Sustainable Development
Practice in China
Environmental Management
•
•
•
•
•
Observation (general situation)
The legal system
Characteristics
From project EIA to Planning EIA
EIA storming
General Situation
• China’s economy was negligible during “Cultural
Revolution” so as environmental pollution; It was
thought environmental pollution is the result only of
capitalism and marketing economy…
• China firstly noted environment in 1972. The next
year in Beijing, the 1st national conference on
environmental protection was organized. ~~~ the
milestone of China in environmental protection, but
actions were taken only after 1978;
• Current situation of environmental management
– Hierarchy of administration on environmental protection;
– Comprehensive legal system with numerous laws, regulations,
provisions, guidelines, standards, and methods …;
– Monitoring on air and water quality, and polluting sources;
– Annual status report, from central government to large cities;
– Standards and monitoring;
• Features
– Polluter pays; Three simultaneities; and EIA;
– EIA storming, from EIA to PEIA;
– Regular measures taken: “close/stop/combine/change/move”,
knocking down stacks, pollution control zones;
– Special programs: “Zero Point” actions, “33211” project, “Water”
Projects …
• Weak points?
– General weakness, …contradiction between development and
environment;
– MoEP is a part of the government;
– Who support? …
– Public participation, effectiveness of EIA, …unlawful and illegal
activities …
Administration
•
Two important events happened in 1972:
– China sent a delegation and attended the Stockholm Conference on Human
Environment.
– A large number of fishes died in GuanTing Reservoir. There was rumor said
due to “class enemy”. Later it was found due to water pollution. A leading panel
was set up on water resource protection for the reservoir that was the earliest
government unit on environment
•
•
•
1973, in State Council, Office of Environmental Protection
1982, Environmental Protection Bureau, under Ministry of Urban and Rural
Development and Environmental Protection (MURDEP);
1984, National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), under MURDEP;
1988, State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), directly under
State Council;
2008, Ministry of Environmental Protection
•
Corresponding departments are set up in local governments
•
•
Laws, regulations, provisions, standards,
guidelines, methods, and programs
For example, laws:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1979-07-01 Administrative Punishment Law (excerpt)
1982-08-23 Marine Environmental Protection Law
1982-12-04 Constitution of China (environmental protection provisions)
1986-03-19 Mineral Resources Law (1996 Revision)
1986-06-25 Land Management Law (amended in 1998)
1988-11-08 Wild Animal Protection Law
1989-12-26 Environmental Protection Law
1991-06-29 Soil and Water Conservation Law
1993-07-02 Agriculture Law (excerpt)
1996-10-29 Law on the prevention and control of environmental noise
pollution
1999-12-25 Marine Environmental Protection Law (revised)
2000-03-20 Water Pollution Prevention Law
2000-04-29 Air Pollution Control Act
2000-10-31 Fisheries Law
2001-10-29 Law on management of sea area use
Continued
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2002-10-01 Water Law
2002-12-28 Grassland Law
2002-12-28 Environmental Impact Assessment Law
2003-06-28 Radioactive pollution prevention and control law
2003-08-27 Law of Administrative Permission
2003-12-03 Law of Sand Prevention and Management
2004-12-29 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law
2005-02-28 Renewable Energy Law
2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Reconsideration (renewed)
2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Procedural Law (renewed)
2006-11-29 Law of Administrative Punishment (renewed)
2007-10-30 Law of Energy Conservation
2007-10-31 Law of Urban and Rural Planning
2008-02-29 Law of Water Pollution Prevention
2008-09-01 Law of Circular Economy Promotion
2012-01-01 Law of Administrative Enforcement
2012-06-07 Law of Clean Production Promotion
Air Quality
Monitoring,
daily
reporting
by 120
cities
http://data
center.me
p.gov.cn/
•
Surface water quality monitoring,
weekly report on the web of MoEP
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
SongHuaJiang River (松花江流域)
LiaoHe River (辽河流域)
HaiHe River (海河流域)
HuaiHe River (淮河流域)
HuangHe River (黄河流域)
ChangJiang River (长江流域)
ZhuJiang River (珠江流域)
Rivers in HaiNan Island (海南岛内河流)
Rivers in ZheJiang and FuJian (浙闽河流)
Southwest rivers (西南诸河)
Taihu Lake and rivers (内陆河流太湖流
域)
CaoHu Lake and DianChi Lake (巢湖流域
滇池流域)
Other large lakes (其他大型湖泊)
• Onsite monitoring for heavy polluting
sources are installed and controlled by
local EPBs
Features
• Three key policies
– Prevention the priori, the measures to eliminate
pollution and protect environment should be brought
into consideration before the development actions is
put into practice;
– Polluters pay principle; and
– Strengthening environmental management to
practice harmonic approach of social economic
development and environmental sustainability.
