•ARTS WERE IMPORTANT
•VERY RIGID LAWS
•ELIZABETH HAD NO
CHILDREN
•FACED
ASSASSINATIONS &
CONSPIRACIES
•FATHERS CAN CHOOSE A
DAUGHTER’S HUSBAND W/O
CONSENT
•HUSBAND’S WERE SUPPOSE
TO PROVIDE FOR FAMILIES
•WOMEN SHOULD BE MEEK
•BUBONIC PLAGUE #1 KILLER
•KING JAMES I (1603-1625)
•HAD PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
SHOWINGS
•EXISTED OUTSIDE LONDON
•CONSIDERED IMMORAL
•BOYS PLAYED THE ROLE
OF WOMEN
•SETS WERE SIMPLE
•TOOK PLACE OUTSIDE
•NO ARTIFICAL LIGHTS
•TWO GLOBES WERE BUILT
•THE FIRST BURNED IN 1613
•2ND WAS REBUILT IN THE SAME
SPOT-TORN DOWN IN 1644
•SEATED AROUND 3,000 PEOPLE
•HAD A BALCONY (ROMEO AND
JULIET)
•THOU, YOU, YE= YOU
•-ETH ADDED TO VERBS
•WROTE IN BLANK VERSE
USED CONTRACTIONS
•‘T=IT
*ANON= SOON
•‘TIS=IT IS
*HAP/HAPLY=
•O’ER-OVER
•E’ER=EVER
•NE’ER=NEVER
•‘A=HE
PERHAPS
An Introduction to
The Tragedy of Hamlet
To be, or not to be, that
is the question: (III, i, 6465)
There are more things in
heaven and earth,
Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in
your philosophy.
(I, v, 186-187)
Hamlet – The Basics
►
Hamlet is the first of Shakespeare’s four
great tragedies, written in 1600.
 The other three are Othello (1601),
King Lear (1606), and Macbeth
(1606).
►
The plot of Hamlet is that of a “revenge
tragedy,” a popular genre at this time.
►
The plot centers around a noble person
who has been hideously wronged and
must take revenge on a powerful enemy.
►
Hamlet’s delay and inaction is considered
by many critics to be the central problem
of the play.
Introduction
Edwin Booth as Hamlet, 1870
Next
Main Menu
Hamlet – The Text
Title page of the Second Quarto
of Hamlet published in 1604-05
Introduction
►
There are three versions of Hamlet:
►
First Quarto: Published in 1603, a
pirated edition.
►
Second Quarto: Published in 1604,
twice as long as the first quarto. The
best version of the play, probably
approved by Shakespeare.
►
First Folio: Published in 1623, a
collection of Shakespeare’s plays
compiled by two of his associates, based
on the acting version of the play.
►
Modern editions are a combination of
the Second Quarto and First Folio and are
usually longer than both.
Back
Next
Main Menu
Hamlet - Sources
1.
Historia Danica (12th Century), by Saxo Grammaticus.

2.
3.
Told the story of a Danish prince, Amlethus, who feigned madness
in order to murder Feng, his father’s killer
Histoires Tragiques (1576), written by Francois de Belleforest.

Recounted Saxo’s story of a young Prince Hamlet who avenges the
murder of his father.

In this version, Hamlet’s mother helps him and Hamlet becomes
the King of Denmark.
Ur-Hamlet

According to a popular theory, Shakespeare's main source is
believed to be an earlier play—now lost—known today as the UrHamlet.

Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare
himself, the Ur-Hamlet would have been in performance by 1589
and the first version of the story known to incorporate a ghost.
 No copies of Ur-Hamlet exist today.
Introduction
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Next
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The Great Chain of Being
God
Angels
Demons
Stars
Moons
Kings
Princes
Nobles
Men
Wild Animals
Domesticated Animals
Trees
Other Plants
Precious Stones
Precious Metals
Other minerals
Introduction
• Shakespeare’s audience believed in a
great Chain of Being that determined
the natural order of events.
• The chain was a series of hierarchical
links with God at the top.
• Each level of the chain had its own
hierarchy, with the king at the top of
the human level.
• Disruptions in the chain could also
disrupt the laws of nature and cause
bizarre events to occur.
Back Next
Main Menu
The Moral Climate of Hamlet
►
The King and the Chain of Being
 The king was believed to have been appointed by God in order to assure
the stability of society.
 Removal of the king disrupted the chain of being and risked the collapse of
order and universal disaster.
►
Ghosts and the Devil
 Shakespeare’s audience believed in
ghosts and believed that the ghost of
a murdered person could return to
demand revenge on his murderer.
 Shakespeare’s audience also believed
in the Devil and believed that he
could appear on earth in many forms,
including that of a ghost.
Hamlet and the Ghost, Henry Fuseli, 1789
Introduction
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The Play
► The
Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark was
probably written in 1601.
► It is commonly considered to be one of
Shakespeare’s greatest works, and, thus, one of
the greatest pieces of literature ever written.
Hamlet – What’s the situation?
►
►
►
►
Hamlet is Prince of Denmark
As the play opens he has recently returned to Denmark
from Wittenburg, where he is a student. (anachronism).
During his absence from Denmark, his father has died
and his uncle,Claudius, has both married Hamlet’s
mother and become king.
Hamlet is greatly disappointed that this has all taken
place. He is concerned over the moral appropriateness
of his mother’s marriage, his uncle’s ascension to the
throne, and his own destiny.
The Ghost
►
►
►
►
Hamlet’s father was also named Hamlet. (We’ll call him
OLD HAMLET)
The ghost that appears to Marcellus, Bernardo, Horatio
and Hamlet in Act 1 may not be that of Hamlet’s father. It
may be an evil being.
It was believed during Shakespeare’s time that ghosts or
other spirits could take on any shape they chose for their
own evil purposes.
It is important for Hamlet to confirm the true identity of
the ghost before he acts on what the ghost tells him or
even believes that what it tells him is true.
Claudius
►
►
►
►
Claudius is Hamlet’s uncle and, as the play opens,
becomes his stepfather as well.
Following the death of Claudius’ brother ,Old Hamlet,
Claudius has become king by election of the nobles.
He seems to be shown acting very much the king in
Act 1, scene 2. We may ask if he is noble and
decisive from his actions here.
He has also hurriedly married Gertrude, Hamlet’s
mother, whom he genuinely seems to love.
Gertrude
►
►
►
►
Gertrude is Hamlet’s mother and the queen.
Hamlet is very upset that she has married his uncle so
soon after the death of his father.
• Is there a suggestion of an illicit affair between
Gertude and Claudius before the death of the elder
Hamlet?
The crowning of Claudius seems to have taken place
before Hamlet has had time to arrive from Wittenburg
or very shortly thereafter. Gertrude’s marriage to
Claudius may have taken place just prior to the
entrance in Act 1, scene 2.
In the original legend, she is the queen and her
husband became the king. Is this part of the
Horatio
Horatio is Hamlet’s friend and confidant. Hamlet
suggests to Horatio that he intends to pretend to be
insane (1.5.171-172), and he relates other secrets to
Horatio as the play develops.
► Horatio, in essence, is present to represent the
audience (Greek chorus role) on stage, to ask
questions and respond to Hamlet for us.
