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From Isolation to

World War II:

1930-1943

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Non-Interventionism

The Beginning of the War

Conflict in Europe

Conflict in the Pacific

America's Early Involvement


From Isolation to

World War II:

1930-1943

(continued)

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Mobilization in the U.S.

Social Effects of the War

The War in Germany

The War in the Pacific

The End of WWII


From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > Non-Interventionism

Non-Interventionism

• Postwar Isolationism

• War Debts and Reparations

• Attempts at Disarmament

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact

• The "Good Neighbor" Policy


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Postwar Isolationism

•

This cynical attitude resulted in the rejection by Congress of President Wilson's proposal to join the League of Nations.

• Though this isolationism prevented the U.S. from joining the League of Nations, pacifism was a visible element of U.S. foreign policy.

•

Hitler's growing power in the 1930s forced the United States to abandon noninterventionist policies.

Isolationist Sentiments

View on Boundless.com


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War Debts and Reparations

•

Devaluation of Gold Marks, resulting from the reparations payment plan, led to hyperinflation.

• In 1924, the U.S. implemented the Dawes Plan and agreed to loan money to

Germany to repay the Allies.

•

In 1929, the Young Plan was implemented, and significantly reduced German debt.

• The international system of debt developed at this time collapsed with the Great

Depression.

Flow of Money, Post WWI




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Attempts at Disarmament

•

In 1921, during the Washington Naval Conference, the Five-Power Naval Treaty was signed, placing a limitation on the numbers and sizes of major warships, and calling for a 10-year hiatus on construction of capital ships.

• Between 1932 and 1937, the U.S., the Soviet Union and the League of Nations convened the World Disarmament Conference.

• The League of Nations, however, was powerless to stop the re-militarization of

Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s.

•

Japan and Germany voluntarily withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933, and

Italy withdrew in 1937. Finally the League expelled the Soviet Union in 1939 after the invasion of Finland.

• The "Spirit of Locarno" emerged from a 1925 meeting in Locorno, Switzerland, a spirit which supposedly indicated that the major powers intended to try to settle future differences peaceably.

• Japan and Germany voluntarily withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933.

Disarming




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•

Italy withdrew from the League of Nations in 1937.

• The League of Nations expelled the Soviet Union in 1939 after the invasion of Finland.



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The Kellogg-Briand Pact

•

Sponsored by France and the United States, the Pact renounced the use of war, promoted peaceful settlement of disputes, and called for collective force to prevent aggression. It is named after its authors: U.S. Secretary of State Frank B.

Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand.

•

The Pact was initially signed by fifteen nations that included France, the United

States, and Germany. It was eventually signed by 62 nations and came into effect in July 1929.

•

The 1928 Kellogg

–Briand Pact was concluded outside the League of Nations and remains a binding treaty under international law.

• As a practical matter, the Kellogg –Briand Pact did not live up to its aim of ending war, and made no immediate contribution to international peace.

• Notably, the pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace and war of aggression. It was for committing this crime that the

Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of people responsible for starting World

War II.

Aristide Briand




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The "Good Neighbor" Policy

•

The goal of the Good Neighbor Policy was to increase trade and strengthen U.S. influence in Latin America.

• Prior to the 1930s, the United States frequently used coercion and military intervention to protect American interests in Latin America.

•

Herbert Hoover set the stage for the Good Neighbor Policy by embarking on a goodwill tour during the 1928 presidential election.

• Beginning in 1933, the Roosevelt Administration, adopted an isolationist, noninterventionist position toward Latin America.

•

By 1934, all American forces in Latin America were withdrawn.

• The Good Neighbor Policy strengthened support for American foreign policy within Latin America.

Marines in Nicaragua




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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > The Beginning of the War

The Beginning of the War

• Japanese Incursions into China

• Italy and Germany

• The Mood in America

• The Expanding Axis

• Degrees of Neutrality




Japanese Incursions into China

•

Japan occupied Manchuria and established the puppet state of Manchuko.

• The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions, leading to Japan's withdrawal from that organization.

•

In 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge incident launched the Second Sino-Japanese

War.

• In late 1937, Japan captured Shanghai in the Battle of Shanghai and Nanking in the Nanking Massacre, in which 300,000 Chinese were killed.

• Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor this war became integrated into the greater conflict of World War II.

• An estimated 20 million Chinese, mostly civilians, were killed during World War II.

Nanking Massacre



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Italy and Germany

•

In the mid-1930s Italy invaded Ethiopia, proclaiming the creation of an Italian

Empire.

• Italy left the League of Nations in 1937. In 1940 Italy entered World War II and signed the Tripartite pact with Germany and Japan.

•

In violation of the Versaiiles Treaty, Hitler greatly strengthened the German Army and military production.

• In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped Jewish people of citizenship and rights in

Germany.

•

In violation of the Versaiiles Treaty, Hitler greatly strengthened the German Army and military production.

• In violation of the Versaiiles Treaty, Hitler greatly strengthened the German Army and military production.

Mussolini and Hitler



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•

Between I936 to 1938 Hitler invaded Rhineland, Austria and Czechoslovakia, finally provoking the intervention of Great Britain and France.


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The Mood in America

•

Initially, the U.S. maintained a non-interventionist and isolationist policy toward

World War II.

• Interventionists emphasized the threat posed by a German-Italian victory and the core ideological differences between Americans and fascist powers in Europe.

•

"Cash and Carry" was a provision to the Neutrality Acts that allowed Roosevelt to sell arms to China in response to the Japanese invasion.

• Named for Secretary of State Henry Stimson, the Stimson Doctrine of 1932 declared that the U.S. would not diplomatically recognize aggressive forces.

•

The U.S. government refused to recognize Japan after the invasion of China.

• Though the Stimson Doctrine alienated Japan, the U.S. commitment to nonintervention and isolationism failed to check the aggression of the Axis powers.

Henry Stimson



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•

The U.S. government refused to recognize Japan after the invasion of China.

• Though the Stimson Doctrine alienated Japan, the U.S. commitment to non-intervention and isolationism failed to check the aggression of the Axis powers.


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The Expanding Axis

•

The Axis expansion grew with the addition of Hungary, Romania, Slovakia,

Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Croatia.

• ,In the late 1930s, Germany expanded into western Europe, taking over Austria,

Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; Germany also made gains in Eastern Europe.

• In the 1930s, Italy overtook Ethiopia, Malta and British Somaliland.

• Japan also expanded into China in the late 1930s.

"Good friends in three countries"



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Degrees of Neutrality

•

Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland remained neutral during World

War II.

• Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland covertly supported the Allied Powers by supplying "voluntary" brigades to Great Britain; Spain offered similar support to the Axis.

• In 1929, Italy and the Holy See signed the Lateran Treaty, declaring the neutrality of the Vatican.

•

During the period of supposed American neutrality, Germany and the United

States were engaged in sustained naval warfare in the North and Central Atlantic by October 1941.

Neutral States



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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > Conflict in Europe

Conflict in Europe

• Blitzkrieg

• America's Growing Involvement in WWII

• FDR's Third Term

• The "Arsenal of Democracy"




Blitzkrieg

•

Blitzkrieg involved a coordinated military effort by tanks, mobilized infantry, artillery, and aircraft, to overwhelm the enemy.

• Germany rapidly defeated Poland using the Blitzkrieg tactic in 1939.

•

In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union but was unable to achieve a strategic victory.

• By late 1942, France and most of western Europe had fallen to the Nazis, partially as a result of the Blitzkrieg strategy.

German forces, June 1943



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America's Growing Involvement in WWII

•

Before entering WWII officially, the U.S. supported the Allied forces by providing supplies to Europe.

• Cash and Carry was a provision added to the Neutrality Act of 1937 allowing the

U.S. both to sell materials to European forces willing to pay up front and to provide transport.

• In September 1940, the U.S. signed the Destroyers for Bases agreement with the

United Kingdom, and exchanged 50 naval destroyers for rights on lands Britain had previously possessed.

Signing the Lend-Lease Act




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FDR's Third Term

•

FDR sought and won a third term in 1940.

• In December 1940 and January 1941, Roosevelt appealed to the American public, seeking support for the war.

•

This presidential term was defined by World War II.

•

Roosevelt worked closely with Churchill and Stalin; these leaders were collectively referred to as the Big Three.

• Roosevelt was elected for a fourth term in 1944 but died shortly after inauguration.

Roosevelt in 1941




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The "Arsenal of Democracy"

•

The Arsenal of Democracy, a slogan used during one of Roosevelt's broadcasts, referenced the military power of the United States, and its role as a supplier to the

Allies.

• Roosevelt attempted to combat American complacency by warning of the looming threat posed by Germany.

• This speech marked the decline of the isolationist era in U.S. foreign policy.

Weapons for Europe




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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > Conflict in the Pacific

Conflict in the Pacific

• Japanese Aggression

• Tragedy at Pearl Harbor




Japanese Aggression

•

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and established a puppet regime; later in

1936, they established a similar puppet regime in Mongolia.

• In 1937, Japan invaded China, launching the Second Sino-Japanese war, a conflict between Japan, Mao Zedong's communists, and Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists. Throughout WWII these three forces engaged in battle, with the

Communists and Nationalists forming a precarious alliance against the Japanese.

• Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on

September 27, 1940.

•

The Japanese Naval attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 brought the U.S. into WWII.

• Throughout late 1941 and early 1942 Japan invaded South East Asia, successfully capturing Hong Kong, British Malaya and the Philippines.

•

The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war.

A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to

1942.



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•

Throughout late 1941 and early 1942 Japan invaded South East Asia, successfully capturing Hong Kong, British Malaya and the Philippines.

• The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war.

•

In August 1945, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs on the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing between one and two hundred thousand people in minutes.

• On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the allied forces.



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Tragedy at Pearl Harbor

•

In 1941, President Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii and increased the

U.S. military presence in the Philippines in an effort to check Japanese aggression in the Far East.

• Japan viewed entry into WWII by the U.S. as inevitable and decided to launch a preventive strike in order to limit American intervention in Southeast Asia.

• Japan attacked the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7,

1941; 350 Japanese soldiers attacked eight battleships, killing more than 2,000

American sailors.

•

This attack led directly to U.S. entrance in WWII. Allied to Japan because of the

Tripartite Pact, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States on

December 11.

• Japanese internment camps were used in the U.S. as a result of Pearl Harbor.

•

This attack led directly to U.S. entrance in WWII.




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•

Allied to Japan because of the Tripartite Pact, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States on December 11.

• Japanese internment camps were used in the U.S. as a result of Pearl Harbor.



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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > America's Early Involvement


• America's Early Involvement

• Setback in the Pacific

• Coral Sea and Midway

• The Guadalcanal Campaign

• The Setbacks in the Atlantic

• The Campaign in Europe





•

Believing that Germany posed a greater threat than Japan, the British and the

U.S. adopted a policy of "Germany first" in early 1942.

• In early 1942, Japan won many victories throughout Asia, resulting in overconfidence and overextension.

•

In May 1942, the U.S. achieved a major victory over Japan at the Battle of

Midway.

• In May 1942, the U.S. achieved a major victory over Japan at the Battle of

Midway.

•

In early 1942, Japan won many victories throughout Asia, resulting in overconfidence and overextension.

• In May 1942, the U.S. achieved a major victory over Japan at the Battle of

Midway.

Imperial Japanese advances in the Southwest

Pacific from December 1941 to April 1942



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Setback in the Pacific

•

Following Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Allied forces in Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks on Hong Kong, British Malaya, and the Philippines.

• During the first few months of 1942, Japanese forces attacked and successfully took control of the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies,

Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam while severely weakening Allied land, naval, and air forces.

• In May and June of 1942, two American victories in the Pacific, at the Battle of the

Coral Sea and the Midway Battle, marked a turning point in the war.

•

The U.S. adopted a strategy of "island hopping," securing Japanese islands in the

Pacific.

• The U.S. adopted a strategy of "island hopping," securing Japanese islands in the

Pacific.

•

In 1944, American forces recaptured Guam from the Japanese, who had captured the island early in the war.

Battle of Singapore, February 1942.



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Coral Sea and Midway

•

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was commander of Japan's Combined Fleet.

• In an attempt to strengthen defenses in the South Pacific, Imperial Japanese forces decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the southeastern Solomon Islands.

•

U.S. intelligence played a vital role in anticipating Japanese movements in these conflicts.

• The Coral Sea Battle was the first naval engagement in history in which the participating ships did not fire directly at each other, as aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved.

• At the Battle of Midway, the United States Navy successfully incapacitated the

Japanese fleet.

•

Following the Japanese defeat at Midway, the Allies took advantage of Japan's vulnerability in the South Pacific and launched the Guadalcanal Campaign, a significant contributing factor to Japan's ultimate defeat in World War II.

Collage of the Battle of Midway



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•

At the Battle of Midway, the United States Navy successfully incapacitated the Japanese fleet.

• Following the Japanese defeat at Midway, the Allies took advantage of Japan's vulnerability in the South Pacific and launched the Guadalcanal Campaign, a significant contributing factor to Japan's ultimate defeat in World War II.


