Poet(s) of the Week: Richard Wilbur (1921- ) and A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Poet(s) of the Week: Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Poet(s) of the Week: Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens The Beautiful Changes One wading a Fall meadow finds on all sides The Queen Anne’s Lace lying like lilies On water; it glides So from the walker, it turns Dry grass to a lake, as the slightest shade of you Valleys my mind in fabulous blue Lucernes. The beautiful changes as a forest is changed By a chameleon’s tuning his skin to it; As a mantis, arranged On a green leaf, grows Into it, makes the leaf leafier, and proves Any greenness is deeper than anyone knows. Your hands hold roses always in a way that says They are not only yours; the beautiful changes In such kind ways, Wishing ever to sunder Things and things’ selves for a second finding, to lose For a moment all that it touches back to wonder. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Advice to a Prophet When you come, as you soon must, to the streets of our city, Mad-eyed from stating the obvious, Not proclaiming our fall but begging us In God’s name to have self-pity, Spare us all word of the weapons, their force and range, The long numbers that rocket the mind; Our slow, unreckoning hearts will be left behind, Unable to fear what is too strange. 1 Nor shall you scare us with talk of the death of the race. How should we dream of this place without us?-The sun mere fire, the leaves untroubled about us, A stone look on the stone’s face? Speak of the world’s own change. Though we cannot conceive Of an undreamt thing, we know to our cost How the dreamt cloud crumbles, the vines are blackened by frost, How the view alters. We could believe, Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) If you told us so, that the white-tailed deer will slip Into perfect shade, grown perfectly shy, The lark avoid the reaches of our eye, The jack-pine lose its knuckled grip On the cold ledge, and every torrent burn As Xanthus once, its gliding trout Stunned in a twinkling. What should we be without The dolphin’s arc, the dove’s return, These things in which we have seen ourselves and spoken? Ask us, prophet, how we shall call Our natures forth when that live tongue is all Dispelled, that glass obscured or broken 2 In which we have said the rose of our love and the clean Horse of our courage, in which beheld The singing locust of the soul unshelled, And all we mean or wish to mean. Ask us, ask us whether with the worldless rose Our hearts shall fail us; come demanding Whether there shall be lofty or long standing When the bronze annals of the oak-tree close. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Death of a Toad A toad the power mower caught, Chewed and clipped of a leg, with a hobbling hop has got To the garden verge, and sanctuaried him Under the cineraria leaves, in the shade Of the ashen and heartshaped leaves, in a dim, Low, and a final glade. The rare original heartsblood goes, Spends in the earthen hide, in the folds and wizenings, flows In the gutters of the banked and staring eyes. He lies As still as if he would return to stone, And soundlessly attending, dies Toward some deep monotone, Toward misted and ebullient seas And cooling shores, toward lost Amphibia's emperies. Day dwindles, drowning and at length is gone In the wide and antique eyes, which still appear To watch, across the castrate lawn, The haggard daylight steer. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Ceremony A striped blouse in a clearing by Bazille Is, you may say, a patroness of boughs Too queenly kind toward nature to be kin. But ceremony never did conceal, Save to the silly eye, which all allows, How much we are the woods we wander in. Let her be some Sabrina fresh from stream, Lucent as shallows slowed by wading sun, Bedded on fern, the flowers’ cynosure: Then nymph and wood must nod and strive to dream That she is airy earth, the trees, undone, Must ape her languor natural and pure. Ho-hum. I am for wit and wakefulness, And love this feigning lady by Bazille. What's lightly hid is deepest understood, And when with social smile and formal dress She teaches leaves to curtsey and quadrille, I think there are most tigers in the wood. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) 1 Still, Citizen Sparrow Still, citizen sparrow, this vulture which you call Unnatural, let him but lumber again to air Over the rotten office, let him bear The carrion ballast up, and at the tall Tip of the sky lie cruising. Then you’ll see That no more beautiful bird is in heaven’s height, No wider more placid wings, no watchfuller flight; He shoulders nature there, the frightfully free, The naked-headed one. Pardon him, you Who dart in the orchard aisles, for it is he Devours death, mocks mutability, Has heart to make an end, keeps nature new. Thinking of Noah, childheart, try to forget How for so many bedlam hours his saw Soured the song of birds with its wheezy gnaw, And the slam of his hammer all the day beset Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) 2 The people’s ears. Forget that he could bear To see the towns like coral under the keel, And the fields so dismal deep. Try rather to feel How high and weary it was, on the waters where He rocked his only world, and everyone’s. Forgive the hero, you who would have died Gladly with all you knew; he rode that tide To Ararat; all men are Noah’s sons. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Barred Owl The warping night air having brought the boom Of an owl’s voice into her darkened room, We tell the wakened child that all she heard Was an odd question from a forest bird, Asking of us, if rightly listened to, “Who cooks for you?” and then “Who cooks for you?” Words, which can make our terrors bravely clear, Can also thus domesticate a fear, And send a small child back to sleep at night Not listening for the sound of stealthy flight Or dreaming of some small thing in a claw Borne up to some dark branch and eaten raw. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Love Calls Us to the Things of This World The eyes open to a cry of pulleys, And spirited from sleep, the astounded soul Hangs for a moment bodiless and simple As false dawn. Outside the open window The morning air is all awash with angels. Some are in bed-sheets, some are in blouses, Some are in smocks: but truly there they are. Now they are rising together in calm swells Of halcyon feeling, filling whatever they wear With the deep joy of their impersonal breathing; Now they are flying in place, conveying The terrible speed of their omnipresence, moving And staying like white water; and now of a sudden They swoon down into so rapt a quiet That nobody seems to be there. The soul shrinks From all that it is about to remember, From the punctual rape of every blessèd day, And cries, Major“Oh, American Stevens let there beWriters: nothing onWallace earth but laundry, Nothing but rosy hands in the rising steam Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Lying To claim, at a dead party, to have spotted a grackle, When in fact you haven’t of late, can do no harm. Your reputation for saying things of interest Will not be marred, if you hasten to other topics, Nor will the delicate web of human trust Be ruptured by that airy fabrication. Later, however, talking with toxic zest Of golf, or taxes, or the rest of it Where the beaked ladle plies the chuckling ice, You may enjoy a chill of severance, hearing Above your head the shrug of unreal wings. Not that the world is tiresome in itself: We know what boredom is: it is a dull Impatience or a fierce velleity, A champing wish, stalled by our lassitude, To make or do. In the strict sense, of course, We invent nothing, merely bearing witness To what each morning brings again to light: Gold crosses, cornices, astonishment 1 Of panes, the turbine-vent which natural law Spins on the grill-end of the diner’s roof, Then grass and grackles or, at the end of town In sheen-swept pastureland, the horse’s neck Clothed with its usual thunder, and the stones Beginning now to tug their shadows in And track the air with glitter. All these things Are there before us; there before we look Or fail to look; there to be seen or not By us, as by the bee’s twelve thousand eyes, According to our means and purposes. So too with strangeness not to be ignored, Total eclipse or snow upon the rose, And so with that most rare conception, nothing. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) What is it, after all, but something missed? It is the water of a dried-up well Gone to assail the cliffs of Labrador. There is what galled the arch-negator, sprung From Hell to probe with intellectual sight The cells and heavens of a given world Which he could take but as another prison: Small wonder that, pretending not to be, He drifted through the bar-like boles of Eden In a black mist low creeping, dragging down And darkening with moody self-absorption What, when he left it, lifted and, if seen From the sun’s vantage, seethed with vaulting hues. Closer to making than the deftest fraud Is seeing how the catbird’s tail was made To counterpoise, on the mock-orange spray, Its light, up-tilted spine; or, lighter still, How the shucked tunic of an onion, brushed To one side on a backlit chopping-board And rocked by trifling currents, prints and prints Its bright, ribbed shadow like a flapping sail. Odd that a thing is most itself when likened: 2 The eye mists over, basil hints of clove, The river glazes toward the dam and spills To the drubbed rocks below its crashing cullet, And in the barnyard near the sawdust-pile Some great thing is tormented. Either it is A tarp torn loose and in the groaning wind Now puffed, now flattened, or a hip-shot beast Which tries again, and once again, to rise. What, though for pain there is no other word, Finds pleasure in the cruellest simile? It is something in us like the catbird’s song From neighbor bushes in the grey of morning That, harsh or sweet, and of its own accord, Proclaims its many kin. It is a chant Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Of the first springs, and it is tributary To the great lies told with the eyes half-shut That have the truth in view: the tale of Chiron Who, with sage head, wild heart, and planted hoof Instructed brute Achilles in the lyre, Or of the garden where we first mislaid Simplicity of wish and will, forgetting Out of what cognate splendor all things came To take their scattering names; and nonetheless That matter of a baggage-train surprised By a few Gascons in the Pyrenees Which, having worked three centuries and more In the dark caves of France, poured out at last The blood of Roland, who to Charles his king And to the dove that hatched the dove-tailed world Was faithful unto death, and shamed the Devil. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens 3 Richard Wilbur (1921- ) A Barred Owl The warping night air having brought the boom Of an owl’s voice into her darkened room, We tell the wakened child that all she heard Was an odd question from a forest bird, Asking of us, if rightly listened to, “Who cooks for you?” and then “Who cooks for you?” Words, which can make our terrors bravely clear, Can also thus domesticate a fear, And send a small child back to sleep at night Not listening for the sound of stealthy flight Or dreaming of some small thing in a claw Borne up to some dark branch and eaten raw. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Richard Wilbur (1921- ) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Poet(s) of the Week: A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Poet(s) of the Week: A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens Poetics I look for the way things will turn out spiralling from a center, the shape things will take to come forth in so that the birch tree white touched black at branches will stand out wind-glittering totally its apparent self: I look for the forms things want to come as from what black wells of possibility, how a thing will unfold: not the shape on paper -- though that, too -- but the uninterfering means on paper: not so much looking for the shape as being available to any shape that may be summoning itself through me from the self not mine but ours. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Rapids Fall's leaves are redder than spring's flowers, have no pollen, and also sometimes fly, as the wind schools them out or down in shoals or droves: though I have not been here long, I can look up at the sky at night and tell how things are likely to go for the next hundred million years: the universe will probably not find a way to vanish nor I in all that time reappear. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Recovery All afternoon the tree shadows, accelerating, lengthened till sunset shot them black into infinity: next morning darkness returned from the other infinity and the shadows caught ground and through the morning, slowing, hardened into noon. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Rivulose You think the ridge hills flowing, breaking with ups and downs will, though, building constancy into the black foreground for each sunset, hold on to you, if dreams wander, give reality recurrence enough to keep an image clear, but then you realize, time going on, that time's residual like the last ice age's cool still in the rocks, averaged maybe with the cool of the age before, that not only are you not being held onto but where else could time do so well without you, what is your time where so much time is saved? Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) I said what is more lowly than the grass: ah, underneath, a ground-crust of dry-burnt moss: I looked at it closely and said this can be my habitat: but nestling in I found below the brown exterior green mechanisms beyond the intellect awaiting resurrection in rain: so I got up and ran saying there is nothing lowly in the universe: I found a beggar: he had stumps for legs: nobody was paying him any attention: everybody went on by: I nestled in and found his life: there, love shook his body like a devastation: I said though I have looked everywhere I can find nothing lowly in the universe: Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens I whirled though transfigurations up and down, transfigurations of size and shape and place: at one sudden point came still, stood in wonder: moss, beggar, weed, tick, pine, self, magnificent with being! A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Small Song The reeds give way to the wind and give the wind away. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) The City Limits When you consider the radiance, that it does not withhold itself but pours its abundance without selection into every nook and cranny not overhung or hidden; when you consider that birds' bones make no awful noise against the light but lie low in the light as in a high testimony; when you consider the radiance, that it will look into the guiltiest swervings of the weaving heart and bear itself upon them, not flinching into disguise or darkening; when you consider the abundance of such resource as illuminates the glow-blue bodies and gold-skeined wings of flies swarming the dumped guts of a natural slaughter or the coil of shit and in no way winces from its storms of generosity; when you consider that air or vacuum, snow or shale, squid or wolf, rose or lichen, each is accepted into as much light as it will take, then the heart moves roomier, the man stands and looks about, the leaf does not increase itself above the grass, and the dark work of the deepest cells is of a tune with May bushes and fear lit by the breadth of such calmly turns to praise. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) The Confirmers The saints are gathering at the real places, trying tough skin on sharp conscience, endurance in the hot spotssearching out to define, come up against, mouth the bitterest bit: you can hear them yelping down in the dark greeny groves of condemnation: their lips slice back with jittery suctions, cold insweeps of conjured grief: if they, footloose, wham up the precise damnation, consolation may be more than us trudging down from paunchy dinners, swatting hallelujah arms at dusk bugs and telling them pure terror has obviously made them earnest of mind and of motion lithe. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Viable Motion's the dead giveaway, eye catcher, the revealing risk: the caterpillar sulls on the hot macadam but then, risking, ripples to the bush: the cricket, startled, leaps the quickest arc: the earthwrom, casting, nudges a grassblade, and the sharp robin strikes: sound's the other announcement: the redbird lands in an elm branch and tests the air with cheeps for an answering, reassuring cheep, for a motion already cleared: survival organizes these means down to tension, to enwrapped, twisting suasions: every act or non-act enceinte with risk or prize: why must the revelations be sound and motion, the point, too, moving and saying through the scary opposites to death. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) When I was Young the Silk Autoplay next video When I was young the silk of my mind hard as a peony head unfurled and wind bloomed the parachute: The air-head tugged me up, tore my roots loose and drove high, so high I want to touch down now and taste the ground I want to take in my silk and ask where I am before it is too late to know Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) In View of the Fact A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) The people of my time are passing away: my wife is baking for a funeral, a 60-year-old who died suddenly, when the phone rings, and it’s Ruth we care so much about in intensive care: it was once weddings that came so thick and fast, and then, first babies, such a hullabaloo: now, it’s this that and the other and somebody else gone or on the brink: well, we never thought we would live forever (although we did) and now it looks like we won’t: some of us are losing a leg to diabetes, some don’t know what they went downstairs for, some know that a hired watchful person is around, some like to touch the cane tip into something steady, Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens so nice: we have already lost so many, brushed the loss of ourselves ourselves: our address books for so long a slow scramble now are palimpsests, scribbles and scratches: our index cards for Christmases, birthdays, Halloweens drop clean away into sympathies: at the same time we are getting used to so many leaving, we are hanging on with a grip to the ones left: we are not giving up on the congestive heart failure or brain tumors, on the nice old men left in empty houses or on the widows who decide to travel a lot: we think the sun may shine someday when we’ll drink wine together and think of what used to be: until we die we will remember every single thing, recall every word, love every loss: then we will, as we must, leave it to others to love, love that can grow brighter and deeper till the very end, gaining strength and getting more precious all the way. . . . Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Called into Play Fall fell: so that’s it for the leaf poetry: some flurries have whitened the edges of roads and lawns: time for that, the snow stuff: & turkeys and old St. Nick: where am I going to find something to write about I haven’t already written away: I will have to stop short, look down, look up, look close, think, think, think: but in what range should I think: should I figure colors and outlines, given forms, say mailboxes, or should I try to plumb what is behind what and what behind that, deep down where the surface has lost its semblance: or should I think personally, such as, this week seems to have been crafted in hell: what: is something going on: something besides this diddledeediddle everyday matter-of-fact: I could draw up an ancient memory which would wipe this whole presence away: or I could fill out my dreams with high syntheses turned into concrete visionary forms: Lucre could lust for Luster: bad angels could roar out of perdition and kill the AIDS vaccine not quite perfected yet: the gods could get down on each other; the big gods could fly in from nebulae unknown: but I’m only me: I have 4 interests--money, poetry, sex, death: I guess I can jostle those. . . . Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) In Memoriam Mae Noblitt This is just a place: we go around, distanced, yearly in a star’s atmosphere, turning daily into and out of direct light and slanting through the quadrant seasons: deep space begins at our heels, nearly rousing us loose: we look up or out so high, sight’s silk almost draws us away: this is just a place: currents worry themselves coiled and free in airs and oceans: water picks up mineral shadow and plasm into billions of designs, frames: trees, grains, bacteria: but is love a reality we made here ourselves-and grief--did we design that--or do these, like currents, whine in and out among us merely us from far away: our home which defines us is elsewhere but not so far away we have forgotten it: this is just a place. as we arrive and go: this is just a place: the reality we agree with, that agrees with us, outbounding this, arrives to touch, joining with Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Corsons Inlet I went for a walk over the dunes again this morning to the sea, then turned right along the surf rounded a naked headland and returned along the inlet shore: it was muggy sunny, the wind from the sea steady and high, crisp in the running sand, some breakthroughs of sun but after a bit continuous overcast: the walk liberating, I was released from forms, from the perpendiculars, straight lines, blocks, boxes, binds of thought into the hues, shadings, rises, flowing bends and blends of sight: Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens 1 A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) I allow myself eddies of meaning: yield to a direction of significance running like a stream through the geography of my work: you can find in my sayings swerves of action like the inlet’s cutting edge: there are dunes of motion, organizations of grass, white sandy paths of remembrance in the overall wandering of mirroring mind: but Overall is beyond me: is the sum of these events I cannot draw, the ledger I cannot keep, the accounting beyond the account: in nature there are few sharp lines: there are areas of primrose more or less dispersed; disorderly orders of bayberry; between the rows of dunes, irregular swamps of reeds, though not reeds alone, but grass, bayberry, yarrow, all ... predominantly reeds: Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens 2 A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) I have reached no conclusions, have erected no boundaries, shutting out and shutting in, separating inside from outside: I have drawn no lines: as manifold events of sand change the dune’s shape that will not be the same shape tomorrow, so I am willing to go along, to accept the becoming thought, to stake off no beginnings or ends, establish no walls: by transitions the land falls from grassy dunes to creek to undercreek: but there are no lines, though change in that transition is clear as any sharpness: but “sharpness” spread