► Hamlet has to explain to Horatio about the customs
of the Danes. Is Horatio not a native Dane?
►
Fortinbras
Fortinbras is the prince of Norway.
► His father has also recently died (Old Fortinbras), and
his uncle has also assumed the throne in place of the
dead king.
► Fortinbras threatens to invade Denmark in revenge
and is seemingly thwarted by Claudius.
► As consolation, he is allowed to attack Poland.
► Fortinbras takes action against wrongs done to him.
► Fortinbras serves as a foil to Hamlet.
►
Polonius
►
►
►
►
►
Polonius is the Principal Secretary of State.
He is somewhat pompous and full of dire warnings.
He is the father of Ophelia (Hamlet’s girlfriend) and
Laertes.
There is a suggestion that he gained his office by
supporting Claudius’ claim to the crown.
Hamlet mistrusts Polonius because of his suspicion that
Polonius betrayed either his father, Hamlet himself, or
both.
Ophelia
►
►
►
Ophelia is Hamlet’s tragic lady
love.
Does Hamlet really love her,
despite the cruelty he shows
her in Act 3?
How does Ophelia’s virginity
affect her status in the play?
•Is she strong enough to be the help-mate that Hamlet
needs to fulfill his ambition (similar to Lady Macbeth)?
•Her madness late in the play models for the audience
what real lunacy is, in contrast to Hamlet’s act.
Laertes
►
►
►
►
►
►
Laertes is the son of Polonius and the brother of Ophelia.
He is a student at the University of Paris.
Polonius gives him advice to take care of himself at the
expense of others. What does this says about this
family and its values?
Polonius sends a spy to Paris to check up on him.
Laertes is allowed to go back to school when Hamlet is
not, and when Polonius is killed, he springs into
immediate action to get revenge.
Laertes, too, acts as foil to Hamlet.
“To put an antic disposition
on...”
►
►
►
In Act 1, scene 5, lines 171-172, Hamlet tells
Horatio that he will “perchance… put an antic
disposition on.”
Hamlet is telling Horatio that, he may begin to act
strangely, but he will only be feigning insanity.
He then warns Horatio not “to note that you know
aught of me” (1.5.178-179)--Hamlet is asking
Horatio not to give him away to others by revealing
that he is only pretending to be mad.
Insanity
►
►
In the pagan world, the insane were thought to be
touched by the gods, perhaps even blessed, and
were therefore treated kindly, though they were also
a little feared.
In Shakespeare’s time, insanity was viewed much
differently. Insanity was a punishment for sins, and
the insane were greatly maligned.
Madness
In choosing to pretend to be mad, in the pagan
sense, Hamlet protects himself from Claudius.
► If Claudius were to harm a mad Hamlet, he might
displease the gods and thus bring harm to
Denmark.
► Hamlet buys time by acting mad. He needs time
to discover if the ghost is truthful.
► Shakespeare depended on his audience knowing
the pagan view of madness to explain Hamlet’s
decision to pretend to be insane.
►
Hamlet’s feigned madness
Playing the madman grates on Hamlet.
► He is a man of action (1.5) and a warrior (4.4 and
5.2).
► Hiding behind this façade conflicts with everything
that defines his sense of himself.
► It is a hard act to maintain constantly for months.
Thus, Hamlet must explain “I am but mad northnorth-west” (3.2.381) to excuse those times when the
façade slips.
►
Does Hamlet Contemplate
Suicide?
Hamlet is quite often perceived as being on the
verge of suicide. Is this accurate?
► Hamlet rejects the idea of suicide in 1.2.131-132,
as being against God’s will-- “…would… that the
Everlasting had not fixed his canon ‘gainst selfslaughter!”
► In his most famous soliloquy then, if he is not
contemplating suicide, what is he musing about?
► Experts disagree on Hamlet’s suicidal intentions
►
To be, or not to be…
►
►
►
The most famous speech in Hamlet is delivered in scene
i of Act 3.
Death, “the undiscovered country,” is one of the issues
to which he speaks.
Having dismissed the idea of suicide in the first scene in
which he appears to the audience (1.2), what else
might Hamlet mean when he questions, “To be or not to
be”?
The Oedipus Complex
The psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, borrowed from
Greek myths to name the complexes of human
