Assembling the Planetary Computer
Keynote to the
ACM Ubicomp 2001 Conference
Sheraton Midtown Atlanta Hotel
www.ubicomp.org/ubicomp/
Atlanta, GA
October 1, 2001
Larry Smarr, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD,
Director, Cal-(IT)2
Abstract
After twenty years, the "S-curve" of building out the wired internet with hundreds of
millions of PCs as its end points is flattening out, with corresponding lowering of the
growth rates of the major suppliers of that global infrastructure. At the same time,
several new "S-curves" are reaching their steep slope as ubiquitous computing begins to
sweep the planet. Leading this will be a vast expansion in heterogeneous end-points to
a new wireless internet, moving IP throughout the physical world. Billions of internet
connected cell phones, embedded processors, hand held devices, sensors, and
actuators will lead to radical new applications in biomedicine, transportation,
environmental monitoring, and interpersonal communication and collaboration. The
combination of wireless LANs, the third generation of cellular phones, satellites, and the
increasing use of the FCC unlicensed wireless band will cover the world with
connectivity. The resulting vast increase in data streams, augmented by the advent of
mass market broadband to homes and businesses, will drive the backbone of the
internet to a pure optical lambda-switched network of tremendous capacity. Finally,
peer-to-peer computing and storage will increasingly provide a vast untapped capability
to power this emergent planetary computer.
The Emerging Brilliant Cloud
A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer
• Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime
– Broadband Speeds
– “Always Best Connected”
• Billions of New Wireless Internet End Points
– Information Appliances
– Sensors and Actuators
– Embedded Processors
• Emergence of a Distributed Planetary Computer
– Parallel Lambda Optical Backbone
– Storage of Data Everywhere
– Scalable Distributed Computing Power
• Brilliance is Distributed Throughout the Grid
The Era of Guerilla Infrastructure
• Guerilla vs. Commercial Infrastructure
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–
–
–
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Bottom Up
Completely Decentralized
Self-Assembling
Use at Your Own Risk
Paves the Way for Commercial Deployment
• Examples
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NSFnetInternet
NCSA MosaicWeb
NapsterPeer-to-Peer Storage
SETI@homePeer-to-Peer Computing
IEEE 802.11Broadband Wireless Internet
802.11 is Creating Broadband
Wireless Internet “Watering Holes”
• Ad Hoc IEEE 802.11 Domains
– Uses the FCC Unlicensed Spectrum
– Real Broadband--11 Mbps Going to 54 Mbps
– Security and Authentication can be Added
– But, it is Shared and Local
• Home, Neighborhoods, Office, Schools?
– MobileStar--Admiral Clubs, Starbucks, Major
Hotels, Restaurants, …
– Widely Adopted on Campus Buildings, Dorms,
Coffee Shops…
Urban Areas Have WLAN Node Movements to
Create “Free” Internet Connectivity
• “If you have a broadband or DSL connection in your
home or office, buy an access point, hook it up, and
you are a node operator.”
• “The project grew out of a skepticism towards the
claims of the telecom industry regarding the
usefulness and success of the future "third generation
mobile telephone systems" as the only means to
implement "the wireless Internet". “
• “We envision a cloud of free Internet connectivity that
will cover most inhabited areas. The coverage might
be spotty, vary over time, and be hard to control or
predict, just like a fog or smog. “
•
369 members in Sweden as of June 1, 2001
www.elektrosmog.nu/
The FCC Unlicensed Band Can Create a
High Speed Wireless Backbone
• The High
Performance
Wireless
Research
and
Education
Network
NSF Funded
PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO
45mbps Duplex Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/topo.html
• Enabling a
Broad Set of
Science
Applications
Forecast Growth of
Global Mobile Internet Users
3G Adds Mobility, QoS, and High Speeds
Subscribers (millions)
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
Mobile Internet
800
600
400
Fixed Internet
200
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: Ericsson
2003
2004
2005
The Promise of 3G
Creating Billions of New Multimedia Internet Sources
Consumers are 80% of 2G Usage
Video
Corporations are Supposed to be 80% of Early 3G Download
3G Is Estimated to Grow From
1.3% of the Wireless Market in 2002
Images
to 23% in 2007
MMS
Text/Mail
Text/SMS
Source: Ericsson
Video
Steaming
Nearly 30 Million
I-Mode Subscribers in Japan
9.6 Kbps
Japan’s NTT DoCoMo is Initiating
the First 3G System TODAY, October 1, 2001
• WCDMA
• I-Mode Users
• 384Kbps
downlink
http://foma.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/
UCSD—Has Been First Beta Test Site for
Qualcomm’s 1xEV Cellular Internet
• Optimized for Packet Data Services
– Uses a 1.25 MHz channel
– 2.4 Mbps Peak Forward Rate
– Part of the CDMA2000 Tech Family
– Can Be Used as Stand-Alone
• Chipsets in Development Support
–
–
–
–
–
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PacketVideo’s PVPlayer™ MPEG-4
gpsOne™ Global Positioning System
Bluetooth
MP3
MIDI
BREW
Rooftop HDR
Access Point
New Software Environments for
Wireless Application Development
• Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW)
– Works on Qualcomm CDMA Chipsets
– Middleware Between
– the Application and the Chip System Source Code
– Windows-based Software Development Kit (SDK)
– Native C/C++ applications will run most efficiently
– Supports Integration of Java™ Applications
– Different Model of Security from JAVA
www.qualcomm.com/brew/
UCSD Has First Operational
Third Generation Cellular Internet in U.S.
