Mushrooms Do Mushrooms Need The Same Things As Plants Do To Grow? ShaKeela Gary Honors Biochem. Sims 2nd period 1 Mushrooms Overview Hypothesis: Mushrooms will grow better in fertilized soil and sun. Organism: Mushrooms Independent Variable: Soil Dependent Variable: How many mushrooms sprout. 2 Mushrooms Research Content There are over 180 different kinds of mushrooms. The most common mushroom sold in stores is called the Agaricus Bisporus (button mushroom, Portobello, etc.). Mushrooms are actually made up mostly of a below-ground structure, called a mycelium, made up of filaments called hyphae. This mycelium is the actual "body" of the fungus. Mushrooms are neither plant nor animal and they do not have the chlorophyll that a plant needs to create its own food. Classification Kingdom Division Subdivision Class Order Agaricales Hymenomycetes» Aphyllophorales Tramellales Hymenogastrales Lycoperdales Basidiomycotina» Nidulariales Gasteromycetes» Phallales Podaxales Fungi» Eumycota» Tulostomatales Helotiales Discomycetes Ascomycotina » Pezizales » Tuberales Pyrenomycetes » Cordyceps 3 Mushrooms Hypomyces Podostroma Xylaria & Daldinia Cell Type, Organization and Body Plan Mushrooms are multicellular eukaryotes because they have no nucleus. The tissue that creates the spores of mushrooms is called the hymenium. Mushrooms don’t have organs per say when I looked it up they referred to the mushroom itself as the fruiting body which is sort of an organ. Mushrooms are made up of a cap, gills, and a stem. The cap can be shaped differently depending on the species or the growth. It can be conical, flat or even spherical. The cap can also be smooth, hairy or carry a scab. The gills are the many skin layers under the cap of the mushroom. Some mushrooms have pores whichever it may be this is where the spores of the mushrooms are produced. Some mushrooms do not have a stem. On the stem (of some mushrooms) is called a veil which protects the gills when they are young. As the stem grows the veil breaks creating a skirt at the top of them stem and a cup at the bottom of the stem. Types of Metabolism Mushrooms do not photosynthesis or respire. Most mushrooms are saprophytes which mean they obtain their nutrition from metabolizing from non-living, organic matter. So they break down and eat dead plants. Reproduction 4 Mushrooms Mushrooms have both sexual and asexual methods to reproduce. The sexual part happens above ground when the male and female cells fuse to create spores inside the fruiting body in which they are dispersed throughout the environment. The asexual part happens when a new fungus grows straight out of the parent this is called vegetative growth. They also reproduce asexually when the spores grow on things basically making copies of themselves. Evolutionary Information Thelep horoid Clade Polypo roid Clade Hymeno chaetoid Clade Cantha relloid Clade Gomphoi dPhalloid Clade Horaki a [1] Lenzito psis Lentinu s [1] Lenzite Rickenell s [1] a [1] Panus [1] Canthar ellus [1] Gloeocan tharellus [1] Eugaric s Clade Bolete Clade Russulo id Clade Gills Agaricus [1] Amanita [1] Clitocyb e [1] Cortinari us [1] Pleurotu s[1] Strophar ia [1] Tricholo ma [1] Chroogo mphus [1] Gomphi dius [1] Paxillus [1] Phyllop orus [1][2] [3] Tapinell a [1] Lactariu s [1] Lentinel lus [1] [2] Russula [1] Pores Dictyopa nus [1] Fistulina [1] [2] Favolasc hia [1] [2] [3] Poromyc ena [1] Boletus [1] Gyrodon [1] [2] [3] Leccinu m [1] Strobilo myces [1] Suillus Fomito psis [1] Albatrel Ganode lus [1] rma [1] Bondarz Laetipo Boletop ewia [1] rus [1] sis [1] Heterob Phaeol asidion us [1] [1] Polypo rus [1] Tyrom Coltricia [1] [2] Inonotus [1] Phellinus [1] 5 Mushrooms yces [1] [1] Tylopilu s [1] Teeth Deflexul a [1] Banker a [1] Auriscal Hydnel Hydnom pium lum [1] erulius [1] Phellod [1] Hericiu on [1] m [1] Sarcod on [1] Clavaria [1] Clavulin Corallo opsis [1] Macroty id phula [1] Physalac ria [1] Chante relloid Artomy ces [1] Hygroph Canthare oropsis llula [1] [1] Climac odon [1] [2] [3] [4] Irpex [1] [2] Hydnoch aete [1] Hydnum Beenakia [1] Sistotre [1] [2] ma [1] Scytino pogon [1] Sparass Alloclava is [1] ria [1] Clavulin a [1] Multicla vula [1] Polyoz ellus [1] Faerber ia [1] Cotylidia [2] [3] [1] [4] Craterell Gomphus us [1] [1] Parch ment Crust Chondro stereum [1] Conioph ora [1] Serpula [1] Phlebia Thelep [1] Stereum hora [1] Hymenoc Pulcher Toment haete [1] [1] ricium ella [1] [1] [2] Gaster oid Secotio id Bovista [1] Calvatia [1] Crucibul um [1] Cyathus [1] Lycoper don [1] Nivatoga strium Astraeus [1] Calosto ma [1] [2] Melanog aster [1] [2] Pisolithu s [1] Rhizopo gon [1] Arcange liella [1] Gymno myces [1] Macow anites [1] Zellero myces [1] Botryob asidium [1] [2] Sistotre ma [1] Tulasnel la [1] Ramaria [1] [2] Clavariad elphus [1] Kavinia [1] Gautieria [1] Geastrum [1] Hysteran gium [1] [2] Mutinus [1] [2] Phallus [1] [2] Sphaerob 6 Mushrooms [1] Sclerode rma [1] olus [1] This chart excludes the rust and smut fungi and the traditional gasteromycete. Divided are all the basidiomycetes into 6 major groups based on the shape of the fruiting body (sporocarp) in the field. These shapes include mushrooms containing (1) gills, (2) pores, (3) teeth, (4) vase, parchment or crustlike fruiting bodies, (5) coral-like fungi, and (6) tremelloid or jelly-like mushrooms. Interdependence Mushrooms are decomposers they are placed at the bottom of the food chain. They feed off dead plants and organisms. They are members of a separate trophic level than other organisms of the food chain because they are decomposers. Some mushrooms have a symbiotic relationship with other plants such as a tree giving up some of its glucose to the mushroom and the mushroom giving the tree some its minerals. Homeostasis The Agaricus Bisporus mushroom grows naturally in grasslands, fields and meadows in North America and Europe or basically anywhere where it can find nutrients to grow. Grasslands and meadows mostly contain grass and trees. Animals may be birds, coyotes, bobcats, wolfs, crickets, and beetles. 7 Mushrooms Independent Variable My independent variable is the soil that I will use to plant the mushrooms. I will use unfertilized soil and fertilized soil. I plan on using ordinary plant fertilizer made from fish emulsion and regular soil from my mom’s garden in my backyard. When I researched this, a student used ordinary plant fertilizer made from fish emulsion and cow manure for her science project and the mushrooms planted in the ordinary plant fertilizer grew the best. Dependent Variable My dependent variable will be how many mushrooms sprout or how big one mushroom gets versus the other. I will measure the variable with a ruler in centimeters. Research Connection Based on the information that I have found I think that the ordinary plant fertilizer made from fish emulsion will make the mushrooms grow the best. My answer to my inquiry question will be no mushrooms don’t need everything that plants need to grow because they are not plants. 8 Mushrooms Bibliography www.allaboutmushrooms.com www.angelfire.com www.britannica.com www.ehow.com www.gmushrooms.com www.mssf.com www.mushroom-appreciation.com www.mushroom-millers.com www.mycomasters.com www.naturegrid.com 9 Mushrooms Diagram 10