Management programs
• Eight systems were developed in late 1970s for
environmental management, when the socialismplanned economy was dominant in the country, in three
categories.
– Administrative commanding, including “Three synchronous
implementation”, “Responsibility of the environmental
protection objects”, “Zero point action” ~ pollutant emission
control within prescribed time, “33211” ~ 3 rivers+3 lakes+2
control+1 Bay+ 1 City, and Quantitative examination on
comprehensive rectification and harness of the city environment.
– Economic tools, including “Polluters’ pay principles”, and
License for pollutant discharge/emission.
– Technological approaches, including “Environmental impact
assessment” and “Mass loading control”.
Environmental Impact
Assessment in China
About EIA
• EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
• EIA is a legal system to incorporate
environmental consideration into decision
making. For this reason, EIA is a proactive
management strategy. The goal of the system
is to prevent significant negative impact caused
by any development actions, including project,
product, program, plan, policy and even
legislative proposal.
Levels of Environmental Assessment
Policy
Strategic environmental
Assessment (SEA)
plan
Program
# Project EIA
(environmental impact assessment)
# Product EIA
(environmental impact assessment)
• The “Law of the People’s Republic of China on
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)” was approved
in Oct. 2002, and put into practice on Sep. 1, 2003.
• The law provides the requirements of EIA for
construction projects and plans (including the
development plans of land utilization, regional
development, river basins, and marine areas, and ten
sectoral plans), as shown in the figure.
• The sectoral plans include ten categories of plans e.g.
industrial, agricultural, energy, transport, urban
construction, natural resource exploitation, etc.
• Construction projects may generate negative
impacts to the surrounding (natural and social),
so that the main objectives of Project EIA
–
–
–
–
–
–
modify and improve project design;
ensure efficient resource use;
enhance social aspects;
identify key impacts and measures for mitigate them;
inform decision making and condition setting;
avoid serious and irreversible damage to the
environment;
– protect human health and safety.
Main contents of a detailed EIA report
• Introduction: project description, legal documents, scale and scope,
key factors to be analyzed;
• Project analysis: industrial process, material, energy and water flows,
pollutant generation
• Analysis on current environmental situation;
• Key environmental factor analysis and prediction;
– Methods and models;
– Data collection and analysis: natural conditions, pollutant source
(surrounding and the project), ambient environment, social, and
economic…;
– Model predictions;
•
•
•
•
•
Analysis on proposed countermeasures on pollution control;
Environmental monitoring and management system
Social issues and public participation;
Alternatives for site selection and countermeasures
Conclusion
Legal actions related to EIA
• 1972: China attended the Stockholm UN Conference on Human
Environment
• 1978: EIA concept was introduced in the report Key Issues in
Environmental Protection by the State Council of China
• 1979: EIA for construction project was firstly included in the
Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (For Trial
Implementation)
• 1981: In Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for
Infrastructure Construction Projects by the State Council of China,
the scope, tasks, and procedure of EIA were described, and with the
“Three Simultaneities (design, construction, and evaluation)”
principle enhanced EIA regulation.