6 months
Available Now
Wireless WAN
12 months
Goal: Smooth Handoff by Mobile Device
Faced With Heterogeneous Access Network
Identify Issues Related to Handoff
Between WLAN and WWAN Networks
and Implement a Test-bed
(802.11b,a)
WLAN
GPRS
Internet
(CDMA20001xEV)
CDMA
CDPD
Ramesh Rao, Kameshwari Chebrolou
UCSD-CWC, Cal-(IT)2
Will The Planned Global Rollout of 3G
Proceed as Planned?
• There is a Lack of 3G Global Standardization
– Constrains Economies of Scale
– WCDMA (Japan, Europe), CDMA2000 (USA)
• The Economics of Telecom
– The Huge Debt Load
– The Investment in 3G Buildout
– Is There a Business Case to Recoup?
• Technological Breakouts
– IEEE 802.11 Buildout
– 3G (Data-Only) Can Deploy Now (CDMA20001xEV)
– Will They Skim the Cream of the 3G Market?
The NSF TeraGrid
Partnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure
This will Become the National Backbone to Support Multiple
Large Scale Science and Engineering Projects
Applications
Caltech
0.5 TF
0.4 TB Memory
86 TB disk
Intel, IBM, Qwest
Myricom, Sun, Oracle
TeraGrid Backbone (40 Gbps)
Data
SDSC
4.1 TF
2 TB Memory
250 TB disk
$53Million from NSF
Visualization
Argonne
1 TF
0.25 TB Memory
25 TB disk
Compute
NCSA
8 TF
4 TB Memory
240 TB disk
Star Light
International Wavelength Switching Hub
AsiaPacific
SURFnet,
CERN
CANARIE
Seattle
Portland
NYC
AsiaPacific
TeraGrid
Caltech
SDSC
*ANL, UIC, NU,
UC, IIT, MREN
Source: Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown
AMPATH
AMPATH
Layered Software Approach to
Building the Planetary Grid
Science Portals & Workbenches
Twenty-First Century Applications
Access
Grid
Computational
Grid
Access Services &
Technology
Computational Services
Grid Services
(resource independent)
Grid Fabric
(resource dependent)
“A source book for the history
of the future” -- Vint Cerf
Networking, Devices and Systems
Edited by Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman
www.mkp.com/grids
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
From Telephone Conference Calls to
Access Grid International Video Meetings
Creating a Virtual Global Research Lab
Using IP Multicast
Access Grid Lead-Argonne
NSF STARTAP Lead-UIC’s Elec. Vis. Lab
Web Interface to Grid Computing
The NPACI GridPort Architecture
802.11b Wireless
Interactive Access to:
• State of Computer
• Job Status
• Application Codes
Grid Requirements for
Internet Middleware Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identity & authentication
Authorization & policy
Resource discovery
Resource characterization
Resource allocation
(Co-)reservation, workflow
Distributed algorithms
Remote data access
High-speed data transfer
Performance guarantees
Monitoring
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adaptation
Intrusion detection
Resource management
Accounting & payment
Fault management
System evolution
Etc.
Etc.
…
IBM Adopts Open Source Globus!
