History of Interior Design

Architecture: the art and science of designing and constructing buildings

Copyright © 2015 Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

• The world of architecture is all around us.

• It is one of the major achievements of humans.

• Most home styles were created out of a need to adapt to the environment.

• Later, architects built structures that were appealing to the eye.

• Home styles are also dictated by construction materials and methods.

• However, ALL architectural design is dependent upon the needs of the residents.


The history of architecture and construction traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, stylistic trends, and dates.








Stone Age

6000-2000 BC

 Materials were chosen based on availability and climate.

 Tribes created huts from mud, animal skins, and sticks.

 Caves were also built of stones for shelter during the winter.


Stone Age

6000-2000 BC

 Dolmen - Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large horizontal slab

 Wigwam or Tepee - Tent with wooden poles as framework; covered with rush mats and an animal skin door

 Hogan - Primitive Indian structure of joined logs

 Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed snow blocks built up spirally


Egyptian

2700-30BC

 Civilians of Egypt lived in mud huts

 Royal families lived in magnificent buildings

 Known for pyramids, which were built as tombs for kings and pharaohs

 Materials used – mud bricks, stone, metals, and timber


 Tombs

 Sphinxes

 Pyramids

 Obelisks

Egyptian

2700-30BC



Greek

1200-31 BC

 Built temples to honor their Gods

 Developed the truss system, a triangulated, load-bearing construction to allow sloped roofs

 Developed rules of developing buildings, which included using impressive columns and porticos

(porches)


Greek

1200-31 BC

 Moldings - Architectural devices, which with light and shade, produce definition to a building

 Could be refined and delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light

 Ancient Greek “ Orders ” (styles): composed of a shaft, capital, and base

 Entablature: The top of an order; includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice


Roman

753 BC-480 AD

 The Romans were great engineers; they developed concrete as a building material, which was used in building aqueducts, baths, and other public works projects

 The arch was a purely Roman invention; an arch is often made up of small stones called voussoir and a large central stone called a keystone


Roman

753 BC-480 AD

 Other key developments include the arch, the vault, and the dome

 The arch, vault, and dome are variations of the same concept that allowed for greater height and more space inside a building


Roman

753 BC-480 AD

 A series of columns is called a colonnade



Byzantine

500-1500 AD

 Designs dominated by religion, particularly Christianity

 Domed structures

 Clerestory Windows lighted the central space

 Stained glass were joined with lead-strips and reinforced with iron bars



Gothic

1140-1400 AD

 Beginning trend of open floor plans

 Emphasis on windows to increase light

 Architectural designs included pointed arches and slender columns in clusters


Gothic

1140-1400 AD

 A buttress is a support or brace that counteracts the outward thrust of an arch or vault

 “ Flying Buttress ” is a support structure that reaches the side aisles of the church that created a thrust-counterthrust system that supports the ceiling


Gothic

1140-1400 AD

 CASTLES - Built on mounds above rivers; thick walls and small windows to resist attack



Renaissance

1400-1600 AD

 Means “rebirth” of true sense of beauty

 Major influences came from Italy and spread throughout Europe

 Rejected Middle Ages design and returned to classic designs.

 Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and Romanesque succession


Baroque

1590-1725 AD

 Major influences came from Italy and France

 Asymmetrical designs

 Ornate designs were typical during this period



Colonial

1600-1700 AD

 Symmetrical designs exhibited dignity and formality

 Architecture influenced by Roman Palladian and

Greek styles

 Characterized by halftimbering and projecting bay windows


Colonial

Garrison - 1600-1700 AD

 A Garrison is an architectural style of house, typically two stories with the second story overhanging in the front; the traditional ornamentation is four carved drops (pineapple, strawberry or acorn shape) below the overhang.

 The Garrisons’ distinguishing feature is its overhanging second story

 This creates extra second-story space without adding extra cost or using more land

 The steep roof is attractive and also adds attic space

 Narrow siding provides traditional look


Colonial

Saltbox - 1600-1700 AD

 A Saltbox house is a building with a long, pitched roof that slopes down to the back, generally a wooden frame house; a saltbox has just one story in the back and two stories in the front

 The saltbox is a direct offshoot of the basic colonial home.

