First Aid
Day 2 Objectives
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The student will be able to define, describe and perform the initial
Victim Assessment
The student will be able to define, describe and perform the Initial
Check (Responsive and Unresponsive Victim)
The student will be able to define, describe and perform the ABC
Assessment
The student will be able to define the acronym D-O-T-S
The student will be able to describe and perform the different Rescuing
and Moving techniques.
SOLs: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.3c, 9.3d, 9.3e, 9.4a, 9.4b, 9.5a, 9.5c,9.5d, 9.5e
VICTIM ASSESSMENT (COPY)
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Initial Check
– Immediate life-threatening conditions
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Physical Exam: D-O-T-S
– Deformities
– Open-Wounds
– Tenderness
– Swelling
VICTIM ASSESSMENT (COPY)
Sample History
(after check for life-threatening conditions)
- Signs /symptoms
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Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last oral intake
Events leading to injury or
illness
Initial Check
(COPY)
• Look for immediate life-threatening conditions
• After one minute call EMS if life is threatened
Responsive Victim
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(COPY)
Has an open airway
Is breathing
Circulation present
May suffer from an injury or illness
Unresponsive Victim
(COPY)
• No movement
• Gently tap and shout “Are You OK?”
• Unconscious adult activate EMS immediately
Check the ABCs of the Victim
Causes of an Airway Obstruction
• Abdominal thrusts if airway
exchange is severely limited
• Severe wounds/burns that
affect the airway can be lifethreatening
• Examples
– Airway obstruction or
damage
– Severe wounds or burns
around the throat/mouth
Causes of Breathing Emergencies
• Examples of life-threatening breathing emergencies
– Asthma/allergies
– Chest or abdominal injuries
Causes of Circulation Concerns
• Interrupted when heart
can’t
– Adequately pump blood
– Blood flow is insufficient
– Blood vessels restrict
blood from an area
Causes of Circulation Concerns (copy)
• Examples of threats to circulation
– Pump: heart can’t beat effectively (heart
attack)
– Blood Flow: pressure insufficient (severe
bleeding)
– Blood Vessels: insufficient flow to vital
organs (shock or stroke)
Physical Exam
• After checking for life-threatening injuries:
– What you can see
– What victim tells you
– Head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and
extremities
Physical Exam – DOTS (copy)
• D-O-T-S
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Deformities
Open Wounds
Tenderness
Swelling
S.A.M.P.L.E History
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Signs/Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past Medical History
Last Oral Intake
Events Leading to Injury or Illness
RESCUING AND MOVING
• Overview (See Handout)
– Use good judgment
– Keep yourself safe
– Activate EMS
(COPY)
Moving Victims
(COPY)
• Only move to protect from further harm or to provide
special care (CPR).
• Stabilize any suspected bone, neck, or spinal
injuries
Shoulder Drag
• Short distance over a
rough surface
• Stabilize victims head
with forearms
(HDO)
Ankle Drag
• Fastest method for
short distance
• Over a smooth
surface
(HDO)
Blanket Pull
• Roll victim onto a
blanket
• Pull from behind the
victim’s head
(HDO)
One-Person Carry (HDO)
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Human Crutch
Cradle Carry
Firefighters Carry
Pack Strap Carry
Piggy Back Carry
Two Person Carries
• Two-Person Assist
• Two-Handed Seat
Carry
• Four-Handed Seat
Carry
• Extremity Carry
• Chair Carry
(HDO)
RESCUING AND MOVING
Water Rescue (RTRG) (COPY)
• Only enter the water if professionally
trained to do so
– Reach: lightweight pole, ladder, long stick,
clothing
– Throw: use anything that floats-attached to
rope
– Row: rowboat, canoe, motor boat, boogie
board
– Go: use towel or board for victim to hang
onto
Electrical Emergencies (COPY)
•
Remove or inactivate (shut off)
power source before attempting to
assist a victim
– Household power: Shut off fuse
box, circuit breakers, or main
switch, or unplug cord
– High Voltage Lines: activate EMS
and be sure police or power
company have turned off power
– Power Lines on Auto: Victims
stay in car unless fire or explosion
threatens life.
Hazardous Materials (COPY)
• Exists in industrial workplaces and crashes. Only
trained personnel should enter if:
– Signs Posted
– Vapor clouds
– Unusual odors
– Spilled fluids
Motor Vehicle Crashes (COPY)
• Obligated to stop and
assist when involved in
an accident.
– Assess victims:
• condition of victims
• Activate EMS
• Prioritize and provide care
Motor Vehicle Crashes (COPY)
– Vehicles
• 1. Turn off the ignition
• 2. Switch on emergency flashers
• 3. Raise hood to draw attention
– Avoid moving victims unless you need to in order to
provide care or environment becomes unstable (unsafe)
Fire
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(COPY)
Quickly direct others to safety
Activate EMS
Use an extinguisher or other
method to stop small fire
Maintain a clear escape route and
keep a safe distance from fire
– Maintain escape plan
– Do not open hot doors
– Stay low
– Help others to escape
Confined Spaces
• Not intended for
human occupancy
– Below ground
• Manholes, utility vaults,
cisterns, wells
– Ground level
• Industrial tanks, farm
storage
– Above ground
• Water towers, storage
tanks
(COPY)
Quiz Next Class
Bell Ringer #2
An Assessment Scenario #2
Scenario #2
• You are on break in the concession area. A
young woman approaches you saying her friend
is behaving very strangely. You and the woman
approach the friend who is sitting down. She is
conscious. Immediately you notice a medical
identification bracelet on her wrist.
• Describe what steps you would take to help the
young woman and why you would take these
actions.