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The Guadalcanal Campaign

•

By securing the southern Solomon Islands, the Japanese aimed to destroy supply and communication routes between the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand.

• General Kawaguchi commanded Japanese forces on Guadalcanal during this conflict.

•

Allied forces achieved a decisive victory in November 1942 at the Naval Battle of

Guadalcanal; in December, the Japanese decided to withdraw from the region.

• Japanese efforts to reinforce Guadalcanal weakened Japanese forces in other theaters.

•

This campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy.

• The Guadalcanal campaign hurt Japan strategically and in terms of troops.

Pacific Theater Areas



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•

This campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy.


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The Setbacks in the Atlantic

•

The British established a convoy system to escort shipping vessels.

• At the beginning of the war, the British and French created a naval blockade of

Germany.

•

German U-boats, small and with a short range, dominated warfare in the Atlantic.

•

In the first year of the war, the British navy unsuccessfully employed an offensive strategy referred to as hunting groups, to search for German submarines.

• Technological difficulties caused German torpedos to be largely unsuccessful early in the war.

December 1939, HMS Achilles as seen from

HMS Ajax during the Battle of the River Plate.



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The Campaign in Europe

•

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, launching war in Europe.

• From September 1940 to May 1941 the German Luftwaffe conducted air raids of

British cities in the Battle of Britain.

•

Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941; the U.S. declared war on Germany and Italy the same day.

• Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941; the U.S. declared war on Germany and Italy the same day.

• Early in 1943, the U.S. Army suffered major losses to the Germans at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia; however, allied forces quickly achieved important victories in North Africa and in May 1943, the Axis troops in North

African surrendered.

WWII in Europe



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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > Mobilization in the U.S.

Mobilization in the U.S.

• Home-Front Security

• Economic Conversion and Business in WWII

• Financing the War

• Economic Controls

• Domestic Conservatism

• Building a Citizen Army

• Labor in Wartime




Home-Front Security

•

Before entering WWII, President Roosevelt established the Division of State and

Local Cooperation to assist the Council of National Defense.

• The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) commissioned civilian pilots to patrol the coast and borders and engage in search and rescue missions.

•

The Civil Defense Corps organized approximately 10 million volunteers to fight fires, decontaminate following chemical weapon attacks, and provide first aid.

• Following America's entrance into World War II, German U-boats began to operate along the East Coast.

•

The Civil Air Patrol effectively defended the U.S. borders from the German threat.

Eyes of the Home Skies, 1943



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Economic Conversion and Business in WWII

•

By the end of 1943, two-thirds of the American economy was integrated into the war effort.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt established the War Production Board (WPB) as a government agency on January 16, 1942 by executive order. The purpose of the board was to regulate the production of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States.

• In addition to a ban on the production and sale of cars for private use, residential and highway construction was halted, and driving for pleasure was banned.

•

The harnessing of U.S. industrial power tipped the scales decisively toward the

Allied Forces, reversing the tide of war.

War Poster for Tin Salvage



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Financing the War

•

Three series of bond notes, referred to as "war bonds," which would appreciate in value over a 10 year period, were introduced and marketed to the American public.

• 85 million Americans purchased bonds over the course of the war, raising approximately $185.7 billion.

• The War Finance Committee was placed in charge of supervising the sale of all bonds, and the War Advertising Council promoted voluntary compliance with bond buying.

•

85 million Americans purchased bonds over the course of the war, raising approximately $185.7 billion.

• Alternative fundraising channels were developed to obtain funds from pacifist churches and civilians.

•

Following WWII, the War Advertising Council changed its name to the Advertising

Council and shifted its focus to peacetime campaigns.

Give War Bonds



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Economic Controls

•

U.S. taxes increased greatly during WWII to finance the war; top marginal tax rates ranged from 81%-94%, and the income level subject to the highest rate was lowered from $5,000,000 to $200,000.

• The War Production Board (WPB) regulated the production of war materials and fuel during WWII.

• Between 1942 and 1945, the WPB supervised production of $185 billion worth of armament and supplies.

•

The Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), chaired by Vice President Henry

Wallace, was designed to oversee imports and exports and strengthen the national economy.

• Wallace's agenda created controversy in Congress; consequently, the Board of

Economic Welfare was dissolved by Roosevelt in 1943.

•

The Board of Economic Warfare (BEW), chaired by Vice President Henry

Wallace, was designed to oversee imports and exports and strengthen the national economy.

Rationed tires, ca. 1942-1946



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•

Wallace's agenda created controversy in Congress, consequently the Board of Economic Welfare was dissolved by Roosevelt in 1943.


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Domestic Conservatism

•

Labor unions became the primary target of the conservatives.

• In December 1937, Senator Josiah Bailey from North Carolina released a

"Conservative Manifesto," launching a bi-partisan conservative coalition.

•

The leaders of the conservative coalition in Congress were Senator Robert Taft

(R-OH) and Senator Richard Russell (D-GA).

• The America First Committee, a non-interventionist organization, campaigned to keep America out of war.

• Charles Lindbergh was outspokenly opposed to the war and a leader in the

America First movement.

• America First disbanded following the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Charles Lindbergh speaking at an AFC rally



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Building a Citizen Army

•

In 1921, during the Washington Naval Conference, the Five-Power Naval Treaty was signed, placing a limitation on the numbers and sizes of major warships, and calling for a 10-year hiatus on construction of capital ships.

• Between 1932 and 1937, the U.S., the Soviet Union and the League of Nations convened the World Disarmament Conference.

• The League of Nations, however, was powerless to stop the re-militarization of

Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s.

•

Japan and Germany voluntarily withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933, and

Italy withdrew in 1937. Finally the League expelled the Soviet Union in 1939 after the invasion of Finland.

• The "Spirit of Locarno" emerged from a 1925 meeting in Locorno, Switzerland, a spirit which supposedly indicated that the major powers intended to try to settle future differences peaceably.

• "Camp shows" featuring major celebrities of the era became extremely popular forms of entertainment.

Disarming



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•

Many women took jobs in factories that directly supported the war effort as well as filling jobs vacated by men who had entered military service.


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Labor in Wartime

•

The unemployment problem ended in the United States with the preparations leading up to World War II.

• Greater wartime production created millions of new jobs, while the draft reduced the number of young men available for civilian jobs. The demand for labor was so great that millions of retired people, housewives, and students entered the labor force, lured by patriotism and wages.

• Women also joined the workforce to replace men who had joined the forces, though in fewer numbers. "Rosie the Riveter" became the symbol of women laboring in manufacturing.

• The war mobilization changed the relationship of the Congress of Industrial

Organizations (CIO) with both employers and the national government. Both the

CIO and the larger American Federation of Labor (AFL) grew rapidly in the war years.

• In 1942, Mexico and the U.S. formed a labor agreement under the Bracero

Program, in which Mexican workers came to work in U.S. agricultural fields.

•

Italian and German prisoners of war were also used as laborers in the United

States.

Working Riveter



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•

Child labor laws in many states changed, allowing teenagers to work in factories.

• Unions grew in power during the war, though strikes became less common and less tumultuous.


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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > Social Effects of the War


• Social Effects of the War

• Mobilization and the Development of the West

• Changing Roles for Women

• African Americans in WWII

• Hispanics in the Labor Force

• Native Americans and the War Effort

• Internment of Japanese Americans

• Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election

• Reaction to the Holocaust





•

Economic prosperity during and after the war furnished the conditions for a sharp increase in the birth rate known as the Baby Boom.

• During the war, hundreds of thousands of women served across all branches of the United States Armed Forces.

Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS)



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Mobilization and the Development of the West

•

The domestic war effort in the United States swept millions of women into the workforce.

• During the war, hundreds of thousands of women served across all branches of the United States Armed Forces.

•

Nineteen million American women filled out the home front labor force, not only as

"Rosie the Riveters" in war factory jobs, but in transportation, agricultural, and office work of every variety.

•

In all, 350,000 American women served in the U.S. military during World War II.

World War II also marked racial milestones for women in the military.

Rosie the Riveter



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Changing Roles for Women

•

During the war, hundreds of thousands of women served across all branches of the United States Armed Forces.

• More than 150 thousand women served as WACs during the war, and thousands were sent to the European and Pacific theaters.

•

U.S. women also performed many kinds of non-military service in organizations such as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), American Red Cross, and the

United Service Organizations (USO).

Women at Work on the Home Front, World War

II



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African Americans in WWII

•

While racial tensions and discrimination persisted, African Americans were able to serve during the war and take advantage of the G.I. Bill upon its conclusion.

• Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by President

Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

• Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. served as commander of the famed Tuskegee Airmen during the War. He later went on to become the first African American general in the United States Air Force.

•

In 1944, the Golden Thirteen became the Navy's first African American commissioned officers.

• The Port Chicago disaster on July 17, 1944, was an explosion of about 2,000 tons of ammunition as it was being loaded onto ships by black Navy soldiers under pressure from their white officers to hurry.

Tuskegee Airmen



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Hispanics in the Labor Force

•

The three largest Hispanic groups in the United States are Mexican Americans,

Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. Some Hispanics prefer to be known as

"Latinos".

• Hispanic Americans fought in every major battle in the European Theatre of World

War II in which the armed forces of the United States were involved, from North

Africa to the Battle of the Bulge, and in the Pacific Theater of Operations, from

Bataan to Okinawa.

•

Unlike African Americans who served during the war, Hispanic soldiers were not segregated into separate groups, though there were heavily Hispanic units.

• With the creation of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), predecessor of the Women's Army Corps (WAC), and the U.S. Navy Women Accepted for

Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), women could attend to certain administrative duties left open by the men who were reassigned to combat zones.

Puerto Rican Soldiers in WWII


• Hispanic Americans who lived in the mainland benefited from the sudden economic boom as a result of the war, and the doors opened for many of the migrants who were searching for jobs.

•

During World War II, the broad changes in the role of women caused by a need for labor on the home front affected the role of Hispanic women, who worked as secretaries and nurses, helped build airplanes, made ammunition in factories, and


worked in shipyards.

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Native Americans and the War Effort

•

Native American men enlisted at a disproportionate rate relative to other

American ethnic groups, bringing a historically isolated people into contact with mainstream American culture.

• Described as the first large-scale exodus of indigenous peoples from the reservations since the removals of the 19th century, the men's service with the

US military in the international conflict was a turning point in Native American history.

•

Perhaps the most significant change that Natives experienced was the opportunity

—as a result of wartime labor shortages—to find well-paying work in cities, and many people relocated to urban areas, particularly on the West Coast with the buildup of the defense industry.

•

American Indian veterans encountered varying degrees of success in re-entering civilian life after World War II. Some returned to the reservation, where economic opportunities were bleak.

• The Navajo viewed their veterans as a positive force, whose service and contact in the war portended progress for the tribe.

General MacArthur with Native American troops



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Internment of Japanese Americans

•

Relocation and internment occurred in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on

Pearl Harbor; Japan's rapid military conquest of a large portion of Asia and the

Pacific made its military forces seem unstoppable to some Americans.

• In February 1942, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the designation of military areas and paving the way for the eventual internment of

Japanese-Americans.

• Concerns over the loyalty of ethnic Japanese seemed to stem from racial prejudice rather than evidence of actual malfeasance, and there is evidence that the internment was racially motivated rather than a military necessity.

• In 1944, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Korematsu vs. United

States, holding that the exclusion and internment process was generally constitutional.

•

Internees lost irreplaceable personal property; a number of persons died or suffered for lack of medical care, and several were killed by sentries.

Psychological injury included depression, feelings of helplessness and personal insecurity.

•

In 1988, Congress passed and President Ronald Reagan signed legislation which apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. Government.

Japanese-Americans awaiting "relocation"



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Wartime Politics and the 1944 Election

•

While in the midst of the war, President Roosevelt was re-elected in 1944 to his fourth term.

• This was the last election in which a Democrat carried every Southern state, and was the first election in which one of the candidates was born in the 20th century.

•

Roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of the campaign.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term in office in the election of 1944



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Reaction to the Holocaust

•

The Evian Conference was a conference convened at the behest of Franklin

Roosevelt to discuss the issue of Jewish refugees.

• Harold Ickes, Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior, devised a proposal to settle

Jewish refugees in Alaska. Despite some political support, the proposal ultimately went nowhere.

• The Bermuda Conference led to no change in policy; the Americans would not change their immigration quotas to accept the refugees, and the British would not alter its immigration policy to permit them to enter Palestine.

U.S. policy towards Jewish refugees was exposed as callous in the MS St. Louis



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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > The War in Germany

The War in Germany

• The Allied Drive Toward Berlin

• War Aims and Strategy

• The North Africa Campaign

• The Battle of the Atlantic

• Sicily and Italy

• The Strategic Bombing of Europe

• The Tehran Meeting

• D-Day and After

• Slowing Momentum




The Allied Drive Toward Berlin

•

Germany's last major offensive was the unsuccessful Battle of the Bulge.

• Allied forces were easily able to overcome the weakened German Army in early

1945 and soon pushed to the Rhine river along most of the front.

•

The Soviet Army provided support to the Allies on the Eastern Front, further crippling the German forces.

• General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the Allied

Expeditionary Force in 1945.