Source: Carl Kessleman
“Peer-to-Peer” Distributed Computing
Will Power Grid Applications
Entropia is Integrating
with the Globus Toolkit
Client Software
Application
Clients
Task Server
Adding Brilliance to Mobile Clients with
a Planetary Supercomputer
• Napster Meets SETI@Home
– Globally Distributed Computing & Storage
• Assume Ten Million PCs in Five Years
– Average Speed Ten Gigaflop
– Average Free Storage 100 GB
• Planetary Computer Capacity
– 100,000 TetaFLOP Speed
– 1 Million TeraByte Storage
California Has Undertaken a
Grand Experiment in Partnering
The California Institute for Bioengineering,
Biotechnology,
and Quantitative Biomedical Research
The Center for
Information Technology Research
in the Interest of Society
UCD
UCB
UCSF UCM
UCSC
The California
NanoSystems Institute
UCSB
UCLA
UCI
UCSD
The California Institute
for Telecommunications
and Information Technology
Cal-(IT)2
An Integrated Approach to the New Internet
220 UCSD & UCI Faculty
Working in Multidisciplinary Teams
With Students, Industry, and the Community
The State’s $100 M
Creates Unique Buildings, Equipment, and Laboratories
www.calit2.net
A Broad Partnership Response
from the Private Sector
Akamai
Boeing
Broadcom
AMCC
CAIMIS
Compaq
Conexant
Cox Communications
DuPont
Emulex
Enterprise Partners VC
Entropia
Ericsson
Global Photon
Hewlett-Packard
IBM
IdeaEdge Ventures
Intersil
Irvine Sensors
Leap Wireless
Litton Industries
MedExpert
Merck
Microsoft
Computers
Communications
Software
Sensors
Biomedical
Startups
Venture Firms
Mission Ventures
NCR
Newport Corporation
Orincon
Panoram Technologies
Printronix
QUALCOMM
R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical RI
SAIC
SciFrame
Seagate Storage
Silicon Graphics
Silicon Wave
Sony
STMicroelectronics
Sun Microsystems
TeraBurst Networks
Texas Instruments
UCSD Healthcare
The Unwired Fund
WebEx
$140 M Match From Industry
Prototyping Early Warning Systems and
Disaster Response Systems
• Three Tier System
– Wireless SensorNets Brings Data to Repositories
– Collaborative Crisis Management Centers
– Remote Wireless Devices Interrogate Databases
• Cal-(IT)2 Will Focus on High Performance Grids
– Analysis, Collaboration, and Crisis Management
– Broadband Wireless Sensornets
– Metro Optical Network Testbed
• Build a “Living-in-the-Future” Laboratory
– UCSD, UCI, and SDSU Campuses
– San Diego, Orange County, Cross Border
– Early Access to HW/SW from Industrial Partners
San Diego “Living on the Grid” Laboratory
Fiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software
• High Resolution Visualization
Facilities
– Data Analysis
– Crisis Management
SDSC
SIO
Cal-(IT)2
Metro Optical
Laboratory
• Driven by Data-Intensive
Applications
– Civil Infrastructure
– Environmental Systems
– Medical Facilities
• Distributed Collaboration
– Optically Linked
– Integrate Access Grid
Cal-(IT)2 SIO
Control Room
• Overlay Wireless Internet
– First Responder PDAs
– SensorNets
Cox, Panoram,
SAIC, SBC, SGI, IBM,
TeraBurst Networks
UCSD Healthcare
SD Telecom Council
Common Portal Architecture
Customized for Crisis Management
Web Browser - Portal Interface
State Values
Portal Engine
Analysis Tools:
- Pattern Recognition
- GIS Queries
- Data Mining
- Multi-Sensor Fusion
Data Gather
XML
User Preferences
HTML
Legacy and Problem Specific
Databases, Collections, & Literature
Applications:
- Epidemiology
- Transportation Systems
- ...
Built on Prior SDSC and NCSA Work
The Wireless Internet Will Improve
the Safety of California’s 25,000 Bridges
New Bay Bridge Tower
with Lateral Shear Links
Cal-(IT)2 Will
Develop and Install
Wireless Sensor Arrays
Linked to
Crisis Management
Control Rooms
Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.
