austria’s legal status as a
permanently neutral territory was of great importance, and in fact
even a precondition for gaining full independence after the
Second World War.
A new era began with the fall of the iron curtain in 1991. Now,
Austria was free to interpret its “neutrality” flexibly under new
perspectives and thus able to join the EU in 1995.
The external frontiers of the EU reached new dimensions, when 10
new MS acceded to the EU in 2004. Looking back at the past
decade, the Eastern enlargement has resulted in great
transformation of these formerly Communist countries. As a major
foreign investor, Austria has contributed much but also profited
remarkably from these new business opportunities. Nevertheless,
social and structural inequalities still exist and more needs to be
done to resolve traditional tensions between the East and the
West. Austria’s role as a “bridge builder” therefore continues to
play an important role.
32
Euro MS vs. Noneuro MS (EMU)
The realization of an EMU along with the adoption of a single
currency at the beginning of the second millennium has
resulted in a “hard core” made up of euro MS on the one side,
and on the other side EU MS not belonging to the euro area.
North vs. South (Sovereign Debt Crisis)
In the wake of the sovereign debt crisis even the “hardliners”
forming the Eurogroup turned out to be more divided than
expected in terms of economic productivity and financial
stability, thus leading to a gap between north and south.
Based on case study # 1 (financial & sovereign debt crisis) it
seems that Austria has, at least so far, successfully managed
to survive the crisis.
33
EU vs. MS (energy security)
Also case study # 2 (energy security) indicates a geographic
division, notably in the form of two pipeline projects, one running
north (“Nord Stream”) and the other to be constructed in a
southern direction (“South Stream”). Several MS having substantial
interests in the project wish to implement the gas deal with Russia,
despite the EU’s opposition.
EU vs. China (Russia)
It has been argued that mutual interdependence – notably the
EU’s need for gas supply and Russia’s need for gas demand –
should be regarded as a positive development. The idea of
mutual dependence as a driving force for further integration
whereby peace and stability are achieved is certainly worth
reflecting. Nevertheless, the premise that Russia depends on the
EU as a major destination for its gas exports must be revised since
Russia has recently signed a huge gas deal with China. Ultimately,
the emergence of new Super Powers and their mutual
cooperation will, without doubt, have far-reaching implications
not only for Europe, but also for Asia and the entire world as well.
34
So what does all this mean for Taiwan? In certain respects comparable
to Austria, Taiwan also is a small but wealthy nation with a unique
position on the global stage. Due to its history, geographic location and
language it can serve as a bridge to mainland China. Enhanced crossstrait relations certainly entail great economic potential, but on the other
side require thorough deliberation and preparation with regard to
conflict prevention and resolution. Considering the above two case
studies, economic and financial challenges, as well as energy security
also constitute major key issues for Taiwan. It is crucial for Taiwan’s future
development to find adequate responses to these domestic and global
challenges.
INTERNATIONAL
EU / REGIONAL
DOMESTIC
SUBSTANTIVE
PREVENTION &
MANAGEMENT
PROCEDURE
版權聲明
35
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作品
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6-8
MS which wish to
establish …
europedia.moussis.eu / The EU's legislative procedure
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Article 326 …
The lisbon-treaty / Article 326
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/646-article-280a.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 327 …
The lisbon-treaty / Article 327
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/647-article-327.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 328 …
The lisbon-treaty / Article 328
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/648-article-328.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 329 …
The lisbon-treaty / Article 329
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/649-article-329.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
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10
10
11
來源/作者
Wikimedia Commons / Flag of Austria
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg
本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2014/7/17。
6-8
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36
頁碼
作品
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來源/作者
Article 330 …
The lisbon-treaty / Article 330
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/650-article-330.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 334 …
11
The lisbon-treaty / Article 334
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-the-functioning-of-the-european-union-and-comments/part-6institutional-and-financial-provisions/title-3-enhanced-cooperation/654-article-334.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
13
fruits-rouges / Les gazoducs North Stream, South Stream et Nabucco
http://www.fruits-rouges.org/?attachment_id=1020
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
11
16
TFEU Part V:
External action
…
euwiki.org / TFEU
http://euwiki.org/TFEU#Article_205
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
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2014/3/21
European
Council…
european-council / EUROPEAN COUNCIL 20/21 MARCH 2014
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/141749.pdf
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 36 TEU
The lisbon-treaty / Article 36
http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-european-union-and-comments/title-5-general-provisions-on-theunions-external-action-and-specific-provisions/chapter-2-specific-provisions-on-the-common-foreign-and-security-policy/section1-common-provisions/123-article-36.html
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
European
Parliament
resolution on …
European Parliament / JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+P7-RC-2014-0436+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
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18
版權聲明
37
頁碼
19
作品
European Parliament / JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+P7-RC-2014-0436+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 3 TFEU …
euwiki.org / TFEU
http://euwiki.org/TFEU#Article_205
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 24 TEU …
euwiki.org / TEU
http://euwiki.org/TEU
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
TEU Title V:
General
provisions …
euwiki.org / TEU
http://euwiki.org/TEU
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 26
TEU …
euwiki.org / TEU
http://euwiki.org/TEU
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 29 TEU …
euwiki.org / TEU
http://euwiki.org/TEU
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
Article 42 TEU …
euwiki.org / TEU
http://euwiki.org/TEU
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/7/17
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來源/作者
27. … expects
the quick …
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版權圖示
本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2010 PowerPoint 設計主題範本，依據Microsoft 服務合約及著作權法第46、52、65
條合理使用。