• The crucial elements of the final successful Allied campaign on the Western Front were the crossing of the Rhine, the encirclement and reduction of the Ruhr, and the sweep to the Elbe-Mulde line and the Alps.

• By April 1945, the Third Reich had no chance of success.

Final positions of Allied armies in Europe



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War Aims and Strategy

•

During the War, the Allies formulated a war strategy in a series of high-profile conferences, as well as contact through diplomatic and military channels.

• The "Big Three" consisted of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and

Joseph Stalin.

•

Together with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, the Big Three cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the

West; Soviet troops fought on the eastern front; and Chinese, British and

American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific.

•

FDR responded to public pressure and departed from his policy of Germany first to devote more effort against Japan; in October 1942, Roosevelt redirected armaments to Guadalcanal to impede the Japanese Pacific offensive.

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek




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The North Africa Campaign

•

The North African Campaign included campaigns fought in the Libyan and

Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign); in Morocco and Algeria (Operation

Torch); and Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign).

• The Italian declaration of war on June 10, 1940 launched the conflict in North

Africa.

• This conflict climaxed with the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942, which resulted in a decisive victory for the Allied forces against the German-Italian army.

•

In November 1942, Allied forces attacked Vichy-controlled French North Africa in

Operation Torch, gaining control of Morocco, Oran and Algiers.

• In late 1942, the Tunisia campaign was launched, and in May 1943 the Axis forces in Tunisia, overwhelmed by combined British-American armies, surrendered.

• Allied victories in North Africa set the stage for the invasion of Italy.

War in North Africa: The Tunisian Campaign




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•

In May 1943 the Axis forces in Tunisia, overwhelmed by combined British-American armies, surrendered.

• Allied victories in North Africa set the stage for the invasion of Italy.



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The Battle of the Atlantic

•

In the Battle of the Atlantic, the Germans attempted to cut off British access to supplies by sea.

• Italy supported Germany with submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia

Marina) after entering the war on June 10, 1940.

•

British and Canadian forces formed convoys to protect merchant ships in the

Atlantic, and were supported by the United States after September 1941.

• New technologies (new weapons, radar, advances in cryptanalysis) played a vital role in the success of the Allies.

•

Though the German blockade ultimately failed, the Allies suffered tremendous losses in this battle.

Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer keep a sharp look out for enemy submarines, October 1941.




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Sicily and Italy

•

In 1943, the Allied invasion of Sicily, Operation Husky, launched the Italian

Campaign.

• The Allies suffered almost 25,000 casualties in the Sicily campaign.

•

In July 1943, a coup deposed Benito Mussolini as head of the Italian government.

•

By October 1943, all of Southern Italy was controlled by the Allies.

• German forces in Italy surrendered in May 1945.

• The Italian campaign was the most costly campaign in western Europe in terms of lives lost and wounds suffered by infantry forces.

Allied Invasion of Sicily




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The Strategic Bombing of Europe

•

Strategic bombing was often imprecise and targets were frequently missed.

• Allied attacks on German oil refineries, production, and tank farms were highly effective and aided in the collapse of Germany.

•

The real significance of the Allied strategic bombing campaign was Germany's forced resource re-allocation.

• Over 60,000 British were killed by German bombs, known as the Blitz, and over

67,000 French were killed by US-UK bombing in France.

The firebombing of Dresden, Germany




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The Tehran Meeting

•

Although all three of the leaders arrived with differing objectives, the main outcome of the Tehran conference was the commitment to the opening of a second front against Nazi Germany by the Western Allies.

• The conference also addressed relations between the Allies and Turkey and Iran, operations in Yugoslavia, Japan, and plans for the post-war settlement. A separate protocol signed at the conference pledged the Big Three's recognition of

Iran's independence.

•

Furthermore, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed that the nations in league with the Axis powers would be divided into territories to be controlled by the

USSR, the U.S., and the UK.

• Stalin demanded that Eastern part of Poland to be added to the USSR after the war, and for the border to be lengthened elsewhere in the country. Roosevelt and

Churchill agreed to this demand, despite protests of the Polish government-inexile in London.

• Churchill and Roosevelt also consented to the USSR setting up puppet communist governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states, Romania, and other Eastern European countries which would result in the genesis of the

Cold War.

The Tehran Conference




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D-Day and After

•

The landings commenced on Tuesday, June 6, 1944 (D-Day) beginning at 6:3 am

British Double Summer Time. In planning, as for most Allied operations, the term

D-Day was used for the day of the actual landing, which was dependent on final approval.

•

A key to the success of the operation was to convince Adolf Hitler that the landings would actually occur to the north at the Pas-de-Calais. There were also decoy operations, Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable, taking place simultaneously with the landings.

•

Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces was General Dwight

Eisenhower while overall command of ground forces (21st Army Group) was given to General Bernard Montgomery.

•

The beaches at Normandy are still referred to on maps and signposts by their invasion codenames. There are several vast cemeteries in the area. The

American cemetery in Colleville-sur-Mer contains rows of identical white crosses and Stars of David commemorating the American dead.

D-Day: The Normandy Invasion




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Slowing Momentum

•

Waged from July 1942 to February 1943, between the Soviet Union and

Germany, the Battle of Stalingrad represented a major defeat for the Axis forces.

• As of 1942, Germany was significantly weakened by Allied bombing of Germany, which killed thousands of civilians.

•

In June 1944, Allied D-Day landings in Normandy, France established the western front.

• Following the successful Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944, the Red

Army of Soviet forces were in Poland.

•

In the spring of 1945, the Soviet Union defeated Germany in the Battle of Berlin, the final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II.

Turning Point in North Africa: The Battle of El

Alamein




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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > The War in the Pacific

The War in the Pacific

• Leapfrogging to Tokyo

• The Defeat of Japan

• Macarthur in New Guinea

• Nimitz in the Central Pacific

• The Battle of Leyte Gulf




Leapfrogging to Tokyo

•

Leapfrogging, or "island hopping," was the Allied strategy employed against the

Japanese in the Pacific Theater, and involved bypassing fortified positions by focusing on strategically important islands.

• Leapfrogging allowed Allied forces to focus on gaining Japan and not every single one of its islands.

• McArthur eventually ignored the leapfrogging principle after capturing the

Philippines.

Chester W. Nimitz, U.S. commander of the

Pacific theater during World War II



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The Defeat of Japan

•

The surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 brought the hostilities of World

War II to a close.

• The state of war between Japan and the United States formally ended when the

Treaty of San Francisco came into effect on April 28, 1952.

•

Japanese policy-making centered on the Supreme Council for the Direction of the

War, the so-called "Big Six" —the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs,

Minister of the Army, Minister of the Navy, Chief of the Army General Staff, and

Chief of the Navy General Staff.

The Potsdam Conference




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Macarthur in New Guinea

•

At the Pacific Military Conference in March 1943, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved Gen. Douglas MacArthur's plan for Operation Cartwheel, the advance on Rabaul.

• The Americans, tired and depleted from previous fighting, were substituted for the

Australians, who started with the invasion of Le.

• MacArthur's surprise raid against the Japanese ended in light casualties and a win for the Allies.

MacArthur in New Guinea




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Nimitz in the Central Pacific

•

Ten days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Chester W. Nimitz was selected

Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CinCPAC), with the rank of admiral.

• As rapidly as ships, men, and material became available, Nimitz shifted to the offensive and defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the pivotal Battle of Midway, and in the Solomon Islands Campaign.

• Fleet Admiral Nimitz culminated his long-range strategy by successful amphibious assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

•

On September 2, 1945, Nimitz signed for the United States when Japan formally surrendered on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz




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The Battle of Leyte Gulf

•

The Battle of Leyte Gulf was fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte,

Samar, from October 23rd - 26th, 1944, between combined US and Australian forces and the Imperial Japanese Navy.

• United States troops invaded the island of Leyte as part of a strategy aimed at isolating Japan from the countries it had occupied in South East Asia.

• The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion, but was repulsed by the

US Navy.

•

The Battle consisted of four separate engagements: the Battle of the Sibuyan

Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle of Cape Engaño, and the Battle off

Samar, as well as other actions.

• The Battle is notable as the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks, requiring the suicide of the attacker in order to carry out the mission.

Kamikaze strikes were first used by the

Japanese in the Battle of Leyte Gulf




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From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943 > The End of WWII

The End of WWII

• The End of the War

• Roosevelt's Fourth Term

• Converging Military Fronts

• Yalta and the Postwar World

• Yalta's Legacy

• The Collapse of Nazi Germany

• A Grinding War Against Iran

• The Atomic Bomb

• The Final Ledger of Deaths




The End of the War

•

Following Germany's surrender, May 8, 1945 was declared V-E Day, in recognition of the Allied victory in Europe.

• The Nuremberg Trials, held in Germany between 1945 and 1946, were a series of military tribunals in which Nazi leaders were tried for their actions during the war.

•

Convened on April 29, 1946, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East

(Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal) tried and charged nearly 6,000 Japanese political and military leaders for their actions during the war.

Soviet flag flies over Berlin after Nazi defeat



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Roosevelt's Fourth Term

•

Franklin Roosevelt died of a massive stroke on April 12, 1945.

• During his tenure in office, Roosevelt appointed eight justices to the Supreme

Court, more than any other president save George Washington.

•

Despite some advances on the legal freedoms accorded to African Americans,

Roosevelt's decision to intern Japanese Americans during World War II left him with a mixed reputation on civil rights.

• The rapid expansion of government programs that occurred during Roosevelt's term redefined the role of the government in the United States, and Roosevelt's advocacy of government social programs was instrumental in redefining liberalism for coming generations.

• Many members of his administration played leading roles in the administrations of

Truman, Kennedy and Johnson, each of whom embraced Roosevelt's political legacy.

FDR's Funeral Procession




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Converging Military Fronts

•

The Battle of Kursk was the last major offensive mounted by Germany in the east.

After an initial attack, the Nazi forces were repelled by the Soviet Red Army. The

Soviet victory gave them an advantage in the Eastern Front and signaled the downfall of Germany.

•

The Battle of Changde was a costly war of attrition between China and Japan.

• On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Western Allies invaded northern France and began the series of engagements that would lead to defeat of Germany in France.

•

At the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union agreed to join the war against Japan.

•

Following Hitler's suicide on April 30, 1945, German forces surrendered unconditionally.

• At the Potsdam Conference, the Allied leaders demanded unconditional surrender of Japan; when Japan ignored those demands, the United States dropped two atomic bombs, bringing about its surrender and ending the Second World War.

D-Day invasion




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Yalta and the Postwar World

•

At the Yalta Conference, Franklin Roosevelt was seeking Soviet support in the

Pacific Theater, where the United States was still fighting Japan.

• Winston Churchill hoped to secure free elections and democratic governments in

Eastern and Central Europe.

•

Joseph Stalin wanted to secure the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern and

Central Europe, an essential aspect of the USSR's national security strategy.

• One of the main agreements at Yalta was that liberated European and former

Axis countries would be reorganized democratically and hold free elections.

The Big Three at Yalta




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Yalta's Legacy

•

After the agreement at Yalta, Stalin led the effort to influence and control Eastern

European countries, making them satellite states of the Soviet Union.

• To the dismay of the Allied powers, Stalin began to install a communist government in Poland.

•

Stalin annexed other nations and added them to the communist sphere of influence, thus helping spread hegenomic tensions.

Map of Poland, 1945




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The Collapse of Nazi Germany

•

During the Battle of Berlin (16 April 1945

– 2 May 1945), Hitler and key staff members lived in the armored, underground Führerbunker. Above ground, the

Red Army fought remnant forces composed of the German army, Hitler Youth and

Waffen-SS for control of the ruined capital city of Nazi Germany.

•

On 30 April 1945, after Soviet troops overcame intense street-to-street combat in

Berlin and managed to surround the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in his Führerbunker.

•

From 4

–8 May 1945, most of the remaining German armed forces throughout

Europe surrendered unconditionally. This was the end of World War II in Europe.

American soldiers cross the Siegfried Line, 1945




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A Grinding War Against Iran

•

In the 1941 Operation Countenance, Allied powers invaded Iran to secure its oil fields in order to ensure an uninterrupted supply line for the Allies.

• Following the invasion, Iran was quickly defeated and Prime Minister Reza Shah was replaced by Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, a leader amenable to Allied interests.

•

The new Shah signed a Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the Soviet Union in

January 1942, under which Iran provided nonmilitary assistance to the Allied war effort. In September 1943, Iran declared war on Germany, qualifying for membership in the United Nations.

•

Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May, 1946 following Iran's official complaint to the newly-formed United Nations Security Council. However, the UNSC took no direct steps in pressuring the Soviets to withdraw.

British and Soviets invade Iran



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The Atomic Bomb

•

The Manhattan Project, beginning in 1939 and costing $2 billion by its conclusion in 1946, was the research and development program that produced the atomic bomb.

• On August 15, 1945, six days after a second atomic bomb destroyed the

Japanese city of Nagasaki, Japan surrendered.

• The Manhattan Project operated under a blanket of tight security, but Soviet atomic spies still penetrated the program.

•

The two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan are the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date.

• Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed

90,000 –166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day.

The Atomic Bomb's devastation




209/the-atomic-bomb-1157-



The Final Ledger of Deaths

•

With over 60 million people killed, World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history.

• Military casualties include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action

(MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity.

• Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims,

Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, other War Crimes and deaths due to war related famine and disease.

•

Total military dead ranges from 22 - 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war, while civilians killed totaled from 40 - 52 million, including 13 - 20 million from war-related disease and famine.

WWII Deaths




209/the-final-ledger-of-deaths-1158-


Appendix


From Isolation to World War II: 1930-1943

Key terms

• air raid

An attack on a ground target by military aircraft, especially when dropping bombs.

• America First The America First Committee (AFC) was the foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. Started in 1940, it shut down after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

• American Neutrality Act The Neutrality Acts were laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia eventually leading to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

• Arsenal of Democracy

"The Arsenal of Democracy" was a slogan coined by President Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. "The great arsenal of democracy" came to specifically reference

America and its industrial machine, as the primary military supplier for the Allied war effort.

• Atlantic Charter A pivotal policy statement first issued in August 1941 that defined the Allied goals for the post-war world.

• auxiliary Helping; giving assistance or support.

• Axis Expansion Axis expansion refers to the early 1940s when the Axis reached its maximal expansion. Axis-controlled territory included western Europe (excluding Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), Norway, Finland, Eastern Europe,

North Africa, Southern Indochina, and part of China.

• baby boom The increase in the birth rate following the return of servicemen at the end of World War II.

• Bataan Death March The Bataan Death March which took place in 1942 was the forcible transfer, by the Imperial Japanese

Army, of 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines during World

War II, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of prisoners, two battalions made up primarily of Hispanics included.

• Battle of Berlin

The Battle of Berlin, designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, was the final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II during which the Red Army breached the German front.

• Battle of Britain A series of air engagements between the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the German Luftwaffe during World

War II for air superiority over the U.K. prior to any German invasion of the islands.

• Battle of Changde A major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War in and around the Chinese city of Changde in the province of Hunan. During the battle, Japan extensively used biological and chemical weapons. The purpose of the Japanese


• Battle of Leyte Gulf

A World War II battle in the Pacific theater fought in waters near the Philippine islands of Leyte, Samar from

23 –26 October 1944, between combined US and Australian forces and the Imperial Japanese Navy.

• Battle of Midway

The Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World

War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and one month after the Battle of the

Coral Sea, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet.

• Battle of Shanghai The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the 22 major engagements fought between the National

Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army of the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-

Japanese War. It was one of the largest and bloodiest battles of the entire war.

• Battle of Stalingrad A major and decisive battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in southwestern Russia.

• Battle of the Coral Sea The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 –8, 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.

Although a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, the battle would prove to be a strategic victory for the Allies.

• Battle of the Coral Sea The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4 –8, 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.


• Battle of the Coral Sea

The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from May 4

–8, 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia.


• Big Six

The "Big Six"

—the Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Army, Minister of the Navy, Chief of the

Army General Staff, and Chief of the Navy General Staff--comprised the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War after

1944.

• blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg during World War II was the German tactical and operational methodology that was often hailed as a new method of warfare. It is associated with a series of quick and decisive short battles to deliver a knockout blow to an enemy before it could fully mobilize.

• Board of Economic Warfare The Board of Economic Warfare was the successor of the Economic Defense Board, and was meant to develop policies and programs to strengthen U.S. international economic relations.


• Cash and Carry

Cash and carry was a policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on September 21, 1939 to replace the Neutrality Acts of 1936. The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients


• Charity Adams Earley

Charity Edna Adams Earley was the first African American woman to be an officer in the Women's Army

Auxiliary Corps (later WACS) and was the commanding officer of the first battalion of African American women to serve overseas during WWII.

• Chester W. Nimitz (1885 –1966) a five-star admiral of the United States Navy. He held the dual command of Commander in

Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for United States and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II.[ 1] He was the leading U.S. Navy authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation in 1939. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) from until 1947. He was the United States' last surviving Fleet Admiral.

• Chiang Kai-Shek

A 20th-century Chinese political and military leader. Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang

(KMT), or the Chinese Nationalist Party. In the Chinese civil war, the KMT fought against the Communist Party of China (CPC).

The CPC defeated the Nationalists in 1949, forcing Chiang's government to retreat to Taiwan. After evacuating to Taiwan,

Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. The US recognized the KMT as the legitimate government of China, rather than recognize the CPC.

• Chiang Kai-Shek Chiang Kai-shek, a political and military leader of 20th century China, was an influential member of the

Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), becoming the leader of the KMT in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader. He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948.

• Churchill's Yalta Agenda At Yalta, Churchill pressed for free elections and democratic governments in Eastern and Central

Europe (specifically Poland).

• Civil Air Patrol Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a Congressionally chartered, federally supported, non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force. During World War II, CAP was seen as a way to use America's civilian aviation resources to aid the war effort instead of grounding them.

• Civil Defense Corps The Civil Defense Corps, run by the Office of Civilian Defense, organized approximately 10 million volunteers to fight fires, decontaminate after chemical weapon attacks, provide first aid, and other duties.

• Code Talkers "Code talkers" during World War II usually refers to the 400 Native American Marines who served in the United

States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages. The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. These codes were never broken.


• Conservative Manifesto The Conservative Manifesto was a position statement drafted in 1937 by a bipartisan coalition of conservative politicians. Those involved in its creation included opponents of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal as well


• Dawes Plan

The Dawes Plan was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics in the wake of the Ruhr occupation and the hyperinflation crisis. It provided for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. Intended as an interim measure; the Young Plan replaced it in 1929.

• Destroyers for Bases The Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom in September

2, 1940, transferred fifty World War I era destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions.

• Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the thirty-fourth President of the United States from 1953 until 1961.

He was previously a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the

Allied Forces in Europe. He had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in

1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45, from the Western Front.

• Evian Conference The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of President Roosevelt in July 1938 to discuss the issue of increasing numbers of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. With both the United States and Britain refusing to take in substantial numbers of Jews and most of the other participating countries following suit, the result was that the Jews had no escape and were ultimately subject to what was known as Hitler's "Final Solution to the Jewish Question".

• executive order 9066 United States Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.

• Executive Order 9981

Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

• Germany first

Germany first was the key element of the grand strategy agreed upon by the United States and the United

Kingdom during World War II. According to this policy, the United States and the United Kingdom would use the preponderance of their resources to subdue Nazi Germany in Europe first while fighting a holding action against Japan in the Pacific, using fewer resources.

• Guadalcanal Guadalcanal is a tropical island in the Southwestern Pacific. During 1942-43 it was the scene of bitter fighting between Japanese and American troops; the American forces were ultimately victorious.

• Guadalcanal Campaign The Guadalcanal Campaign was a military campaign fought between August 7, 1942 and February 9,

1943 on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan, and was a significant strategic combined arms victory by Allied forces over the Japanese in


the Pacific theater.


• Holy See

The episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent see of the

Catholic Church. It is also the sovereign entity headed by the Pope which governs the Vatican and represents the Catholic

Church in temporal affairs.

• home front The civilian sphere as opposed to the military; or specifically, the civilian sphere which supports a military effort.

• International Conference of American States The International Conference of American States of 1938 adopted the Lima

Declaration and reinforced inter-American solidarity.

• international law International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations. It serves as the indispensable framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations.

• internment camp A governmental euphemism for a concentration camp, especially a non-Nazi one from before or during WWII; a detention center; a relocation camp.

• Invasion of Normandy

The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II. It was the largest amphibious operation ever to take place.

• Italian Campaign

The Italian Campaign of World War II consisted of the Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe in May 1945. Overall, Allied casualties during the campaign totaled about 320,000 and the corresponding Axis figure was about 336,650 making the Italian Campaign the costliest campaign in western Europe during the war in terms of lives lost and wounds suffered by infantry forces.

• Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from May 6, 1941 until his death on March 5,

1953. Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the Russian Revolution in 1917, Stalin held the position of

General Secretary of the party's Central Committee from 1922 until his death.

• kamikaze An attack requiring the suicide of the one carrying it out, especially when done with an aircraft.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on August 27, 1928.

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on August 27, 1928.

• Korematsu vs. United States Korematsu v. United States was a 1944 landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning

In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional.


• Kriegsmarine

The Kriegsmarine (War Navy) was the name of the German Navy from 1935 to 1945; most of the period of Nazi rule. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

• Kriegsmarine

The Kriegsmarine (War Navy) was the name of the German Navy from 1935 to 1945; most of the period of Nazi rule. The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

• Lateran Treaty The Lateran Treaty was one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See. The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent sovereignty to the Holy See; in return, the Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties.

• League of Nations An international organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the first World

War. Proposed by Wilson, its goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy, and improving global quality of life. The U.S. never joined the League.





• Leapfrogging

Leapfrogging, or "island hopping," was the Allied strategy employed against the Japanese in the Pacific Theater, and involved bypassing fortified positions by focusing on strategically important islands.

• Lend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act was the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the

Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and 1945. It was signed into law on

March 11, 1941, a year and a half after the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September 1939 but nine months before the

U.S. entered the war in December 1941 however it effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality.

• Luftwaffe

The German air force until the end of the Second World War.

• Luftwaffe The German air force until the end of the Second World War.

• Manhattan Project

A research and development program, led by the United States with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada, that produced the first atomic bomb during World War II.

• Mao Zedong Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, anti-imperialist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding


• Midway Battle

The Battle of Midway is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World

War II. Between June 4 and 7, 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet.

• Nagasaki A large city in Western Kyushu, in Japan; it was annihilated by the second military use of the atomic bomb on August

9, 1945.

• Nanking Massacre

The Nanking Massacre, or the Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder and rape that occurred during the sixweek period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China, on

December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this period, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army and widespread rape and looting also occurred. It is estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 people were killed.

• Nazi Party

The National Socialist German Workers' Party or the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany between 1920 and

1945. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric; however, in the

1930s the party's focus shifted to anti-Marxist and anti-Semitic themes.

• Neutrality Acts

The Neutrality Acts were laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

• New Deal The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936 during

Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.

• Nuremberg Trials A series of military tribunals held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of defeated Nazi Germany. The indictments were for participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of a crime against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace; war crimes; and crimes against humanity.

• nuremberg tribunal

The Nuremberg Trials was a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany, in 1945

–46, at the Palace of Justice.

• Office of Price Administration The Office of Price Administration (OPA) was established within the Office for Emergency

Management of the United States government on August 28, 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money

(price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II.


• Operation Cartwheel Operation Cartwheel (1943 –1944) was a major military strategy for the Allies in the Pacific theater of


• Operation Torch

Operation Torch was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North

African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.

• Pan-Americanism

Pan-Americanism is a movement which, through diplomatic, political, economic and social means, seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, associations, and cooperation between the states of the Americas in common interests.

• Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base in Hawaii and is the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II.

• Presidential election of 1944 The United States presidential election of 1944 took place during World War II, and President

Roosevelt had been in office longer than any other president but remained popular. His Republican opponent in 1944 was New

York Governor Thomas E. Dewey. Dewey ran an energetic campaign, but as expected, Roosevelt prevailed.

• Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918

–1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union and by the 1930s, the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.

• Rhine The Rhine is the longest river in Germany.

• Roosevelt's Yalta Agenda

At Yalta, Roosevelt's agenda was to get Soviet support in the U.S. Pacific War against Japan, specifically to invade Japan.

• Rosie the Riveter Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military.

• Rosie the Riveter

Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who were in the military.

• Ruhr A branch of the river Rhine and its basin.

• satellite states A satellite state (sometimes referred to as a client state) is a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country. The term was coined by analogy to planetary objects orbiting a larger object, such as smaller moons revolving around larger planets, and is used mainly to refer

As used for Central and Eastern European countries, it implies that the countries in question were "satellites" under the hegemony of the Soviet Union.


• Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War, which took place from July 7, 1937 to September 2, 1945, was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It was the largest Asian war in the

20th century and it made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, if the 1937

–1941 period is taken into account.

• Sicily Campaign The Allied invasion of Sicily was a major World War II campaign in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis

(Italy and Nazi Germany). It was a large scale amphibious and airborne operation, followed by six weeks of land combat, launching the Italian Campaign.

• Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly 1,000 islands. Some of the most intense fighting of World War II occurred in the Solomons, particularly the most significant of the

Allied Forces' operations against the Japanese Imperial Forces, which were launched on August 7, 1942, with simultaneous naval bombardments and amphibious landings on the Florida Islands at Tulagi and Red Beach on Guadalcanal.

• Spirit of Locarno

The "spirit of Locarno" was the hope for international peace during the interwar period that came as a result of the Locarno Treaties. This spirit was seen in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty, to promote world peace and cooperation, and in the subsequent withdrawal of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland.

• Spirit of Locarno The "spirit of Locarno" was the hope for international peace during the interwar period that came as a result of the Locarno Treaties. This spirit was seen in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty, to promote world peace and cooperation, and in the subsequent withdrawal of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland.

• Stalin's Yalta Agenda

At Yalta, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Eastern and Central Europe, an essential aspect of the USSR's national security strategy.

