• Take this time to review your
study guide and identify any
questions you may have.
1. The word “Oyate” refers to _________________.
A. The Lakota, Nakota, and Dakota, “The People”
B. Extended family
C. All my relations
D. People of the seven council fires
2. The Great Sioux Reservation was established
according to the _________________.
A. Sioux Act of 1889
B. Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851
C. Recommendation of the “Warren Report”
D. Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868
3. Andrew Carnegie amassed great wealth in
establishing Carnegie Steel Company and in doing
so _________________.
A. Utilized Horizontal Integration
B. Formed a Holding Company
C. Utilized Vertical Integration
D. Merged U.S. Steel with and American Steel
E. Formed a Monopoly
4. In the winter of 1890, over 500 U.S. Seventh
Cavalry soldiers surrounded more than 350 Lakota
men, women, and children. Lacking effective
military leadership, the Seventh Cavalry fired upon
the largely unarmed crowd after a gun went off,
beginning what is known to history as the
________________.
A. Fetterman Fight (Massacre)
B. Wounded Knee Massacre
C. Sand Creek Massacre
D. Battle of the Little Bighorn
5. A popular philosophy held by leaders of
industry and managers of factories,
_________________ believes that society
progresses and becomes better when “survival of
the fittest” is supported by government, business,
and all other aspects of society.
A. Laissez-faire
B. Entrepreneurism
C. Social Darwinism
D. Individualism
6. Later deemed illegal by the United States
Supreme Court, the _________________ is an
example of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the
United States would cover the entire continent from
the Atlantic to Pacific Oceans.
A. Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868
B. U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980)
C. Black Hills Cession of 1877
D. Black Hills Gold Rush
7. The act of Congress, providing 160 acres to
anyone willing to file a claim and granting the
land title after the individual improved the land
and lived there for five years, called the
________________ greatly influenced the
economic development and settlement of South
Dakota.
A. Dawes Act
B. Homestead Act of 1862
C. Wilderness Act of 1872
D. Homestead Act of 1845
8. The ________________ represent(s) an
example of the United States Government
intervening in the economy, encouraging the
growth of industry and the economy.
A. Land Grants to Railroads
B. Laissez-faire philosophy
C. Entrepreneurial spirit
D. Horatio Alger stories
9. The following, _________________ , is Not an
example of the “bread and butter” issues that
unions wanted to achieve for its workforce.
A. An eight-hour work day
B. An end to child labor
C. Equal pay for women
D. Higher wages
E. Better working conditions
F. Answers “B” and “C”
G. Answers “A” and “C”
H. Answers “A,” “D,” and “E”
- “Oceti” – Coucil fire
- “Sakowin” – Seven
- Oceti Sakowin – the Seven Council Fires
- Dakota: Mdewakantonwan, Wakpekute
- Wahpetonwan, and Sissetonwan
- Nakota: Ihanktonwan and Ihanktonwanna
- Lakota: Tetonwan
“Tiospaye”
• Lakota Indian term for “extended family,” which
provides the social support and material assistance
for its members considered essential in health
care.
“Oyate”
• “The people”
• “The nation”
• “One large family”
“Sioux Tribes” of South Dakota state website
https://www.travelsd.com/About-SD/OurHistory/Plains-Indians/Sioux-Tribes
“Mitakuye Oyasin”
- “All related”
- “All my relatives," “We are all related," or “All my
relations.“
- It is a prayer of oneness and harmony with all forms of
life: other people, animals, birds, insects, trees and
plants, and even rocks, rivers, mountains and valleys.
- “Inter-connectedness”
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yCW0lqeaMk
Manifest Destiny – the idea that the nation was
meant to spread to the Pacific Ocean
The painting
is called
“American
Progress” by
John Gast
Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS
• Supreme Court decision in 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
decision (1896), establishing that “separate educational facilities
are inherently unequal.”
• Makes state-sponsored segregation illegal, as this was a violation of
the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment.
Civil Rights Act of 1965
• Overturned the efforts of Southern states to discriminate against
African Americans, preventing their ability to vote by use of literacy
test, poll tax, grandfather clause, and/or “good character” clause
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
A. Placer mining
B. Sluice mining
C. Open-pit mining
D. Hydraulic mining
E. Quartz mining
Placer Mining
• Early prospectors utilized
placer mining, getting at
the shallow deposits
close to the soil using
picks, shovels, and pans.
Sluice Mining
• Water is diverted
from a riverbed to a
box with metal
“riffle” bars that
caused heavier
materials to settle at
the bottom of the
box and a screen at
the end of the box,
which prevented
minerals from
escaping with the
water and sediment.