behavior that he identified.
► He referred to the physical desire that a son may
feel for his mother as the Oedipus Complex.
► Because Hamlet seems obsessed with his mother’s
behavior, some audiences interpret this as evidence
that he suffers from the Oedipus Complex
► Does this reveal a flaw in Hamlet’s character, or is
there a different meaning to his comments?
►
Oedipus
► Oedipus
was a Greek hero
and king. It was
prophesized that he would
kill his father and marry his
mother, so he was sent
away to be killed at birth.
As in many such stories, the
person charged with his
murder could not carry it
out. Oedipus grew up to
How Old is Hamlet?
He has returned home from the
University of Wittenburg. This
suggests he is fairly young, perhaps
19 or 20.
► His youth may have kept him from the
•In the scene above (5, 1), crown
Hamlet is looking at the skull of
►
Yorick, the jester, who “hath borne me on his back a thousand
times.”
•In this same scene, the First Clown, says he has held his job since
the young Hamlet was born, or for “thirty years.”
•Yorick has been in the grave “three and twenty years.”
Hamlet’s Age
►
The rest of the play strongly supports the depiction of
Hamlet as a young man. There are a couple of reasonable
explanations, and even a rather far-fetched one, to
account for this discrepancy:
•An uncorrected transcription error that has existed
for nearly 400 years ago and is now part of the canon.
•Shakespeare created it as an “excuse” to allow an
older actor play the role of the young Hamlet.
•The Hamlet of Act 5 is significantly different from
the Hamlet of the rest of the play. Is it symbolic of
the change?
•Hamlet became a pirate and has been at sea for ten
Indecisive or a man of action?
Hamlet is sometimes criticized for moping around the
castle instead of just killing Claudius and seizing the
crown. Consider these points:
► To kill the king without cause would be regicide
and would not gain Hamlet the throne.
► Hamlet wants revenge, but he also wants the
throne.
► He does take immediate action in choosing to
feign madness to buy himself time.
► He needs the time find out if the ghost is honest
and to prove Claudius murdered his father.
What Hamlet wants:
►
►
“He that hath killed my king, whored my
mother//Popped in between th’ election and my
hopes//Thrown out his angle to my proper life” (5.2.6466). Hamlet tells the audience exactly what he wants in
this and at least two earlier scenes.
He wants
 The crown
 Revenge for the murder of his father
 To somehow restore his mother’s lost virtue
Sources of Hamlet
►
Hamlet is based on the story of Amleth in Danish
mythology. That character feigns madness in order to
avenge his murdered father.
► Subsequent versions of the story and plays introduced
additional elements that are also found in Shakespeare.
► Shakespeare chose to make the murder of the father a
secret and to use the ghost to reveal it to the son.
Amleth
The story of Amleth is a revenge tragedy, but it also
is in the category of the Hero as Fool tradition.
► In these stories, the hero pretends to be witless or
insane, but his encounters with others show he is
much more clever than they, and he triumphs by
virtue of his wits.
►
The Great Chain of Being
► Hierarchy
of organization used by
Elizabethans as a philosophy which then
provides authors with a source of allusions
► God at the top, angels, men, women,
animals, plants, and rocks below
► Queen Eliz. I “out of order” as a female ruler.
►
►
►
The Great Chain of Being
The Great Chain of Being was a Christian idea that
mapped out God’s natural hierarchy to the world and
all its living creatures, and other inanimate things in
nature were at the bottom of the chain, below plants,
insects, and other “less noble” creatures. In the
animal kingdom, mighty beasts such as (especially
admired in England and France as war heroes were
often given appellations like “lion-hearted”), bears,
and wolves reigned supreme. But humans
undoubtedly ranked above the rest of the flora and
fauna.
The king—who was apparently God-chosen,
according to absolute doctrines like the Divine Right
of Kings—and clergy were the most important human
beings. God, obviously, was at the very top of The