• 1982: In Law of Infrastructure Construction, EIA regulations were
improved;
• 1984: In Law of Water Pollution Prevention and Control, aquatic
environmental impact assessment was juristically emphasized.
• 1986: Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for
Infrastructure Construction Projects revised; Regulations on
Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects
was issued, extended EIA requirements to all construction projects
with environmental impacts; Regulations on EIA Practitioner
Qualification was designed; EIA for economy open areas required
in Provisional Regulations on Environmental Management for
Economically Open Areas.
• 1987: In Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, atmospheric
environmental impact assessment was juristically emphasized
• 1988: Comments on Construction Project Environmental
Management and Regulations on Environmental Protection
Design for Construction Projects were issued.
• 1989: In Law of Environmental Protection EIA system was
juristically included; Principles and Methods for Making Charge
Standards for Construction Project EIAs was issued and
Regulations on EIA Practitioner Qualification was improved.
• 1990: Procedure of Construction Project Environmental Protection
Management was issued.
• 1993: In On Improving Environmental Management for Construction
Projects by NEPA, REIA (regional EIA) for economic development zones
was officially required.
• 1994: Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment
was issued by NEPA
• 1995: China’s 21st Century Agenda, EIA concept, theory, and REIA
• 1996: Law of Solid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention and
Control, EIA for solid waste
• 1998: Regulations on Construction Project Environmental
Protection Management promulgated by State Council;
• 1999: Classification of Construction Project Environmental
Protection Management was issued by SEPA
• 2002: Law of Environmental Impact Assessment enforced on Sept 1,
2003, Plan EIA (PEIA) was included
• 2003: Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment”:
General Guidelines; Technical Guidelines for Plan Environmental
Impact Assessment (On trial) were issued.
• 2009: Regulations on Plan
Environmental Impact Assessment,
approved by the State Council of China
However, EIA does not solve all problems.
Therefore there were:
EIA Storms 2005-2009
EIA Storms
• 2005: Jan 18, 30 large scale construction projects were suspended.
Almost all were power stations with billions RMB investments,
distributed in 13 provinces, including a hydraulic power station on
JinSha River.
• 2006: Feb 7，SEPA ordered environmental inspection for 11
petrochemical enterprises located along large rivers; environmental
risk analysis for 127 projects, and suspended 10 projects.
• 2007: Jan 10 regional suspension of EIA approvals, “regional
controls”, involving Hebei's Tangshan, Shanxi's Luliang, Guizhou's
Liupanshui, and Shandong's Laiwu cities; and industrial groups such
as large power firms Da Tang International, Huaneng Power
International, China Huadian, and China Guodian Corporation, steel
and iron, electricity, and metallurgy.
• 2007: July 3, In view of the severe water pollution, SEPA ordered
“basin suspension” of EIA approvals for the development projects of
six cities, 2 counties and 5 industrial gardens in the basins of
Changjiang River, Yellow River, Huai River, and Hai River.
• 2009: June 11, Ludila hydraulic power station of Huadian and
Longkaikou hydraulic power station of Huaneng were suspended.
Observation:
• EIA is the most important tool to regulate
economic development; and the most important
measure for MoEP to implement its duty
• However, conflicts exists between environmental
protection and development
• What can we do the next?
• Implement PEIA
• Promote “Ecological Civilization”
3 PEIA
• 2009: Regulations on Plan Environmental Impact Assessment,
approved by the State Council
– For plans: Land use plans, development plans for regions, basins, and
coastal sea areas, and sectoral plans for industry, agriculture, stock
raising, forestation, energy, irrigation, transportation, city infrastructure,
tourism, and natural resource etc.
– made by: state departments, governments and departments of cities
administrating prefectures
– to assess:
• Integrated impacts on the ecological system of the region, basin and coastal
sea areas;
• Long-term impacts on the environment and human health;
• Relationship of economic, social and environmental benefits, and the
relationship of short-term and long-term benefits.