Hydraulic Mining
• When deposits at the
surface ran out,
hydraulic mining,
was used to remove
large quantities of
earth, as water was
sprayed at high
pressure against a
hill or mountainside,
removing the dirt,
gravel, and rock and
exposing the hard
minerals beneath.
Quartz Mining
• Mine shafts are dug and
people go underground
to extract the materials
Open-pit Mining
• A surface mining technique of extracting rock
or minerals from the earth by removal from an
open pit
•
•
•
•
•
Rock quarries
Copper mines
Coal
Marble
Uranium
- Boomtowns – This term refers to rapidly growing towns due to
mining or some other rapid development
- Vigilance committees – This refers to justice often imposed without
the support of law.
- Refers to time when “law and order” was tenuous, especially in
these settlement communities established in the Black Hills.
- Self-appointed volunteers who would track down and punish
wrongdoers.
- “Boom and Bust” Cycles – refers to times of rapid growth when
people moved to an area due to mining or some other economic
endeavor is going on, but then when the mine closed economic
activity leaving the area.
- Ghost Towns – when everyone moved away, this is referred to the
ghost towns.
- What effects did the discovery of gold
and silver create within the different
territories these items were found?
- The discovery of gold stimulated population growth,
railroad construction, and the growth of major supply
cities, such as Denver in Colorado and to a make lesser
extent Rapid City in South Dakota.
- The railroad development brought more farmers and
ranchers out West.
The Homestead Act of 1862 was very instrumental in encouraging settlement upon
the Great Plains, as through only paying a registration fee, an individual could file
for a homestead, or a tract of public land available for settlement. A homesteader
could claim up to 160 acres of land and could receive title to the land after living
there five years.
- John Deere’s steel plow – broke through the hard ground of the plains
- Seed drills – Planted the seeds deep into the ground, as the moisture within the
topsoil from this part of the country was very poor
- Sodbusters – people who plowed the Great Plains.
- “Soddies” – the name given to the houses the sodbusters made out of the sod.
- Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper – collected the harvest more quickly than
doing so by hand
- Mechanical binders (similar to a reaper) – tied the stalks of the wheat together for
easier collecting
• Sand Creek Massacre, 1864
• Colonel John Chivington ordered an attack upon the
Arapaho and Cheyenne camped near Fort Lyon in
Colorado, along Sand Creek. Women and children were
attacked and killed. It is unknown how many died.
• Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890
• In the winter of 1890, while federal troops were
searching for weapons amongst the Lakota, apparently
a gun went off, resulting in U.S. Cavalrymen opening
fire upon largely unarmed men, women, and children
killing at least 200 Lakota.
Assimilation
• - What were the two most impactful ways in
which the U.S. federal government forced
assimilation upon Native Americans, and why did
these actions have such a profound affect?
• Dawes Act – communal tribal lands divided into
160 acre allotments per family
• Boarding Schools – “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”
9
Events Leading to Discovery
• Warren Report, 1857
• Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868
– Established the Great Sioux Reservation of 1868
– Shuts down military forts & travel along Bozeman Trail
– Unceded Territory
– Mission, school, annuities, tools for farming, etc.
– Army will secure Black Hills
10
Great Sioux Reservation of 1868
- How did the Custer Expedition of
1874 change forever the history of
the Black Hills?
• 1874 and 1875, settlers flood the Black Hills
• 1875, maybe 1,500 settles throughout Black Hills.
• 1875, President Grant does not enforce securing
Black Hills.
• July, 1876, maybe 15,000 in the Hills.
- What are the two major consequences
of the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)
concerning its effects upon the history of
South Dakota?
– Newspaper across the nation report this as a
“massacre,” as Custer along with 259 under his
command die.
– (1) In response, in 1876 U.S. Government stops annuity
and food payments at Pine Ridge and Rosebud
Agencies, the “surrender or starve” policy.
– (2) As further punishment, in 1879, Lakota children are
some of the first children taken to Carlisle Indian
School
- Why was the Black Hills Cession of 1877 later
considered illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court (two
reasons), and how did the Black Hills Cession of
1877 affect the history of what would become
South Dakota?
- The Black Hills Cession violated the
Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868:
- (1) The number of Lakota males that
agreed to give up the Black Hills
never reached the ¾ requirement.
- (2) The U.S. Government cut-off
food and annuity payments to
Lakota people.