Cal-(IT)2 Wireless Services Middleware:
Emerging Pieces
Cal-IT2 Applications
Cal-IT2 Wireless Services Interface
Data
Real-Time Power Location Mobile Security
Management
Services Control Awareness Code
UCI Wireless
Infrastructures
UCSD Wireless
Infrastructures
J. Pasquale, UCSD
HP Grant Brings Wireless Internet Access to
Large Number of UCSD Undergraduates
• Potential “Disintegration” of Campus Learning Culture
– Anticipated Growth of 10,000 Students Over Next 10 Years
• Year- Long “Living Laboratory” Experiment
– 500+ Wireless-Enabled HP Jornada PDAs
– Incoming Freshmen in Computer Science and
Engineering
• Software Developed
– ActiveClass: Student-Teacher Interactions
– Roamer/FindMe: Geolocation and Resource Discovery
– Extensible Software Infrastructure for Others to Build On
• Deploy to New UCSD Undergrad College Fall 2002
Funds: HP, NSF, Campus, Cal-(IT)2
Mobile Code-Based Client-Server
for the Active Web
• Client Is Extended by Injecting Code Into Internet
• Extension Runs at Intermediate Server
– Higher Performance, Greater Reliability
– Liberated From Client Device, Bypasses Wireless Link
• Current implementation: Java, JINI
Joe Pasquale, CSE UCSD ActiveWeb Project
New Security Issues
in Mobile and Wireless Networks
• Location-based Access Control
– If Alice Is in Country P, She Can Do X
– If Alice Is in Country Q, She Can Do Y
– GPS? Need Tamper-Resistant Hardware…
• Group-Based or Group-Centric Security
– How Can One “Speak” As a Group or a Fraction Thereof?
– Admitting New or Expelling Existing Members
– Issuing, Re-issuing Credentials
• Secure Commun. in Constantly Changing Groups
– Group Needs Common Key: Key Distribution/Agreement
– Authentication of Membership
– e.g., Alice Is in This ad Hoc Net Cluster at This Time
Source: Gene Tsudik, UCI
Agents Will Intermediate
Between Us and the Grid
Wireless UCI Campus Parking and Traffic Agent
Sharad Mehrotra, UCI
Camera
Video Feed of
Image
Parking Lot to
Processing /
Server
Analysis
Traffic Data
Handheld
Device
User Submits
Destination
Parking Lot
Query
Database
Repository
Parking Lot
and Traffic
Information
to User
Massive Datasets Available to Mobile Devices
in a Biomedical Imaging Research Network
Forming a National-Scale Grid
Federating Multi-Scale Neuro-Imaging
Data from Centers with High Field
MRI and Advanced 3D Microscopes
Deep Web
Harvard
NCRR Imaging
Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD
BIRN
and Computing
Resources UCSD
Cal Tech
SDSC
UCLA
UCSD
Surface Web
Cal-(IT)2
Duke
Wireless “Pad”
Web Interface
Part of the UCSD CRBS
Center for Research on Biological Structure
Cal-(IT)2 Plans for Adding Wireless Sensors
to Systems-on-Chip
Applications
Critical New Role of
Power Aware Systems
Sensors Embedded
Software
Processors
Memory
Protocol
Processors
Radio
DSP
Ad Hoc Hierarchical Network
of Brilliant Sensors
Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE
Internet
Investigating Collaboration with
UC Berkeley and CITRIS on Smart Dust
• Sensing, computation, communication, and power in 1 mm3
• Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, Bernhard Boser, UC Berkeley
Smart Dust ’01
Components
Goal
Smart Dust – UC Berkeley
The Perfect Storm:
Convergence of Engineering with Bio, Physics, & IT
500x
Magnification
Nanogen
MicroArray
2 mm
VCSELaser
400x
Magnification
IBM Quantum Corral
Iron Atoms on Copper
Human Rhinovirus
5 nanometers
Nanobioinfotechnology
As Our Bodies Move On-Line
We Become the Ultimate Ubiquitous Computer!
• New Sensors—Israeli Video Pill
– Battery, Light, & Video Camera
– Images Stored on Hip Device
• Next Step—Putting You On-Line!
– Wireless Internet Transmission
– Key Metabolic and Physical Variables
– Model -- Dozens of 25 Processors and 60
Sensors / Actuators Inside of our Cars
www.givenimaging.com
www.bodymedia.com
• Genomic Individualized Medicine
– Combine
– Genetic Code
– Body Sensor Data Flows
– Use Powerful AI Data Mining Techniques