From Project EIA to SEA, or PEIA
In Law of Environmental Impact Assessment,
plan EIAs are required for city master plan, and
various sectoral plans
Construction
Project EIA
Regional
Development
Zone EIA
Strategic EIA
but currently
PEIA, including
city master plan
and Sectoral
plans
Case Study:
Environmental Impact Assessment for
Mid and Long Term Development Plan of
Petroleum Chemical Industry at Guangxi
Coastal Area
background
• Petroleum industry development offers a good opportunity for the
development in Guangxi. In the plan, not only the coastal cities are
involved, but also three inland cities: Baise, Hechi, and Liuzhou.
• Petroleum industry induces threats to the environment and
ecological system, and the natural conditions are somewhat
vulnerable.
• PEIA is therefore important to identify and analyze the impacts, and
recommend alternative designs/arrangements (schemes) of the plan.
• This PEIA is highlighted by MoEP. The draft report is under
reviewing procedure.
Plan Description
Based on 20 million tons of raw oil processing (2 phases), to
establish a series of projects, including 44 key projects and many
more related projects:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.2 million tons ethylene production
0.3 millions tons polyethylene production
0.6 million tons polypropylene production
0.6 million tons styrene
0.2 million tons acetic acid
0.1 million tons acetic ester
0.2 million tons acetic ethylene
0.1 million tons EVA and 0.05 million tons VAE
0.07 million tons polyethylene alcohol
0.75 million tons PTA
……
Period: from 2006 to 2020, in two phases
The cities and industrial parks
involved
Location:
This is Guangxi
Beibu Gulf
This is the basic scheme
(arrangement), park / cities
Features of PEIA
• Large scale:
– Large city, province, basin, …
– Long time period
• Complicated
– Environment /economy / social ..
– Consistency with other plans, policies
• Highly uncertain
– Plan > schemes/scenarios > projects
– Source strengths unknown, distribution uncertain
• Risk analysis
– Dependence on source and receptor distribution so as on
schemes
Logic framework
Level
Reference
Analysis
State
Policies/Petro
industry plan
Scale
reasoning
Province
E. Saving & P. Reduc
Petro. Industry Strate.
Ind. chain &
production
Objectives
Develop.
acceptable
?
Objectives
of this work
City
Indus.
park
City develop. plan
Carrying capacity
Industry plan
Plan
arrangement
Park dev. objectives
Industry/arrangement
Infrastructure condition
env. sensible issues
Key proj.
site
How to
develop
better ?
Background
Assessment objectives and scope
Legislative issues
Methods
Current Status
Key development
issues
Design scenario
Petroleum industry
in China
development
in target region
Plans Environment
Cleanand
production
indicators
Plan Analysis
2
levels: cities / parks
Limiting
Guangxi1.Province
Perform
production
chain analysis,
with processes
National eco-ind. park5 views:
indicators
plan consist.;
resource; and
Relevant citiescurrent factors
situation, 63envir.
schemes
were
designed
Capacity & mass loading
With planRelevant
description
Euro.Based
Ind. Sustain.
Dev. Indicators
2.industrial
on principles on
product integrity,
local
product
requirement;
industry
basis;
Evaluation Indicator System
Environmental
reasonability
/ feasibility
Int. well-known
Comp. Env.
Indicators
parks
chain, plan
consistency,
resource
limiting,
pollutant
natural & geo. conditions
mass
loading
etc.,
9
schemes
were
selected including a
Consistency with State/Province/City/park
Recommended indicators by EIA
guidelines
Impact Predict. & Assessment
basic scheme.