Great Chain of Being. Since this holy chain was
Chain cont’d
►
►
►
►
►
Purpose – assigned a
place for everything in
the universe
King at top of man –
Divine Right of Kings
Lion at top of animal
chain – used as a
metaphor for king
Rose at top of plant
chain – same metaphor
Gold at top of mineral
chain – same metaphor
Women in Hamlet
As a widow, Gertrude would have left the court and been
relegated to a small house as the dowager queen. Marrying
Claudius, the new king, allows her to maintain her title as
queen. What does this say about her character??
► Ophelia was a young, unmarried woman who is completely
dependent on her father. She is expected to be obedient and
reject Hamlet’s advances. She also reports to her father about
Hamlet’s behavior. Although she is desperate to be loyal to
Hamlet, she must obey Polonius. Have Hamlet and Ophelia
consummated their relationship? How would this affect her
status and her state of mind?
►
Shakespearean Tragedy
► Shakespeare
follows Aristotle’s formula for
tragedy, including catharsis – allowing the
audience to experience the pity, sympathy, fear,
and horror the characters feel.
► Hamlet as a protagonist is a man of inner strength
and greatness, despite his indecision.
► Intrigue, denied love, realistic action, secret
murder, war preparations, drinking, traveling to
far off places all contribute to the excitement of
the play.
Shakespeare’s Tricks
► Anachronism
– something that is historically out of
place. Example: Hamlet, a 7th century Dane, is a
student in Wittenberg, a university founded in
1502. Allows audience to identify with characters
– shows Hamlet as a scholar and a skeptic where
ghosts are concerned.
► Imagery – Claudius’s Denmark is associated with
corruption and disease; Hamlet wears an “inky
cloak” of grief; Hamlet associates all women with
“makeup” or artifice – hiding their true faces.
MOTIF
S
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts,
and literary devices that can help to
develop and inform the text’s major
themes.
►Incest
and Incestuous Desire
►Misogyny
INCEST AND INCESTUOUS
DESIRE
“Nay, but to live
In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,
Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love
Over the nasty sty” [Hamlet Act I Scene
III]
MISOGYNY
Hamlet becomes cynical about women in general, showing a particular obsession
with what he perceives to be a connection between female sexuality and moral
corruption.
“Frailty, thy name is woman”
EARS AND
HEARING
“so the whole ear of Denmark
Is by a forged process of my death
Rankly abused…” [Ghost, Act I
SYMBO
LS figures, and
Symbols are objects, characters,
colors used to represent abstract ideas or
concepts.
►Yorick’s
Skull
YORICK’S
SKULL
“Why may
not imagination trace the
noble dust of Alexander,
till he find it stopping a
bung-hole?”
REMAKE OF
HAMLET
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
SOURC
ES
Cover :
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hamlet,_Shakespeare,_1
676_-_0001.jpg
The origins: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Belleforest
Plot: Donald Duck in Hamlet, Prince of Duckmark
Crossroads: http://presbiterianoeleito.blogspot.it/2014/01/livrearbitrio-ter-ou-nao-ter-eis.html
The complexity of action: http://shakespeareclipart-b.blogspot.it/
Grim reaper: http://images.alphacoders.com/239/239443.jpg
Lion king : http://images7.alphacoders.com/474/474234.jpg
The video of simpson is an extract from season 13 episode 14
All the other pictures are a screenshoots from the film Hamlet
(1990) by Franco Zeffirelli
Text: http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/hamlet/
Quotes: http://shakespeare.mit.edu/hamlet/full.html
► Think
about …
Hamlet’s Delay
► Does
Hamlet delay?
There are two theories:
1. Hamlet does not delay.
He acts as soon as he is
convinced of Claudius’s
guilt and the situation
presents itself.
2. Hamlet does delay. He
has several opportunities
to kill the king before the
Characters
Hamlet
final act, and he berates
John Barrymore as Hamlet, 1922
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Hamlet’s Delay - 2
In Act III, Hamlet reacts strongly to the player’s performance of
Queen Hecuba’s grief for her murdered husband.