• Surrender of Japan

The surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 brought the hostilities of World War II to a close.

• Tehran Conference The Tehran Conference was a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and

Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943 held in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran and was the first of the

World War II conferences between all of the "Big Three" Allied leaders. Although all three of the leaders present arrived with differing objectives, the main outcome of the Tehran Conference was the commitment to the opening of a second front against

Nazi Germany by the Western Allies.

• The Battle of Kursk A battle during World War II in the vicinity of the city of Kursk, (450 kilometers / 280 miles south of Moscow) in the Soviet Union in July and August 1943. It remains both the largest series of armored clashes, including the Battle of

Prokhorovka, and the costliest single day of aerial warfare in history. It was the final strategic offensive the Germans were able


to mount in the east. The resulting decisive Soviet victory gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the war.


• tonnage

The total shipping capacity of a fleet or nation.

• torpedo A cylindrical explosive projectile that can travel underwater and is used as a weapon.

• Treaty of San Francisco The Treaty of Peace with Japan (commonly known as the Treaty of San Francisco or San Francisco

Peace Treaty), between Japan and part of the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, at the

War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, United States. It came into force on April 28, 1952. This treaty served to end officially World War II, to end formally Japan's position as an imperial power, and to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. This treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.

• Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand.





• Tripartite Pact

The Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of

World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo

Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburo Kurusu).

• Tripartite Pact

The Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of

World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo

Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburo Kurusu).

• Tulagi

Tulagi is a small island in the Solomon Islands, just off the south coast of Florida Island. The Japanese occupied Tulagi on May 3, 1942, with the intention of setting up a seaplane base nearby; however, the ships in Tulagi harbor were raided by planes from the USS Yorktown the following day in a prelude to the Battle of Coral Sea.

• Tunisia Campaign The Tunisia Campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African Campaign of the Second World Was, between Axis and Allied forces.


• Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces.

The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to racial discrimination, both within and outside the army, despite these adversities,


• United States Army Air Forces

The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II, and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the

German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army until the United States Air Force came into being in

September 1947.

• V-E Day

Victory-Europe Day, May 8, 1945, marking Allies' victory in Europe.

• war bond A type of savings bond used by nations to help fund war efforts.

• War Finance Committee

The War Finance Committee was in charge of supervising the sale of all war bonds.

• War Production Board The WPB was established as a government agency on January 16, 1942 by executive order of

President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its purpose was to regulate the production of materials and fuel during World War II in the

United States and to convert peacetime industries into wartime ones.

• War Production Board The WPB was established as a government agency on January 16, 1942 by executive order of

President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its purpose was to regulate the production of materials and fuel during World War II in the

United States and to convert peacetime industries into wartime ones.

• Wehrmacht The German armed forces from 1935 to 1945.

• Western Desert Campaign

The Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War, was the initial stage of the North

African Campaign during the Second World War.

• Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940 –45 and 1951–55).

• Women during the war

Women staffed millions of jobs in community service roles, such as nursing, the USO, and Red Cross.

The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) mobilized 1000 civilian women to fly new warplanes from the factories to airfields located on the east coast of the U.S.

• Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference, held February 4

–11, 1945, was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the US, the UK, and the Soviet Union, represented by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing

Europe's post-war reorganization. The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn

Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial.


• Young Plan

The Young Plan was a program for settlement of German reparation debts after World War I, written in 1929 and


Nazis on the Rise

Nazi march in Germany in 1935.


Wikipedia.

"Nazi Germany." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany View on Boundless.com


Rosie the Riveter

"Rosie the Riveter", working on an A-31 "Vengeance" dive bomber. Tennessee, 1943.


Wikipedia.

"Rosie the Riveter (Vultee) DS." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosie_the_Riveter_(Vultee)_DS.jpg View on Boundless.com


Henry Stimson

U.S. Secretary of State who proposed the "Stimson Doctrine," or a nonrecognition of aggressive forces.


Wikipedia.

"Stimson Doctrine." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine View on Boundless.com


Senator Gerald Nye

Head of the Nye Committee, which eventually led to the Neutrality Acts in the late 1930s.


Wikipedia.

"Nye Committee." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nye_Committee View on Boundless.com


Marines in Nicaragua

Because of the "Good Neighbor" policy, the U.S. removed its marines from Nicaragua in 1934.


Wikimedia.

"5th Marines in Nicaragua." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5th_Marines_in_Nicaragua.jpg View on Boundless.com


Japanese Occupation - Map

Map showing the extent of Japanese control (purple) in 1940.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Japanese_Occupation_-_Map.jpg View on Boundless.com


Soviet flag flies over Berlin after Nazi defeat

After the Battle of Berlin, Soviet soldiers hoist the Soviet flag on the balcony of the Hotel Adlon in Berlin.


Wikipedia.

"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R77767, Berlin, Rotarmisten Unter den Linden." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-

R77767,_Berlin,_Rotarmisten_Unter_den_Linden.jpg View on Boundless.com


MacArthur in New Guinea

Left to right: Mr Frank Forde (Australian Minister for the Army); General Douglas MacArthur; General Sir Thomas Blamey; Lieutenant General George C.

Kenney; Lieutenant General Edmund Herring; Brigadier General Kenneth Walker.


Wikipedia.

"03 walker macarthur." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:03_walker_macarthur.jpg View on Boundless.com


Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American pilots in United States military history; they flew with distinction during World War II. Portrait of

Tuskegee airman Edward M. Thomas by photographer Toni Frissell, March 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Tuskegee airman2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuskegee_airman2.jpg View on Boundless.com


The firebombing of Dresden, Germany

Death and destruction in Dresden left by Allied firebombing.


Wikipedia.

"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-08778-0001, Dresden, Tote nach Bombenangriff." CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08778-0001,_Dresden,_Tote_nach_Bombenangriff.jpg View on Boundless.com


Women at work on the home front

A 1943 government film that shows how industries and factories were responding during World War Two to the need to hire and train new workers.




"Good friends in three countries"

A Japanese propaganda poster promoting the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy.


Wikipedia.

"Tripartite Pact." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact View on Boundless.com


Disarming

Following the Five-Power Naval Treaty, this picture shows guns from battleships and the battleship USS South Carolina begin dismantled.


Wikipedia.

"Five-Power Treaty." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Power_Treaty View on Boundless.com


Nimitz signs Japanese surrender

Tokyo Bay –-surrender of Japanese aboard USS Missouri. Admiral Chester Nimitz, representing the United States, signs the instrument of surrender,

September 2, 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Nimitz US 1945." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimitz_US_1945.jpg View on Boundless.com


Signing the Lend-Lease Act

FDR signs the Lend-Lease Act in 1941, marking greater U.S. involvement in WWII


Wikipedia.

"Lend-Lease." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease View on Boundless.com


Failure of the League

One of the primary goals of the League of Nations was disarmament; however, the League proved unsuccessful. Many argued that the League failed because it lacked the support of the United States.


Wikipedia.

"The Gap in the Bridge." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif View on Boundless.com


American soldiers cross the Siegfried Line, 1945

American soldiers breach the Siegfried Line, the defense system stretching more than 630 km (390 mi) to protect Germany from attack from the west


Wikipedia.

"Americans cross Siegfried Line." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg View on Boundless.com


Kamikaze strikes were first used by the Japanese in the Battle of Leyte Gulf

The escort carrier USS 'St. Lo' (CVE-63) explodes off Samar after being hit by a kamikaze aircraft, 25 October 1944.


Wikipedia.

"USS St Lo (CVE-63) 2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_St_Lo_(CVE-63)_2.jpg View on Boundless.com


Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer keep a sharp look out for enemy submarines, October

1941.

The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the German Navy, along with aircrafts of the German Air Force, against Allied merchant convoys.


Wikipedia.

"Officers on the bridge." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg View on Boundless.com


Weapons for Europe

The Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, manufacturing tanks for European defense.


Wikimedia.

"M3-lee-chrysler-arsenal-2." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M3-lee-chrysler-arsenal-2.jpg View on Boundless.com


Allied Invasion of Sicily

During the Allied invasion of Sicily, the SS Robert Rowan (Liberty ship K-40) explodes after being hit by a German Ju 88 bomber off of Gela, Sicily

(Italy).


Wikipedia.

"SC180476." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC180476.jpg View on Boundless.com


Pacific Theater Areas

Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942. Guadalcanal is located in the lower right center of the map.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas%253Bmap1.JPG View on Boundless.com


The Tehran Conference, 1943

Footage from the Tehran Conference




WWII Deaths

World War 2 was devastating for both the Allied and Axis nations. Five countries suffered the deaths of more than 10% of their population.


Wikipedia.

"World War II Casualties2." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties2.svg View on Boundless.com


The Tehran Conference

From left to right: Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill on the portico of the Russian Embassy during the Tehran Conference.


Wikipedia.

"Teheran conference-1943." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teheran_conference-1943.jpg View on Boundless.com


War in North Africa: The Tunisian Campaign

German Tiger I of the 501st heavy tank battalion in Tunisia.


Wikipedia.

"TigerITankTunis." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TigerITankTunis.jpg View on Boundless.com


Surrender of Japan, Tokyo Bay, 2 September 1945

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander, reading his speech to open the surrender ceremonies, on board USS Missouri

(BB-63)


Wikipedia.

"Japanese-surrender-mac-arthur-speaking-ac02716." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese-surrender-mac-arthur-speakingac02716.jpg View on Boundless.com


Women Join the Workforce

Women employed at Savannah Quartermaster Depot in Savannah, Georgia.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%2522..._women_employed_at_Savannah_Quartermaster_Depot%252C_Savannah%252C_Georgia.%2522%

252C_ca._1943_-_NARA_-_522887.jpg View on Boundless.com


D-Day invasion

Allied troops approaching Omaha Beach on "D-Day", 6 June 1944.


Wikipedia.

"Approaching Omaha." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg View on Boundless.com


Steel Mills

Pittsburgh was a primary source of steel and other tools of war, which the US provided as the "arsenal of democracy"


Wikimedia.

"Mill District - Pittsburgh." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_District_-_Pittsburgh.jpg View on Boundless.com


The Atomic Bomb's devastation

Photo of what became later Hiroshima Peace Memorial among the ruins of buildings in Hiroshima, in early October, 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Hiroshima Dome 1945." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif View on Boundless.com


British and Soviets invade Iran

The Iranian warship Babr (Tiger) after being shelled by the British sloop HMS Shoreham during the surprise attack on Iran, August 1941.


Wikipedia.

"Iranian Warship Babr." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iranian_Warship_Babr.jpg View on Boundless.com


Women at Work on the Home Front, World War II

To aid the war effort, women took over many jobs traditionally filled by men. This image shows a woman aircraft worker, Vega Aircraft Corporation,

Burbank, CA.


Wikipedia.

"Wwii woman worker-edit." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wwii_woman_worker-edit.jpg View on Boundless.com


Tuskegee Airmen

Tuskegee airmen at Ramitelli, Italy, March 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Tuskegee airmen 2." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuskegee_airmen_2.jpg View on Boundless.com


Turning the Tide in the Pacific

General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore at Leyte, Philippine Islands.


Wikipedia.

"Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg View on Boundless.com


The Big Three at Yalta

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin at Yalta.


Wikipedia.

"Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_summit_1945_with_Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin.jpg View on Boundless.com


Invasion of Manchuria

Japanese troops entering Mukden after the Mukden Incident.


Wikipedia.

"Second Sino-Japanese War." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War View on Boundless.com


Japanese-Americans awaiting "relocation"

"Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus. Identification tags are used to aid in keeping the family unit intact during all phases of evacuation. Mochida operated a nursery and five greenhouses on a two-acre site in Eden Township. He raised snapdragons and sweet peas. "


Wikipedia.

"File:Photograph of Members of the Mochida Family Awaiting Evacuation - NARA - 537505.tif - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photograph_of_Members_of_the_Mochida_Family_Awaiting_Evacuation_-_NARA_-_537505.tif&page=1 View on

Boundless.com


FDR's Funeral Procession

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's funeral procession with horse-drawn casket down Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., 14 April, 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Franklin Roosevelt funeral procession 1945." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_Roosevelt_funeral_procession_1945.jpg View on

Boundless.com


Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Nimitz was a five-star admiral of the United States Navy. He held the dual command of Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), for

U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for United States and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II.


Wikipedia.

"Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz portrait." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fleet_Admiral_Chester_W._Nimitz_portrait.jpg View on

Boundless.com


Turning Point in North Africa: The Battle of El Alamein

The British Army in North Africa, 1942. Infantry manning a sandbagged defensive position near El Alamein.


Wikipedia.

"1stAlameinBritDefense." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg View on Boundless.com


President Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term in office in the election of 1944

FDR defeated Thomas Dewey, Governor of Roosevelt's home state of New York, in the election of 1944.


Wikipedia.