Env. Impact identification,
pol. src analysis
Eco-city/county/district
indicators
Assessment Road Map
Work Plan
Circular economy
Environmental
risk assessment
Environment &
resource impact
Public
participation
Social & economic
impacts
Scope:
Scope: 6 ind. parks & surroundings, city / province
Sectors: air, water, ecology, solid waste, resource
Circular economy capacity analysis for basic and
Subjects: present status, basic scheme, alternative schemes
alternative
schemes
Methods:
quantitative
& qualitative
Subject:
Social/Econ.
Inf. to province,
Method:
indicator
Key
issues:
Beibu
Gulf,
marine
environ.
6 ind. parks, surrounding
10km,
sustainability,
policy / ecology
Indicators: economic,
energy,based
resource
Comparison
on:utilization
road, sea
route
Methods:
investment
– benefit analysis,
Methods:
questionnaire/interview,
Plan
reasonability
Subjects: risk source, sensible
targets,
comparison
mainly
qualitative
internet,
poster, meeting
Plan consistency
between
basic
and
alternative
schemes
Cost
analysis:
market
risk,
opportunity cost
Target
group:
officers,
planners,
Base scheme
Comparison
and
Acceptability
of plan impacts
Plan
reasonability
Methods:
qualitative and general
semi-quantitative
public in plan/assessment
assessment
optimization
Public opinion
Plan consistency
Areas
Ordering of the 9 schemes
Acceptability of plan
Conclusion
implementation impacts
Recommendations to basic scenario
Public opinion
Measure to mitigate impacts
Key issues
• Method:
– Regular method to the projects with clear descriptions
– Design schemes (scenario) for those with uncertain descriptions,
consider environmental/resource limiting factors for scheme
optimization
• Analysis:
– Plan reasonability analysis: industry policy, project arrangement, site
selection, plan consistency, environmental functioning, environmental
infrastructure, environmental capacity, clean production and circular
economy etc.;
– Environmental Assessment: identify, predict, and assess environmental
impacts respect to air, water, coastal marine and ecologic system, risk
analysis and limiting conditions. Consider optimization, mitigation
measures.
• Subjects:
–
–
–
–
–
Current situation assessment and limiting factor analysis
Plan consistency analysis
Environmental and resource impact analysis
Risk analysis and emergency response suggestions
Scheme design, screening comparison and selection
(63 schemes
9 schemes)
(1) Comparative assessment of 6 industrial parks
Plan
Environment Environment
Infrastruc-
Other major
compatibility
quality
capacity
ture
factors
（0.10）
(0.20)
(0.30)
(0.15)
(0.25)
Hechi
5
5
5
3
6
4.95
Liuzhou
5
5
5
3
6
4.95
Baise
5
5
3
1
4
3.55
Nanning
5
3
3
3
4
3.45
Beihai
5
3
1
5
4
3.15
Qinzhou
6
5
3
5
3
4.10
park
Result:
Suitable: Liuzhou (4.95) and Hechi (4.95);
moderate: Qinzhou (4.10) and Baise (3.55)
Unlikely: Nanning (3.45), Beihai (3.15)
Total
(2) Plan consistency analysis
Plans
Weight
National Industry Policy
6
National oil refinery
development plan and
ethylene industry
3
3
Plan of Guangxi
Guangxi
under restriction
Confliction
some what conflict with the collective
Some confliction
principle of the national plan
11th Five-Year
Natural Preservation Plan of
0.8 million tons/a coke project is
Consistency
Distributed arrangement of the current plan
development plan
Environmental Protection
Restricted points in the plan
6
Vulnerable coastal areas locate at Beihai,
Sensitive areas near planned
Qinzhou, and Fangchenggang.
project sites
At Beihai, there are 2 national level protection
Some environmental sensitive
areas and 4 provincial level protection areas
sites
Beihai harbor is located in a area of high
Marine environmental
function of Guangxi
6
marine water quality requirement. Also with
Wastewater discharge should
Qinzhou, the harbors are located in 2nd
meet high quality requirement
category water quality aquatic environment
11th Five-Year Industry
Development Plan of
Hechi 2.5 million tons raw oil processing,
1
Guangxi
Energy saving and pollutant
emission reduction plans
Beihai 2 million tons oil refinery, and Biehai 1
Confliction
million tons ethylene projects
6
Check major requirements
Watch energy saving and
pollutant generation in the plan
(3) Scheme design and screening
• Based on production chain analysis and similar project
combining principle, and the existing arrangement, 63
schemes were designed.