• Sioux Act of 1889 – Creates six
much smaller reservations in
Western South Dakota
- U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980)
- Supreme Court decision declaring the Black Hills
Cession illegal
- “Bill Bradley Bill” (1987) (Sioux Nation Black Hills
Act)
- Attempt by Congressman to return 1.3 million
acres of the Black Hills to the Sioux Nation
“A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealing
will never, in all probability, be found in our history,
the duplicity of President Grant in breaching the
Government’s … obligations to keep trespassers out
of the Black Hills, and the pattern of duress
practiced by the Government of starving the Sioux
to get them to agree to the sale of the Black Hills.”
- U.S. Claims Court, 1985
• Capitalism – an economic system in which private
individuals own property, goods, and services and
control the means of production. Prices for goods and
what is produced is based upon supply and demand.
• Individualism – “Many Americans firmly believed that
no matter how humble their origins, they could rise in
society and go as far as their talents and commitment
would take them.”
- The idea that one’s own goals, desires, selfreliance, and interests are more important than
those of the group. The individual’s ability to
achieve should not be hinder by a group of people
or society.
Consolidation of Big Business
• Corporation – a business owned by many people, the stockholders, who
each invest capital.
• Stock – shares of ownership are called stock
• Vertical integration – a vertically integrated company owns all of the
different businesses on which it depends for its operation
• Horizontal integration – process of combining firms in the same business
into one larger corporation
• Trust – a legal arrangement to get around laws against monopolies in which
a person who does not own the company but manages its business
interests
• Holding company – a company that owns the stock of other businesses but
does not produce anything itself
- Laissez-faire - A French phrase that means “let people
do as they choose.”
- The government should not get involved in the
economy but rather only …
- Entrepreneurs - people who risk their capital to
organize and run a business were attracted by the
prospect of making money in manufacturing and
transportation industries.
- Horatio Alger Stories - his stories express the idea of
individualism, as this author wrote more than 100 “ragsto-riches” novels, where a poor person goes to the big
city and through a combination of hard work and luck,
becomes successful.
• Social Darwinism - A philosophy loosely based
upon Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, this
ideology strongly influenced the idea of
individualism.
- Herbert Spencer applied Darwin’s ideas of evolution
and natural selection to human society, as in his book
- “Survival of the fittest” becomes the catchphrase of
their philosophy.
- Business leaders, such as John D. Rockefeller
maintained the survival of the fittest was “merely the
working out of the law of nature and the law of God.”
• “Bread and butter” union issues dealt with the
following:
• (1) higher wages
• (2) better working conditions
• (3) 8-hour work day
• Marxism - In the 1800’s, the ideas of Karl Marx
became popular to many, as Marx argued that the
basic force shaping capitalist society was “class
struggle” between workers and owners.
- He believed the workers would eventually revolt, seize
control of the factories, and overthrow the government.
- Eventually in a communist society economic classes would
disappear.
Railroads
• Movement of resources
• Movement of goods
• Leads to development of time zones
• Leads to population growth out West
• Towns flourish, others die
Land Grants
• Congress offers railroads federal subsidies giving
free land for every mile of track built.
Statistics of Industrialization
• By 1900, the United States is producing 35% of the
world’s manufactured goods!!
• At one time, Andrew Carnegie controlled 60% of the
nation’s steel industry.
• John D. Rockefeller controls at one time 90% of the
nation’s oil refinery business.
• By 1900, there were ½ million patents in the United
States.
Age of Steel
• Railroads
• Farm Equipment
• Steel Bridges
• Skyscrapers
Age of Electricity
• Assembly Lines
• Factory Lighting
• Electric street cars
• Soon, other
advances because
of electricity
Benefits of Industrialization
• (1) Refrigerated train cars, leads to wider distribution of
food products
• (2) Shipping goods is
cheaper
• (3) Economic development w/ railroads
• (4) Communication is easier and faster
• (5) More manufactured goods
• (6) Jobs, jobs, jobs
• (7) Eventually, people work shorter workdays
• (8) Creates a larger middle class
Changes in the City
• Mechanization, a part of “industrialization” frees
workers of about 10 hours per week.
• Provides time for popular entertainment
• Page 233: How did urbanization and
industrialization lead to the rise of popular
culture? What are the forms of entertainment
mentioned?
Popular Entertainment
• People divide their time between “work and going
home” and “going out”: saloons, amusement
parks, professional baseball, and leisure sports:
- Tennis
- Golf
- Basketball
- Croquet
• Vaudeville and ragtime
• Pages 238 & 239: What are some of the ways
mentioned to improve the lives of the urban poor?
• Pages 238 & 239: What are some of the ways
mentioned to improve the lives of the urban poor?
– Social Gospel movement
– Salvation Army
– YMCA
– Settlement Houses
– Jane Addams and Hull House
– “Americanization” movement