"FDRin1942." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDRin1942.jpg View on Boundless.com


Imperial Japanese advances in the Southwest Pacific from December 1941 to April 1942

Map of Imperial Japanese advances in the Southwest Pacific and Southeast Asia areas during the first five months of the Pacific Campaign of World

War II.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg View on Boundless.com


War Poster for Tin Salvage

Tin salvage station, for empty collapsible metal tubes.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/TIN_SALVAGE_STATION%252C_FOR_EMPTY_COLLAPSIBLE_METAL_TUBES._THIS_TIN_WILL_BE_AL

LOCATED_BY_THE_WAR_PRODUCTION_BOARD._-_NARA_-_515830.tif View on Boundless.com


Mussolini and Hitler

Mussolini and Hitler in 1940. Under their leadership, Italy and Germany grew increasingly aggressive.


Wikipedia.

"Axis powers." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers#Italy View on Boundless.com


Give War Bonds

War propaganda for war bonds from the Office for Emergency Management.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/%2522Give_War_Bonds%2522_-_NARA_-_514400.jpg View on Boundless.com


Charles Lindbergh speaking at an AFC rally

Charles Lindbergh speaking at an America First Committee rally. He was an outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in WWII.


Wikimedia.

License: Other http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Amrally.jpg View on Boundless.com


Children waving German, Italian, and Japanese flags of 1938.

A Japanese propaganda poster for the Tripartite Pact: "Good friends in three countries". (left Adolf Hitler, center Fumimaro Konoe, right Benito Mussolini)


Wikipedia.

"1938 Naka yoshi sangoku." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_Naka_yoshi_sangoku.jpg View on Boundless.com


A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to 1942.

A map of the Japanese advance from 1937 to 1942.


Wikimedia.

CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Second_world_war_asia_1937-1942_map_en6.png View on Boundless.com


Failure of the League

One of the primary goals of the League of Nations was disarmament; however, the League proved unsuccessful. Many argued that the League failed because it lacked the support of the United States.


Wikipedia.

"The Gap in the Bridge." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gap_in_the_Bridge.gif View on Boundless.com


Eyes of the Home Skies, 1943

Civil Air Patrol poster produced for the Office of Civilian Defense, as part of a campaign to build interest in joining CAP during World War II.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/CAP_Eyes_of_the_Home_Skies_poster.jpg View on Boundless.com


Aristide Briand

French prime minister who co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact.


Wikipedia.

"Aristide Briand." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand View on Boundless.com


Kellogg-Briand Pact Signatories

The dark green states are original signatories to the Pact; light green are states that later signed; light blue are territories of states that had signed; and dark blue are League of Nations governed territories.


Wikipedia.

"Kellogg-briand pact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg-briand_pact View on Boundless.com


Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS)

350,000 American women served in the U.S. military during World War II, including these members of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).


Wikipedia.

"020927-o-9999A-002." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:020927-o-9999A-002.jpg View on Boundless.com


Nanking Massacre

Soldiers from the Japanese army entering Nanking in 1938, as part of Japan's incursion into China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.


Wikipedia.

"Nanking Massacre." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre View on Boundless.com


German forces, June 1943

The classic characteristic of "blitzkrieg" is a highly-mobile form of infantry and armor working in combined arms teams.


Wikipedia.

"Blitzkrieg." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg View on Boundless.com


Collage of the Battle of Midway

Top Left:Two Mitsubishi A6M2a Zero of the Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation in China (26 May 1941); Top Right: The Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu burning and sinking the morning after being bombed by U.S. aircraft during the Battle of Midway on 5 June 1942; Bottom Left: US aircraft carrier USS

Yorktown (CV-5) burning after first Japanese aircraft attack at Midway; Bottom Right: Flight deck of USS Hornet (CV-8) on the morning of 4 June 1942.


Wikimedia.

CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Collage_Battle_Midway.jpg View on Boundless.com


General MacArthur with Native American troops

Douglas MacArthur meeting five Native American troops serving in the US Army Signal Corps, late 1943.


Wikipedia.

"General douglas macarthur meets american indian troops wwii military pacific navajo pima island hopping." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG View on

Boundless.com


Britain Occupies Iran, 1941

British troops occupy Iran after the combined invasion with the Soviets in 1941.




Declaring War

This clip shows FDR declaring war on Japan. World War II dominated FDR's third term in office.




Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy"

An inspector in the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, making the weapons Europe needed to defend itself against Germany.


Wikimedia.

"Chrysler factory 40mm barrel production LOC fsa 8e11025." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysler_factory_40mm_barrel_production_LOC_fsa_8e11025.jpg View on Boundless.com


The Potsdam Conference

Stalin, Truman, and Atlee at Potsdam


Wikipedia.

"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R67561, Potsdamer Konferenz, Konferenztisch." CC BY-SA 3.0 Germany http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R67561,_Potsdamer_Konferenz,_Konferenztisch.jpg View on Boundless.com


Map of Poland, 1945

Map shows territory in eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, as well as territorial gains in the West at Germany's expense.


Wikipedia.

"Map of Poland (1945) corr." License: Other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Poland_(1945)_corr.png View on Boundless.com


Isolationist Sentiments

In this protest march, Americans were protesting any involvement in foreign wars. The time period between WWI and WWII was marked by isolationist sentiments such as this.


Wikipedia.

"United States non-interventionism." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism#Non-

Interventionism_between_the_World_Wars View on Boundless.com


African-American soldiers served with distinction in World War II despite unequal treatment

12th AD soldier with German prisoners of war, April 1945.


Wikipedia.

"12th AD Soldier 1945." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12th_AD_Soldier_1945.gif View on Boundless.com


Final positions of Allied armies in Europe

Allied army positions on May 20, 1945.


Wikipedia.

"Allied army positions on 10 May 1945." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allied_army_positions_on_10_May_1945.png View on

Boundless.com


Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of China (left), Roosevelt (middle), and Winston Churchill (right) at the Cairo Conference in December of 1943.


Wikipedia.

"Cairo conference." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg View on Boundless.com


D-Day: The Normandy Invasion

A LCVP (Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel) from the U.S. Coast Guard-manned USS Samuel Chase disembarks troops of the U.S. Army's First Division on the morning of June 6, 1944 (D-Day) at Omaha Beach.


Wikipedia.

"1944 NormandyLST." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1944_NormandyLST.jpg View on Boundless.com


Japan Invades

This WWII-era documentary describes the Japanese invasions into China, including the Mukden Incident and the Rape of Nanking.




Pearl Harbor

Roosevelt's third term was dominated by WWII, beginning with the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.


Wikipedia.

"Attack on Pearl Harbor." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor View on Boundless.com


December 1939, HMS Achilles as seen from HMS Ajax during the Battle of the River Plate.

December 1939, HMS Achilles as seen from HMS Ajax during the Battle of the River Plate.


Wikipedia.

"HMS Achilles (70)." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Achilles_(70).jpg View on Boundless.com


FDR Fireside Chat 16: On the Arsenal of Democracy

This video provides pictures of FDR as well as his fireside chat outlining his plan for the US to be the "arsenal of democracy"




Neutral States

Green: neutral status, recognized by constitutions and international society; pink: neutral status not recognized by international society; orange: formerly neutral states


Wikipedia.

"Neutral Powers." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Powers View on Boundless.com


Map of Allied Invasion, D-Day

Allied invasion plans and German positions in Normandy.


Wikipedia.

"Allied Invasion Force." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg View on Boundless.com


Chester W. Nimitz, U.S. commander of the Pacific theater during World War II

Nimitz was made Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy by President Roosevelt in 1944.


Wikipedia.

"Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz portrait." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fleet_Admiral_Chester_W._Nimitz_portrait.jpg View on

Boundless.com


Rationed tires, ca. 1942-1946

The rationing of goods such as tires became commonplace after the establishment of the Office of Price Administration.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Rationed_tires%252C_ca._1942_-_ca._1946_-_NARA_-_535459.tif View on

Boundless.com


U.S. policy towards Jewish refugees was exposed as callous in the MS St. Louis

Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis in Cuba


Wikipedia.

"Jewish refugees aboard the SS St.Louis in Cuba." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_refugees_aboard_the_SS_St._Louis_in_Cuba.jpg View on Boundless.com


Franco

Head of the Spanish state during World War II, Franco supposedly remained neutral, but favored the Axis powers


Wikimedia.

"Franco." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franco.jpg View on Boundless.com


Disarming

Following the Five-Power Naval Treaty, this picture shows guns from battleships and the battleship USS South Carolina begin dismantled.


Wikipedia.

"Five-Power Treaty." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Power_Treaty View on Boundless.com


Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran

The Shah's pro-German stance in WWII provoked a Soviet-British attack in 1941.


Wikipedia.

"Reza Shah Pahlavi." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reza_Shah_Pahlavi.jpg View on Boundless.com


Atomic Bombing of Japan

Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right).


Wikipedia.

"Atomic bombing of Japan." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg View on Boundless.com


Roosevelt in 1941

Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet during Roosevelts third term, in 1941.


Wikipedia.

"FDR." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDR#Third_term.2C_1941.E2.80.931945 View on Boundless.com


Frank Kellogg

US Secretary of State who co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact.


Wikipedia.

"Frank B. Kellogg." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg View on Boundless.com


Battle of Singapore, February 1942.

Victorious Japanese troops march through the city center.


Wikipedia.

"JapaneseMarchSgpCity." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JapaneseMarchSgpCity.jpg View on Boundless.com


Battle of the Coral Sea 6 - 8 May 1942

Animated map of the battle, 6 –8 May


Wikimedia.

CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Csani.gif View on Boundless.com


Working Riveter

Riveter at Lockheed Aircraft Corp. inBurbank, California.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Riveter_at_Lockheed_Aircraft_Corp.%252C_Burbank%252C_CA_-_NARA_-

_522880.jpg View on Boundless.com


Puerto Rican Soldiers in WWII

Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas, Puerto Rico, August 1941.


Wikipedia.

"Puerto Ricans in WWII." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_Ricans_in_WWII.jpg View on Boundless.com


Rosie the Riveter

"We Can Do It! " poster for Westinghouse, closely associated with Rosie the Riveter, although not a depiction of the cultural icon herself.


Wikimedia.

Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/We_Can_Do_It%2521.jpg View on Boundless.com


The Drive towards Berlin

Soldiers of the 55th Armored Infantry Battalion and tanks of the 22nd Tank Battalion move through smoke-filled street of Wernberg, Germany.


Wikipedia.

"Wernberg1945." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wernberg1945.jpg View on Boundless.com


WWII in Europe

Animation of the WWII European Theatre.


Wikimedia.

CC BY-SA 3.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Second_world_war_europe_animation_small.gif View on Boundless.com


Flow of Money, Post WWI

This describes the trap of debt and reparations the world found itself in after WWI.


Wikispaces.

"APUSEAST - Roaring Twenties." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://apuseast.wikispaces.com/Roaring+Twenties View on Boundless.com


Why was the U.S. considered quasi-isolationist, rather than fully isolationist, following World War I?

A) The U.S. continued to show interest in foreign affairs.

B) all of these answers

C) The U.S. refused to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

D) The U.S. joined the League of Nations.



Why was the U.S. considered quasi-isolationist, rather than fully isolationist, following World War I?

A) The U.S. continued to show interest in foreign affairs.


C) The U.S. refused to sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

D) The U.S. joined the League of Nations.


Boundless - LO.

"Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


Complete the following sentence: The 1924 Dawes Plan was momentous because

A) it essentially cancelled the high reparations placed on Germany following World War I.

B) it reduced German reparation payments by 50%.

C) it placed enourmously high reparations on Germany and set the stage for destabalization.

D) it marked the first time that Germany successfully revised the Treaty of

Versailles in its favor.



Complete the following sentence: The 1924 Dawes Plan was momentous because

A) it essentially cancelled the high reparations placed on Germany following World War I.

B) it reduced German reparation payments by 50%.

C) it placed enourmously high reparations on Germany and set the stage for destabalization.

D) it marked the first time that Germany successfully revised the Treaty of

Versailles in its favor.


Boundless - LO.



Which treaty placed a limitation on the numbers and sizes of major warships, and called for a 10-year hiatus on construction of capital ships?

A) the Spirit of Locarno

B) the Five-Power Naval Treaty

C) Article 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations

D) the World Disarmament Commission



Which treaty placed a limitation on the numbers and sizes of major warships, and called for a 10-year hiatus on construction of capital ships?

A) the Spirit of Locarno

B) the Five-Power Naval Treaty

C) Article 8 of the Covenant of the League of Nations

D) the World Disarmament Commission


Boundless - LO.



Why does the Kellogg-Briand Pact still remain a binding treaty under international law?

A) It was concluded as part of the League of Nations.

B) It has been largely successful in its intended efforts.

C) It was signed by over 62 nations.

D) It was concluded outside of the League of Nations.



Why does the Kellogg-Briand Pact still remain a binding treaty under international law?

A) It was concluded as part of the League of Nations.

B) It has been largely successful in its intended efforts.

C) It was signed by over 62 nations.

D) It was concluded outside of the League of Nations.


Boundless - LO.



What effect did the Cold War have on Roosevelt's "Good

Neighbor" Policy with Latin America?

A) The war strengthened the relationship between the U.S. and Latin

America, limiting the need for the policy.

B) The war resulted in a new wave of American interference with Latin

America, conflicting with the policy.