• Based on product grouping, linking of the local industry,
consistency, resource limiting, and mass loading
requirement, 6 schemes emerged after screening. With
the basic scheme and two collective schemes, 9
schemes were selcted for analysis.
Nine Schemes after screening
Scheme 2
Scheme 5
Scheme 19
Scheme 21
Scheme 22
Scheme 24
Original Scheme
Scheme 27
Scheme 28
Environmental Analysis
Atmospheric environment:
–
–
–
–
–
SO2 and HCs
Annual average concentration distribution prediction by modeling
Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement
Comments on acid rain situation
Analysis of these factors for the schemes
Water environment:
–
–
–
–
–
Waste water and COD
Sewage network and waste water treatment plants
Impact on surface waters at the cities
Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement
Analysis and comparison between the schemes
Marine (coastal) environment:
–
–
–
–
COD and oil
Concentration distribution prediction by POM modeling
Pollutant emission source strength estimate and mass loading requirement
Result analysis for the schemes
Solid waste:
–
–
–
–
Domestic, industrial, and hazardous
Generation, management and disposal
Treatment infrastructure
Comparison between different schemes
Sample figures of annual SO2 concentration distribution
Sample coastal marine modeling
For Qinzhou
防城港&钦州港示意图
铁山港海域示意图
For Beihai
21.9
21.7
21.8
21.6
21.7
21.5
21.6
21.4
108.2
108.3
108.4
108.5
108.6
108.7
108.8
108.9
109
109.3
109.4
109.5
109.6
109.7
109.8
109.9
Ecological analysis:
–
–
–
Land use type, biodiversity, forest cover, sensible sites, petroleum-specific
vulnerability
Current situation, sensible sites, vulnerability
Alternative schemes
Resource analysis:
•
Current situation inventory, carrying capacity analysis, prediction based on
schemes;
•
Water
– Water supply and demand
– Water consumption efficiency
– Requirement and attainment measures
Energy
– Energy supply and demand
– Energy consumption efficiency
– Energy saving objectives and attainment measures
•
Ecological analysis: current situation
Ecological impact based on schemes
Impact
on ecological system
生态环境影响情况图
0.33
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.17
0.17
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.00
No1
方案2
No5
No19
No28方案28
Basic基础26
方案5
方案19 No21
方案21 No22
方案22No24
方案24No27方案27
The Schemes in which ecological sensitive projects are put to less sensitive cities are highly
scored and recommended.
Water supply and demand
Region
Province
Qinzhou
Beihai
Nanning
Liuzhou
Hechi
Baise
Maximum
Water
demand of
original
scheme
(×109m3)
23
16.5
3.9
0.58
1.6
Water supply
amount in
2010(×109m3)
380
22.3
15.7
33.7
30.6
26.1
30.6
Water Supply
amount in
2020(×109m3)
400
30.7
16.6
38.67
32.5
27.6
32.4
1.9
It is obvious that Qinzhou carries the heaviest burden (nearly 74% of supply
amount in 2010, and 54% in 2020). It is highly recommended that Qinzhou should
increase its water supply ability and keep good balance in the process of water
allocation.
Water consumption efficiency
Cities
Qinzhou
Beihai
Nanning
Liuzhou
Hechi
Baise
Priovince
Water consumption
per 10000 RMB
industrial added
value（m3/10000
RMB）
175
165
73
195
281
42
284
Water consumption
per 10000 RMB
industrial added
value in 2005
258
332
126
358
450
511
398
Water consumption
per 10000 RMB
industrial added
value in 2010
370
130
203
230
Water consumption
per 10000 RMB
industrial added
value in 2020
160
125
185
123
Inefficient use of water resources is not beneficial to achieve the water-saving goals of
Guangxi District.