He compares the player’s theatrical grief to his own situation.

O, vengeance! / Why, what an ass am I! (II, 2)


However, after this scene, Hamlet further delays by deciding to find
out whether the ghost was telling the truth about the murder, for the
first time expressing doubts about the ghost’s story.
Is this a real concern or another delaying tactic?
In his “To be or not to be” soliloquy, Hamlet gives another reason
for his delay: his own conscience.


Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought… (III, 1)
Characters
Hamlet
Next Back Main Menu
Hamlet’s Delay - 3

In III, 3, Hamlet finally has a
“golden opportunity” to kill
Claudius while he is praying.


He is convinced of Claudius’s
guilt, and his mood is
“murderous.”
However, he chooses not to act,
afraid that Claudius’s soul will go
to Heaven, and decides to wait
until he can catch him in a sinful
act.
 Is Hamlet
Characters
rationalizing
Hamlet
another delay, or is this a
Claudius at Prayer, Eugene Delacroix, 1844
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Hamlet’s Delay - 4

In IV, 4, Hamlet speaks to a Norwegian
captain in the service of Fortinbras, who is
fighting for a small patch of land held by the
Poles.



Hamlet compares himself to Fortinbras, who will
expose himself to “death and danger…even for an
egg-shell.”
He berates himself again for not acting and
“thinking too precisely on the event.”
Hamlet ends his last soliloquy, vowing:
O, from this time forth,
My thoughts be bloody,
or be nothing worth!
Characters
Hamlet
Back


When Hamlet duals Laertes in the final
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Claudius
►
Claudius is a symbol of evil.
 He is guilty of killing the king, his
own brother.
 He coldly plans the murder of
Hamlet.
 He is willing to sacrifice both Laertes
and Gertrude to avoid being
discovered.
►
Claudius’s main goal is to maintain
his own power.
 He manipulates everyone in the
play—Gertrude, Ophelia, Polonius,
Laertes, and Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern.
Although a villain, Shakespeare
makes Claudius human by revealing
Characters
that he has a conscience when he
►
Russian actors Nikolai Massalitinov and
Olga Knipper (wife of Anton Chekhov) as
Claudius and Gertrude in
Stanislavski's Hamlet (1911)
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Claudius - 2
►
As a shrewd and conniving man of action, Claudius is one of
the foils to Hamlet in the play.
 Claudius does not hesitate to act, and he is not bothered by moral
doubts.
 When Claudius learns of Polonius’s murder, he concerned for his
own safety, not Gertrude’s:
O heavy deed!
It had been so with us, had we been there:
His liberty is full of threats to all—
►
Claudius is ultimately undone by his own plan.
 Instead of relying on Laertes’s poison sword, he poisons the drink
as a backup plan.
 When Gertrude drinks the poison and dies, Hamlet is finally
motivated to kill Claudius.
Characters
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Themes and Motifs in Hamlet
Acting
Corruption / Decay
Ears
Madness
Reason vs. Passion
Revenge
Spying
Suicide / Death
Thos. Keene in Hamlet, 1884
Main Menu
Spying
►
There are multiple instances of spying or eavesdropping in Hamlet.
 These scenes contribute to the overall atmosphere of suspicion, mistrust
and uncertainty in the play.
►
III, 1: Claudius and Polonius spy on Hamlet and Ophelia.
 Hamlet is probably aware that they are eavesdropping and performs for
their benefit, although some of his conversation with Ophelia seems sincere.
►
II, 1: Polonius sends Reynaldo to spy on Laertes in order to discover
information about his reputation.
 Polonius even instructs him to slander Laertes in order to see if his insults
are confirmed or denied by others:
See you now;
Your bait of falsehood takes this carp of truth:
And thus do we of wisdom and of reach,
With windlasses and with assays of bias,
By indirections find directions out. (II, 1)
Themes and Motifs
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Spying - 2
►
Claudius sends for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to hang out with
Hamlet and try to find out what “afflicts” him:
 …so by your companies
To draw him on to pleasures, and to gather,
So much as from occasion you may glean,
Whether aught, to us unknown, afflicts him thus. (Claudius, II, 2)
 Claudius is being sneaky here. He wants to find out through
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern how much Hamlet knows.
 Hamlet knows they are Claudius’s stooges, and mocks them viciously:
ROSENCRANTZ : Take you me for a sponge, my lord?
HAMLET :
Themes and Motifs
Ay, sir, that soaks up the king's countenance,
his rewards, his authorities…when he needs what
you have
gleaned, it is but squeezing you, and, sponge, you
shall be dry again. (IV, 2)
Next Back Main Menu
Spying - 3
►
Polonius eavesdrops on Hamlet and Gertrude while hiding behind an
arras, and is killed by Hamlet.
 It is ironic that Polonius, who advocates eavesdropping to Claudius and
sends an agent to spy on his own son, is killed because of his own
deception.
►
The play-within-the-play is one of the best examples of spying on
others in the play.
 Hamlet devises the plan in order to observe Claudius’s behavior:
I have heard / That guilty creatures sitting at a play
Have …been struck so to the soul that presently
They have proclaim'd their malefactions; (II, 2)
 While Hamlet and the audience watch Claudius during the play for signs
of guilt, we (the audience) are also watching Hamlet watching Claudius.
Themes and Motifs
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Works Cited
Asimov, Isaac. Asimov’s Guide to Shakespeare. New:York: Doubleday,
1970.
GMT- Pygmalion. 14 Sep. 1999
http://www.gmtproductions.com/hamlet.htm.
“Hamlet.” Legends- Shakespeare. 14 Sep. 1999
http://www.legends.dm.net/shakespeare/hamlet.html.
“Richard Bebb Figures. 14 Sep. 1999