C) The war increased trade between the U.S. and Latin America, limiting the need for the policy.

D) The war increased trade between the U.S. and Latin America, conflicting with the policy.



What effect did the Cold War have on Roosevelt's "Good

Neighbor" Policy with Latin America?

A) The war strengthened the relationship between the U.S. and Latin

America, limiting the need for the policy.

B) The war resulted in a new wave of American interference with Latin

America, conflicting with the policy.

C) The war increased trade between the U.S. and Latin America, limiting the need for the policy.

D) The war increased trade between the U.S. and Latin America, conflicting with the policy.


Boundless - LO.



What purpose did the Mukden Incident of 1931 serve?

A) By destroying the Japanese railway, China managed to hold back

Japanese forces.

B) It catapulted Japan and China into the Second Sino-Japanese War later that year.

C) By staging an explosion and blaming it on China, Japan justified its invasion of Manchuria.

D) none of these answers



What purpose did the Mukden Incident of 1931 serve?

A) By destroying the Japanese railway, China managed to hold back

Japanese forces.

B) It catapulted Japan and China into the Second Sino-Japanese War later that year.

C) By staging an explosion and blaming it on China, Japan justified its invasion of Manchuria.



Boundless - LO.



In which years did Italy and Germany leave the League of

Nations?

A) Germany in 1935; Italy in 1937

B) Italy in 1933; Germany in 1937

C) Germany in 1933; Italy in 1937

D) Italy in 1933; Germany in 1935



In which years did Italy and Germany leave the League of

Nations?

A) Germany in 1935; Italy in 1937

B) Italy in 1933; Germany in 1937

C) Germany in 1933; Italy in 1937

D) Italy in 1933; Germany in 1935


Boundless - LO.



What resulted from the Stimson Doctrine of 1932?

A) Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.

B) The League of Nations refused to recognize the Doctrine.

C) The U.S. entered into war with Japan.

D) Japan declared war on the U.S.



What resulted from the Stimson Doctrine of 1932?

A) Japan withdrew from the League of Nations.

B) The League of Nations refused to recognize the Doctrine.

C) The U.S. entered into war with Japan.

D) Japan declared war on the U.S.


Boundless - LO.



In the years leading up to World War II, Mussolini led Italy in an invasion of

A) Ethiopia.

B) Greece.

C) France.

D) all of these answers



In the years leading up to World War II, Mussolini led Italy in an invasion of

A) Ethiopia.

B) Greece.

C) France.



Boundless - LO.



Which countries, while officially remaining neutral throughout

World War II, helped the Allied Powers by supplying "voluntary" brigades to Great Britain?

A) Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland

B) Portugal, Spain, and Sweden

C) Spain, Sweden, and Ireland

D) Sweden, Ireland, and Switzerland



Which countries, while officially remaining neutral throughout

World War II, helped the Allied Powers by supplying "voluntary" brigades to Great Britain?

A) Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland

B) Portugal, Spain, and Sweden

C) Spain, Sweden, and Ireland

D) Sweden, Ireland, and Switzerland


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following statements is true regarding the German military tactic of blitzrieg?

A) Although ineffective in early campaigns, the biltzrieg strategy proved instrumental in later years.

B) The blitzrieg strategy was largely successful throughout the war.

C) Although effective in quick campaigns, the blitzrieg strategy could not be sustained in later years.

D) Although promising in theory, the blitzrieg strategy proved largely ineffective.



Which of the following statements is true regarding the German military tactic of blitzrieg?

A) Although ineffective in early campaigns, the biltzrieg strategy proved instrumental in later years.

B) The blitzrieg strategy was largely successful throughout the war.

C) Although effective in quick campaigns, the blitzrieg strategy could not be sustained in later years.

D) Although promising in theory, the blitzrieg strategy proved largely ineffective.


Boundless - LO.



Which act of 1941 allowed the United States to supply the United

Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with weapons and other war equipment?

A) the Destroyers for Bases Agreement

B) the Cash and Carry policy

C) the Lend-Lease Act




Which act of 1941 allowed the United States to supply the United

Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with weapons and other war equipment?

A) the Destroyers for Bases Agreement

B) the Cash and Carry policy

C) the Lend-Lease Act



Boundless - LO.



What helped Roosevelt to win his unprecedented 3rd term as

President of the United States?

A) his proven leadership experience

B) his promise to do everything possible to keep the U.S. out of war.

C) both of these answers

D) neither of these answers



What helped Roosevelt to win his unprecedented 3rd term as

President of the United States?

A) his proven leadership experience

B) his promise to do everything possible to keep the U.S. out of war.




Boundless - LO.



What was the primary objective of Roosevelt's "Arsenal of

Democracy" speech on December 29th, 1940?

A) It aimed to gain public approval for the U.S. to enter the war.

B) It aimed to encourage U.S. support of Allied forces.

C) It aimed to raise public support for Roosevelt's 3rd term.

D) It aimed to support the U.S. policy of isolationism.



What was the primary objective of Roosevelt's "Arsenal of

Democracy" speech on December 29th, 1940?

A) It aimed to gain public approval for the U.S. to enter the war.

B) It aimed to encourage U.S. support of Allied forces.

C) It aimed to raise public support for Roosevelt's 3rd term.

D) It aimed to support the U.S. policy of isolationism.


Boundless - LO.



Following the Nanking Massacre, a puppet state was set up in

China and was headed by

A) Wang Jingwei.

B) Mao Zedong.

C) Chiang Kai-shek.




Following the Nanking Massacre, a puppet state was set up in

China and was headed by

A) Wang Jingwei.

B) Mao Zedong.

C) Chiang Kai-shek.



Boundless - LO.



One of the main motivations behind the Japanese attack on Pearl

Harbor was

A) to limit American intervention in Southeast Asia through a preventative strike.

B) retaliation for the United States' entry into World War II.

C) Germany and Italy's declaration of war against the U.S.

D) retaliation against Japanese internment camps in the U.S.



One of the main motivations behind the Japanese attack on Pearl

Harbor was

A) to limit American intervention in Southeast Asia through a preventative strike.

B) retaliation for the United States' entry into World War II.

C) Germany and Italy's declaration of war against the U.S.

D) retaliation against Japanese internment camps in the U.S.


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following countries affirmed the Atlantic Charter in

1942?

A) the United States


C) the Soviet Union

D) China



Which of the following countries affirmed the Atlantic Charter in

1942?

A) the United States


C) the Soviet Union

D) China


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following countries was NOT conquered by Japan during the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor?

A) Thailand

B) Australia

C) Burma

D) the Solomon Islands



Which of the following countries was NOT conquered by Japan during the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor?

A) Thailand

B) Australia

C) Burma

D) the Solomon Islands


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following statements are true regarding both the

Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway?

A) Both battles marked an important turning point for the Allies.

B) Both battles resulted in significant wins for the Allies.

C) Both battles occurred in the early months of 1941.




Which of the following statements are true regarding both the

Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway?

A) Both battles marked an important turning point for the Allies.

B) Both battles resulted in significant wins for the Allies.

C) Both battles occurred in the early months of 1941.



Boundless - LO.



Which of the following was an effect of the Guadalcanal

Campaign?

A) The campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts.

B) The Allies suffered a decisive setback in November 1942.

C) The Japanese advanced further into the region in December 1942.

D) Japanese withdrawal from Guadalcanal strengthened their forces in other theatres.



Which of the following was an effect of the Guadalcanal

Campaign?

A) The campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts.

B) The Allies suffered a decisive setback in November 1942.

C) The Japanese advanced further into the region in December 1942.

D) Japanese withdrawal from Guadalcanal strengthened their forces in other theatres.


Boundless - LO.



Why was Winston Churchill's offensive strategy against German

U-boats unsuccessful?

A) While carrier aircrafts could spot submarines, they had no adequate weapons to attack with.

B) The U-boat was much more likely to spot British warships and submerge before it was sighted.





Why was Winston Churchill's offensive strategy against German

U-boats unsuccessful?

A) While carrier aircrafts could spot submarines, they had no adequate weapons to attack with.

B) The U-boat was much more likely to spot British warships and submerge before it was sighted.




Boundless - LO.



What were the three sub-theatres where World War II was waged in Europe?

A) the Eastern Front, the Western Front, and the Mediterranean Theatre

B) the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the European Theatre

C) the Northern Front, the Southern Front, and the Mediterranean

Theatre.

D) Germany, Italy, and Japan



What were the three sub-theatres where World War II was waged in Europe?

A) the Eastern Front, the Western Front, and the Mediterranean Theatre

B) the Pacific, the Atlantic, and the European Theatre

C) the Northern Front, the Southern Front, and the Mediterranean

Theatre.

D) Germany, Italy, and Japan


Boundless - LO.



What was the primary responsibility of the Civil Defense Corps?

A) to fight fires


C) to decontaminate after chemical weapon attacks

D) to provide first aid



What was the primary responsibility of the Civil Defense Corps?

A) to fight fires


C) to decontaminate after chemical weapon attacks

D) to provide first aid


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following is NOT something that the War Production

Board did during World War II?

A) allocated scarce materials vital to war production

B) expanded the auto industry's production of cars

C) prohibited the production of nonessential items

D) rationed gasoline, heating oil, rubber, and metals



Which of the following is NOT something that the War Production

Board did during World War II?

A) allocated scarce materials vital to war production

B) expanded the auto industry's production of cars

C) prohibited the production of nonessential items

D) rationed gasoline, heating oil, rubber, and metals


Boundless - LO.



The sale of war bonds proved highly successful in financing the war, with _______ Americans purchasing bonds over the course of the war.

A) 60 million

B) 42 million

C) 78 million

D) 85 million



The sale of war bonds proved highly successful in financing the war, with _______ Americans purchasing bonds over the course of the war.

A) 60 million

B) 42 million

C) 78 million

D) 85 million


Boundless - LO.



Which institution was designed to oversee imports and exports and strengthen the national economy during World War II?

A) the War Production Board (WPB)

B) the Office of Price Administration (OPA)

C) the Board of Economic Warfare (BEW)

D) the Emergency Price Control Act



Which institution was designed to oversee imports and exports and strengthen the national economy during World War II?

A) the War Production Board (WPB)

B) the Office of Price Administration (OPA)

C) the Board of Economic Warfare (BEW)

D) the Emergency Price Control Act


Boundless - LO.



Which individual was outspokenly opposed to the war and a leader in the America First movement?

A) Josiah Bailey

B) Robert Taft

C) Charles Lindbergh

D) Richard Russell



Which individual was outspokenly opposed to the war and a leader in the America First movement?

A) Josiah Bailey

B) Robert Taft

C) Charles Lindbergh

D) Richard Russell


Boundless - LO.



What change was seen in labor unions during World War II?

A) Major unions grew significantly smaller during the war.

B) Major unions grew significantly stronger during the war.

C) Major unions became less recognized by employers.

D) Major unions less recognized by government.



What change was seen in labor unions during World War II?

A) Major unions grew significantly smaller during the war.

B) Major unions grew significantly stronger during the war.

C) Major unions became less recognized by employers.

D) Major unions less recognized by government.


Boundless - LO.



What happened to the unemployment rate during World War II?

A) It decreased to nearly 3.5%.

B) It declined somewhat, but remained high throughout the war.

C) It hit an all time low of 1.2%.

D) It changed very little from its Depression-era numbers.



What happened to the unemployment rate during World War II?

A) It decreased to nearly 3.5%.

B) It declined somewhat, but remained high throughout the war.

C) It hit an all time low of 1.2%.

D) It changed very little from its Depression-era numbers.


Boundless - LO.



The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was

A) the first Chinese-American Air Force unit.

B) the only all-female battalion during World War II.

C) the only all African-American air force unit during World War II.

D) the only all African-American, all-female battalion during World War II.



The 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion was

A) the first Chinese-American Air Force unit.

B) the only all-female battalion during World War II.

C) the only all African-American air force unit during World War II.

D) the only all African-American, all-female battalion during World War II.


Boundless - LO.



How many American women filled out the home front labor force in war factory, government, agriculture, and transportation jobs?

A) 1 million

B) 2.8 million

C) 6 million

D) 19 million



How many American women filled out the home front labor force in war factory, government, agriculture, and transportation jobs?

A) 1 million

B) 2.8 million

C) 6 million

D) 19 million


Boundless - LO.



Executive Order 9981, which effectively desegregated all U.S.

Armed Forces, was ordered by

A) President Truman in 1950.

B) President Truman in 1948.

C) President Roosevelt in 1945.

D) President Roosevelt in 1941.



Executive Order 9981, which effectively desegregated all U.S.

Armed Forces, was ordered by

A) President Truman in 1950.

B) President Truman in 1948.

C) President Roosevelt in 1945.

D) President Roosevelt in 1941.


Boundless - LO.



A segregated military unit for Hispanic women was Company 6,

2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of ________.

A) the U.S. Navy Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service.

B) the Army Nurse Corps.

C) the Navy Nurse Corps.

D) the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.



A segregated military unit for Hispanic women was Company 6,

2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of ________.

A) the U.S. Navy Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service.

B) the Army Nurse Corps.

C) the Navy Nurse Corps.

D) the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps.