out, allowed to occur over a wider range than mental lines can keep: Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens 3 A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) the moon was full last night: today, low tide was low: black shoals of mussels exposed to the risk of air and, earlier, of sun, waved in and out with the waterline, waterline inexact, caught always in the event of change: a young mottled gull stood free on the shoals and ate to vomiting: another gull, squawking possession, cracked a crab, picked out the entrails, swallowed the soft-shelled legs, a ruddy turnstone running in to snatch leftover bits: risk is full: every living thing in siege: the demand is life, to keep life: the small white blacklegged egret, how beautiful, quietly stalks and spears the shallows, darts to shore to stab—what? I couldn’t see against the black mudflats—a frightened fiddler crab? 4 Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) the news to my left over the dunes and reeds and bayberry clumps was fall: thousands of tree swallows gathering for flight: an order held in constant change: a congregation rich with entropy: nevertheless, separable, noticeable as one event, not chaos: preparations for flight from winter, cheet, cheet, cheet, cheet, wings rifling the green clumps, beaks at the bayberries a perception full of wind, flight, curve, sound: the possibility of rule as the sum of rulelessness: the “field” of action with moving, incalculable center: 5 Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) in the smaller view, order tight with shape: blue tiny flowers on a leafless weed: carapace of crab: snail shell: pulsations of order in the bellies of minnows: orders swallowed, broken down, transferred through membranes to strengthen larger orders: but in the large view, no lines or changeless shapes: the working in and out, together and against, of millions of events: this, so that I make no form of formlessness: orders as summaries, as outcomes of actions override or in some way result, not predictably (seeing me gain the top of a dune, the swallows could take flight—some other fields of bayberry could enter fall berryless) and there is serenity: 6 Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) no arranged terror: no forcing of image, plan, or thought: no propaganda, no humbling of reality to precept: terror pervades but is not arranged, all possibilities of escape open: no route shut, except in the sudden loss of all routes: I see narrow orders, limited tightness, but will not run to that easy victory: still around the looser, wider forces work: I will try to fasten into order enlarging grasps of disorder, widening scope, but enjoying the freedom that Scope eludes my grasp, that there is no finality of vision, that I have perceived nothing completely, that tomorrow a new walk is a new walk. 7 Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Gravelly Run I don’t know somehow it seems sufficient to see and hear whatever coming and going is, losing the self to the victory of stones and trees, of bending sandpit lakes, crescent round groves of dwarf pine: for it is not so much to know the self as to know it as it is known by galaxy and cedar cone, as if birth had never found it and death could never end it: the swamp’s slow water comes down Gravelly Run fanning the long stone-held algal hair and narrowing roils between the shoulders of the highway bridge: holly grows on the banks in the woods there, and the cedars’ gothic-clustered spires could make green religion in winter bones: so I look and reflect, but the air’s glass jail seals each thing in its entity: no use to make any philosophies here: I see no god in the holly, hear no song from the snowbroken weeds: Hegel is not the winter yellow in the pines: the sunlight has never heard of trees: surrendered self among unwelcoming forms: stranger, hoist your burdens, get on down the road. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Swells The very longest swell in the ocean, I suspect, carries the deepest memory, the information of actions summarized (surface peaks and dibbles and local sharp slopes of windstorms) with a summary of the summaries and under other summaries a deeper summary: well, maybe deeper, longer for length here is the same as deep time: so that the longest swell swells least; that is, its effects in immediate events are least perceptible, a pitch to white water rising say a millimeter more because of an old invisible presence: and on the ocean floor an average so vast occurs it moves in a noticeability of a thousand years, every blip, though, of surface and intermediacy moderated into account: I like to go to old places where the effect dwells, summits or seas so hard to summon into mind, even with the natural Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) ones hard to climb or weigh: I go there in my mind (which is, after all, where these things negotiably are) and tune in to the wave nearly beyond rise or fall in its staying and hum the constant, universal assimilation: the information, so packed, nearly silenced with majesty and communicating hardly any action: go there and rest from the ragged and rapid pulse, the immediate threat shot up in a disintegrating spray, the many thoughts and sights unmanageable, the deaths of so many, hungry or mad. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Dunes Taking root in windy sand is not an easy way to go about finding a place to stay. A ditchbank or wood's-edge has firmer ground. In a loose world though something can be started— a root touch water, a tip break sand— Mounds from that can rise on held mounds, a gesture of building, keeping, a trapping into shape. Firm ground is not available ground. Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001) Major American Writers: Wallace Stevens A. R. Ammons (1926-2001)