Energy supply and demand
Energy demand in this plan and possible supply of each city
Cities
Qinzhou
Beihai
Nanning
Liuzhou
Hechi
Baise
The total energy demand
(million tons of ETC)
25.6
9.6
3.4
13.8
1.7
1.9～
2.9
Energy supply in 2010
（million tons of ETC）
653
394
1259
766.5
450
697
Energy supply in 2020
（million tons of ETC）
711
523
1423
876
754
737
Energy supply in relevant parks
（million tons of ETC）
25.5
36.5
36
14.5
At park level, the petrochemical energy consumption accounted for 100% and 26.3% of the
available energy in Qinzhou and Beihai park respectively. Qinzhou park’s energy supply can
not meet the requirements of petroleum industry.
What’s more , the future development of forest pulp and paper, steel and other industries
which consume a mass of energy in the Tieshan Port Zone will strengthen the pressure of
energy supply in Bei Hai.
Energy consumption efficiency
Qinzhu
Beihai
Nanning
Liuzhou
Beise
Hechi
Guangxi
Per 10000 RMB
selling value
0.07
0.17
0.28
0.57
0.21
0.33
0.16
per 10000RMB
added value in
2005
2.47
2.75
2.03
3.18
4.05
3.44
3.9
Target, per
10000RMB added
value in 2010
1.78
2.2
1.62
2.38
2.84
2.55
2.41
In the plan, the energy consumption of each city's accounted for no more than
3.6% of the target value. Thus the highly efficient energy use of petroleum
industry will have great positive impact on the goal of energy saving in Guang Xi.
Scheme Comparison based on resource impact assessment
资源影响情况图
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.16
0.13
0.11
No2
方案2
0.10
No
5
方案5
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.08
No19
21
No22
No 28
Basic基础26
方案19 No方案21
方案22No24
方案24No 27
方案27
方案28
There is no big difference among impacts of the nine schemes With regard to the energy
factors, No5 is much better than Scheme 21 and basic scheme since projects with high
water demand are not placed in cities such as Qinzhou and Beihai, where the freshwater
are relatively not in sufficient.
Circular economy potential analysis:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Input agglomeration
Output agglomeration
Energy consumption per million industrial productive value
Fresh water consumption
Utilize ratio of local resource
Distance for resource transport
Industrial Clustering
Environmental risk analysis:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Risk statistics review, both domestic and abroad
Social conditions: population, risk management capacity
Natural conditions: typhoon/storms, geological disasters, sensible sites
Risk source identification
Risk valuing
Comparison between schemes
Contribution to circular economy potential
Evaluation Indices
No.2
No.5
No.19
No.21
No.22
No.24
No.26
No.27
No.28
Input agglomeration
0.27
0.26
0.28
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.40
0.36
Output agglomeration
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.40
0.38
Energy consumption
per million industrial
productive value
0.85
0.84
0.88
0.83
0.90
0.87
0.82
0.78
0.80
Fresh water
consumption
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.86
0.85
0.82
0.87
0.86
0.86
Percentage of local
resource
0.87
0.90
0.82
0.74
0.90
0.91
0.58
0.89
0.89
Utilize ratio of local
resource
0.50
0.64
0.64
0.56
0.56
0.58
0.46
0.63
0.58
Distance for resource
transport
0.64
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.61
0.63
0.56
1.00
0.85
Industrial Cluster
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
58.9
61.3
60.3
57.5
60.2
60.2
52.3
70.2
66.5
Score in Total
This industrial supply chain is well and completely designed in this plan. However, the disperse
lay-out will lower the efficiency of resource utilization by increase the transportation distance.