Boundless - LO.



How did the high enlistment rate of Native Americans during

World War II influence Native American culture?

A) Economic opportunities were bleak for soldiers returning to their reservations.

B) Many relocated to urban areas to find well-paying work.

C) all of these answers

D) It was the first large-scale exodus from the reservations since the removals of the 19th century.



How did the high enlistment rate of Native Americans during

World War II influence Native American culture?

A) Economic opportunities were bleak for soldiers returning to their reservations.

B) Many relocated to urban areas to find well-paying work.


D) It was the first large-scale exodus from the reservations since the removals of the 19th century.


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following examples could best be compared with the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II?

A) the holocaust of the Jews in Nazi Germany

B) the racial profiling and fear of "terrorists" among Islamic communities following 9/11

C) the mass destruction of Native American culture during European settlement of the Americas

D) the stereotyping of inner-city African Americans in media today



Which of the following examples could best be compared with the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II?

A) the holocaust of the Jews in Nazi Germany

B) the racial profiling and fear of "terrorists" among Islamic communities following 9/11

C) the mass destruction of Native American culture during European settlement of the Americas

D) the stereotyping of inner-city African Americans in media today


Boundless - LO.



What was unusual about the election of 1944?

A) all of these answers

B) It was the first time in history that a president secured his 3rd successive term.

C) It was the first election in which both of the candidates were born in the 20th century.

D) It was the last election in which a Democrat carried every Southern state.



What was unusual about the election of 1944?


B) It was the first time in history that a president secured his 3rd successive term.

C) It was the first election in which both of the candidates were born in the 20th century.

D) It was the last election in which a Democrat carried every Southern state.


Boundless - LO.



Which conference aimed at discussing the issue of Jewish refugees led to no real change in policy for the United States, leaving the question unresolved?

A) the Evian Conference

B) the Bermuda Conference

C) both of these conferences

D) neither of these conferences - the United States changed its policy both times.



Which conference aimed at discussing the issue of Jewish refugees led to no real change in policy for the United States, leaving the question unresolved?

A) the Evian Conference

B) the Bermuda Conference

C) both of these conferences

D) neither of these conferences - the United States changed its policy both times.


Boundless - LO.



What was Germany's last major (unsuccessful) offensive?

A) the Battle of the Bulge

B) Operation Plunder

C) Operation Widgeon

D) the Ruhr Pocket



What was Germany's last major (unsuccessful) offensive?

A) the Battle of the Bulge

B) Operation Plunder

C) Operation Widgeon

D) the Ruhr Pocket


Boundless - LO.



During World War II, the "Big Three" cooperated informally on a plan in which the Western front was fought by American and

British troops, the Eastern front was fought by Soviet troops, and

Asia and the Pacific were fought by

A) American and Chinese troops.

B) Soviet, Chinese, and American troops.

C) Soviet, British, and American troops.

D) Chinese, British, and American troops.



During World War II, the "Big Three" cooperated informally on a plan in which the Western front was fought by American and

British troops, the Eastern front was fought by Soviet troops, and

Asia and the Pacific were fought by

A) American and Chinese troops.

B) Soviet, Chinese, and American troops.

C) Soviet, British, and American troops.

D) Chinese, British, and American troops.


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following was the initial stage of the North African

Campaign, and consisted of a continuous back-and-forth struggle until the Allies ultimately pushed the Axis forces out of Libya?

A) Operation Torch

B) the Tunisia Campaign

C) the Battle of Tunisia

D) the Western Desert Campaign



Which of the following was the initial stage of the North African

Campaign, and consisted of a continuous back-and-forth struggle until the Allies ultimately pushed the Axis forces out of Libya?

A) Operation Torch

B) the Tunisia Campaign

C) the Battle of Tunisia

D) the Western Desert Campaign


Boundless - LO.



When did the Battle of the Atlantic occur?

A) from mid-1940 through 1943.

B) from 1942 - 1943.

C) in February, 1941.

D) continuously from 1939 - 1945.



When did the Battle of the Atlantic occur?

A) from mid-1940 through 1943.

B) from 1942 - 1943.

C) in February, 1941.

D) continuously from 1939 - 1945.


Boundless - LO.



Benito Mussolini was deposed as head of the Italian government in a coup in

A) July 1943.

B) October 1943

C) May 1945.

D) September 1944.



Benito Mussolini was deposed as head of the Italian government in a coup in

A) July 1943.

B) October 1943

C) May 1945.

D) September 1944.


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following was an effect of the Allies' "precision bombing" of European cities?

A) German industrial production decreased significantly throughout the war.

B) Civilians were kept safe due to the precise technology of the B-17 and

Norden bombsight.

C) German morale was significantly lowered in bombed areas.




Which of the following was an effect of the Allies' "precision bombing" of European cities?

A) German industrial production decreased significantly throughout the war.

B) Civilians were kept safe due to the precise technology of the B-17 and

Norden bombsight.

C) German morale was significantly lowered in bombed areas.



Boundless - LO.



Which of the following was NOT a military conclusion of the

Tehran Conference in 1943?

A) The Soviet Union would pre-emptively declare war on Bulgaria.

B) The Partisans of Yugoslavia would be supported by supplies, equipment, and commando operations.

C) Operation Overlord would be launched in conjunction with an operation against southern France.

D) Military staffs of the Three Powers would keep in close contact about impending European operations.



Which of the following was NOT a military conclusion of the

Tehran Conference in 1943?

A) The Soviet Union would pre-emptively declare war on Bulgaria.

B) The Partisans of Yugoslavia would be supported by supplies, equipment, and commando operations.

C) Operation Overlord would be launched in conjunction with an operation against southern France.

D) Military staffs of the Three Powers would keep in close contact about impending European operations.


Boundless - LO.



Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable were

A) decoy operations implemented in the months before the Normany landings.

B) decoy operations that took place simultaneously with the Normany landings.

C) the primary airborne assaults of the D-Day landing.

D) the primary amphibious assaults of the D-Day landing.



Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable were

A) decoy operations implemented in the months before the Normany landings.

B) decoy operations that took place simultaneously with the Normany landings.

C) the primary airborne assaults of the D-Day landing.

D) the primary amphibious assaults of the D-Day landing.


Boundless - LO.



Beginning in 1942, Allied bombing of Germany resulted in the death of

A) thousands of Nazi military and 5.5 million civilians.

B) 5.5 million Nazi military.

C) 5.5 million Nazi military and thousands of civilians.

D) 5.5 million civilians.



Beginning in 1942, Allied bombing of Germany resulted in the death of

A) thousands of Nazi military and 5.5 million civilians.

B) 5.5 million Nazi military.

C) 5.5 million Nazi military and thousands of civilians.

D) 5.5 million civilians.


Boundless - LO.



What were the two prongs of the leapfrogging approach in the

Pacific?


B) a southern prong and a northern prong

C) a force led by Admiral Nimitz and a force led by General MacArthur

D) a large fleet and a large land force



What were the two prongs of the leapfrogging approach in the

Pacific?


B) a southern prong and a northern prong

C) a force led by Admiral Nimitz and a force led by General MacArthur

D) a large fleet and a large land force


Boundless - LO.



How did the American and British governments differ in their goals for the Potsdam Declaration regarding the position of the

Japanese emperor?

A) The United States wanted to retain the position, while Britain wanted to abolish it.

B) The United States wanted to abolish the position, while Britain wanted to retain it.

C) The United States wanted Hirohito to continue to reign, while Britain wanted him tried as a war criminal.

D) The United States wanted Hirohito removed from office, while Britain wanted him tried as a war criminal.



How did the American and British governments differ in their goals for the Potsdam Declaration regarding the position of the

Japanese emperor?

A) The United States wanted to retain the position, while Britain wanted to abolish it.

B) The United States wanted to abolish the position, while Britain wanted to retain it.

C) The United States wanted Hirohito to continue to reign, while Britain wanted him tried as a war criminal.

D) The United States wanted Hirohito removed from office, while Britain wanted him tried as a war criminal.


Boundless - LO.



Complete the following sentence: MacArthur's plan for Operation

Cartwheel

A) resulted in heavy casualties, but ended in a win for the Allies.

B) relied on heavy numbers of American and British troops.

C) ended in light casualties and a win for the Allies.

D) relied on heavy numbers of Australian and Soviet troops.



Complete the following sentence: MacArthur's plan for Operation

Cartwheel

A) resulted in heavy casualties, but ended in a win for the Allies.

B) relied on heavy numbers of American and British troops.

C) ended in light casualties and a win for the Allies.

D) relied on heavy numbers of Australian and Soviet troops.


Boundless - LO.



Fleet Admiral Nimitz culminated his long-range strategy in the

Pacific with which successful event(s)?

A) amphibious assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa

B) the Battle of the Coral Sea

C) the Battle of Midway

D) the Solomon Islands Campaign



Fleet Admiral Nimitz culminated his long-range strategy in the

Pacific with which successful event(s)?

A) amphibious assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa

B) the Battle of the Coral Sea

C) the Battle of Midway

D) the Solomon Islands Campaign


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following is the Battle of Leyte Gulf known for?

A) It was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks.


C) It was the largest naval battle of World War II.

D) It is considered to possibly be the largest naval battle ever fought in history.



Which of the following is the Battle of Leyte Gulf known for?

A) It was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks.


C) It was the largest naval battle of World War II.

D) It is considered to possibly be the largest naval battle ever fought in history.


Boundless - LO.



Which of the primary leaders of the Axis forces was killed in battle?

A) Hitler

B) none of these answers

C) Hirohito

D) Mussolini



Which of the primary leaders of the Axis forces was killed in battle?

A) Hitler

B) none of these answers

C) Hirohito

D) Mussolini


Boundless - LO.



Roosevelt earned a mixed reputation for civil rights due to his

A) internment of Japanese Americans.

B) advancing of certain legal freedoms to African Americans.

C) neither of these answers

D) both of these answers



Roosevelt earned a mixed reputation for civil rights due to his

A) internment of Japanese Americans.

B) advancing of certain legal freedoms to African Americans.

C) neither of these answers

D) both of these answers


Boundless - LO.



The seven-week event in which China engaged Japan in a costly war of attrition while awaiting Allied relief is known as

A) the Battle of Kursk

B) the Battle of Changde.

C) Operation Bagration

D) the Invasion of Manila



The seven-week event in which China engaged Japan in a costly war of attrition while awaiting Allied relief is known as

A) the Battle of Kursk

B) the Battle of Changde.

C) Operation Bagration

D) the Invasion of Manila


Boundless - LO.



Which of the "Big Three" leaders asked for support during the

Yalta Conference in the Pacific War against Japan?

A) Stalin

B) Churchill

C) Roosevelt and Stalin

D) Roosevelt



Which of the "Big Three" leaders asked for support during the

Yalta Conference in the Pacific War against Japan?

A) Stalin

B) Churchill

C) Roosevelt and Stalin

D) Roosevelt


Boundless - LO.



Which of the following nations did the Soviet Union annex as satellite states?

A) the People's Republic of Poland

B) the People's Republic of Romania


D) the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic



Which of the following nations did the Soviet Union annex as satellite states?

A) the People's Republic of Poland

B) the People's Republic of Romania


D) the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic


Boundless - LO.



Hitler was succeeded as Reich President by

A) Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.

B) Joseph Goebbels.

C) SS-General Felix Steiner

D) Hermann Göring



Hitler was succeeded as Reich President by

A) Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz.

B) Joseph Goebbels.

C) SS-General Felix Steiner

D) Hermann Göring


Boundless - LO.



In 1941, the Allies invaded Iran in order to secure its oil fields and ensure an uninterrupted supply line for the Allies. This invasion was known as

A) Operation Countenance

B) Operation Bagration

C) the Battle of Kursk

D) Operation Abadan



In 1941, the Allies invaded Iran in order to secure its oil fields and ensure an uninterrupted supply line for the Allies. This invasion was known as

A) Operation Countenance

B) Operation Bagration

C) the Battle of Kursk

D) Operation Abadan


Boundless - LO.



Of the hundreds of thousands that were killed by acute effects of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, how many are estimated to have died on the first day?

A) 90%

B) roughly half

C) 30%

D) 10%



Of the hundreds of thousands that were killed by acute effects of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, how many are estimated to have died on the first day?

A) 90%

B) roughly half

C) 30%

D) 10%


Boundless - LO.



Though fatality statistics vary, it is estimated that World War II resulted in the death of

A) an additional 4 - 12 million people from war-related famine in Asia and

Southeast Asia.


C) around 2.5% of the world population.

D) between 22 - 25 million military personnel.



Though fatality statistics vary, it is estimated that World War II resulted in the death of

A) an additional 4 - 12 million people from war-related famine in Asia and

Southeast Asia.


C) around 2.5% of the world population.

D) between 22 - 25 million military personnel.


Boundless - LO.



Attribution

•

Wikipedia.

"Nazi Germany." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Collapse

• Wikipedia.

"Battle of Berlin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Berlin

• Wikipedia.

"Nazi Germany." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point

• Wikipedia.

"Nazi Germany." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse

• Wikipedia.

"Battle of Stalingrad." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Stalingrad

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