Environmental Risk Assessment
Risk statistics, both domestic and abroad
Social and natural conditions survey
Risk Source identification
Scheme
score
based on
project
risk
level(P)
Regulations and standards
Sensitivity to geological disaster
Sensitivity to climate disasters
Sensitivity to industrial risks
Project Risks
Risks to arouse Secondary
disasters
Geological condition of
industrial parks
Ecologically sensitive place
capacity to respond emergency
Risk level：
Accident type
Accident effects
Accident frequency
Comprehensive ER=（ Pij Wj ），
Nine Schemes
Scheme comparison based on ERA
Plan to respond disaster emergency
Recommendation for Plan
Defensive measures to natural disasters
Preventive measures for industrial risks
Weight
determined
by city
sensitivity
(W)
Typhoon and storm
Geologic disaster
Risk analysis: scheme comparison
Scheme Score based on ERA
环境风险影响情况图
（2）此外基础方案项目布局较分散，需要运输原材料的项目较多，尤其是要
运输氯乙烯、苯酚、丙烯腈和丙酮等危害度高的物质，
0.3000
0.2658
0.2500
0.2083
0.2000
0.1383
0.1500
0.1034
0.0809
0.1000
0.0696
0.0525
0.0486
0.0325
0.0500
0.0000
No2
方案2
No5
方案5
No19
No28
Basic基础26
方案19 No21
方案21 No22
方案22No24
方案24No27
方案27
方案28
（1）Though without the transportation risk, scheme 27 and 28 which put all projects in
weakest place suffers rather higher risk.
（2）While Scheme 21, in which the projects with hazardous chemical are placed in less
sensitive area, wins the highest scores.
（3）The original scheme , which is disperse and poorly organized suffers the highest
environmental risks.
57
Socio-economic assessment：
– Profit ratio, opportunity costs, market risk, input/output analysis
– Advantages on development of relevant industries, create job
opportunities …
– External dependent economy, benefit and impacts on different
groups of people
Public participation:
– Government officers, experts, general public, supporting
attitude
– Call for strict environmental and resource protection
– Air pollution, surface water pollution, marine ecological
system
– Market risk
Scheme comparison
Optimal Scheme
Envir. / resour. Impact
Consistency
Plan reasonability
Circular economy
Ecological impacts
Risk analysis
Res. utilization
Solid waste
Air environment
Water environment
park plans
Relevant city plans
Provincial plans
Production chain
Production scale
Project Allocation
Nine schemes (scenarios)
表12－1 方案综合排序
Result of scheme comparison
Reason Consist
Air
Water
Solid
waste
Ecosyste
Reso
Risk
econo
Total
Order
ability
ency
No 2
0.90
2.28
0.46
0.97
2.33
0.64
0.88
2.08
0.32
10.88
2
No 5
1.98
1.80
0.78
0.96
1.61
1.35
1.28
1.38
1.05
12.19
1
No19
1.98
0.72
0.51
1.01
0.36
0.92
0.80
0.81
0.73
7.82
9
No21
0.72
1.92
1.98
0.96
0.72
0.31
0.72
2.66
0.22
10.21
3
No22
2.34
0.72
1.76
1.01
1.07
0.44
0.72
0.52
0.48
9.06
8
No24
1.26
1.44
1.10
1.08
1.07
1.35
0.88
1.03
0.48
9.69
5
No27
3.60
1.20
0.18
0.41
0.19
0.16
1.04
0.70
2.62
10.10
4
No28
3.96
0.48
0.89
0.70
0.14
0.21
0.64
0.49
1.93
9.44
6
Basic
1.26
1.44
1.17
0.91
0.50
2.63
1.04
0.33
0.16
9.44
6
m
urce
Circul.
my
Conclusions
• Overall evaluation of the original scheme
(basic)
• Optimization recommendations
• Recommend scheme No 5