 Long roofline slopes gently from the ridge to the eaves

 The saltbox gets its name from the shape of old coffee, tea, cracker, and salt boxes found in colonial stores

 The low slanting roof was created to combat the bitter winds of New England


Colonial

Cape Cod -1600-1700 AD

 A Cape Cod cottage is a style of house originating in New England in the 17th century; it is traditionally characterized by a low, broad frame building, generally a story and a half high, with a steep, pitched roof with end gables, a large central chimney, and very little ornamentation

 It is one of the earliest and best known of the traditional Colonial styles

 Shutters were generally used to create interest and make a “richer” look


Colonial

Half-Timber1600-1700 AD

 Half-timber work method of building in which external and internal walls are constructed of timber frames and the spaces between the structural members are filled with such materials as brick, plaster, or wattle and daub; it is one of the earliest and best known of the traditional Colonial styles

 Sculptured chimneys with chimney pots

 Steeply pitched gabled roofs with thatched roofs, slate roofs, or wooden shingles

 Brickwork on lower story featuring casement windows with leaded panes


Colonial

Log Cabin - 1600-1700 AD

 A log house (or log home) is structurally identical to a log cabin (a house typically made from logs that have not been milled into conventional lumber); sculptured chimneys with chimney pots

 Chimney at end with few windows

 Gable roof with shingles

 Used either round logs or squared off logs


Colonial Spanish Mission

1600-1700 AD

 The Spanish Mission style developed by blending the architecture of Spain with the materials and labor available

 Adobe, stucco, or masonry constructions depending on region

 Roofs were gabled, hipped, or flat and tiled depending on the region

 May have balconies


Colonial

Georgian - 1600-1700 AD

 Georgian is a formal style of home copied from English; it is one of the most long-lived styles of American buildings due to the development of the colonists in the 18th

Century

 This style became popular during the reign of the four King Georges of England

 End chimneys

 Hipped roof, dormer windows

 Siding: brick, stone, clapboard, and many classical details like a pediment and portico



Neoclassical

1780-1880 AD

 Emphasized Greek and

Roman design, rejecting

English influence

 Particularly prominent in the South for plantation homes

 Thomas Jefferson was an advocate for this movement


Neoclassical

Federal - 1780-1880 AD

 The Federal , or Adam, style dominated the American architectural landscape from roughly 1780 to 1840, having evolved from Georgian, the principal design language of the colonial period

 Flattened hip roof

 Siding: brick, clapboard, or stucco

 Classical detail from earlier periods like fanlights, sidelights at doorway


Neoclassical Greek Revival

- 1780-1880 AD

 Greek Revival - a style of architecture, furnishings, and decoration prevalent in the U.S. and in parts of Europe in the first half of the 19th century, characterized by ancient Greek designs and ornamented motifs

 Siding: stone, brick, stucco or wooden siding

 Classical details like colonnade, cornice, and frieze



Victorian

1837-1901 AD

 The Victorian era was ornate and fanciful, elaborate and flamboyant

 Coincided with the reign of Queen

Victoria

 Nostalgia for past styles prevailed with machinery-produced intricate designs, details, and carvings, which are referred to as gingerbread

 Sloping mansard roof defining the top floor


Victorian

Queen Anne 1837-1901 AD

 Of all the Victorian house styles, Queen

Anne is the most elaborate and the most eccentric; the style is often called romantic and feminine, yet it is the product of a most unromantic era – the machine age

 Queen Anne became an architectural fashion in the 1880s and 1890s, when the industrial revolution was building up steam; factory-made, precut architectural parts, such as lavished gingerbread, were painted vibrant colors


Victorian

Mansard 1837-1901 AD

 Mansard Victorian - This house style was popular in the United States during the reign of Napoleon III (1852-1870)

 The Mansard roof was designed by

French architect Francois Mansart in the

1600s

 Details like quoin, decorative moldings, and wrought iron railings


Victorian

Italianate 1837-1901 AD

 Of all the homes built during the

Victorian era, the romantic Italianate style became the most popular

 With their nearly-flat roofs, wide eaves, and massive brackets, these homes suggested the romantic villas of

Renaissance Italy

 The Italianate style is also known as

Tuscan, Lombard, or bracketed



Arts and Crafts

Prairie 1860-1920 AD

 Prairie - This style was developed in

Chicago at the turn of the 1900s; Frank

Lloyd Wright was the foremost architect for the first half of the 20th century

 Expressing a concern with the organization of how space and rooms flowed into one another

 Low-pitched roof with overhanging eaves

 Wide porches and rows of leaded glass windows

 Architectural forms and materials that harmonize with nature


Arts and Crafts

Bungalows 1860-1920 AD

 Bungalows were built in the early 1900s by two brothers, Charles and Henry

Greene; designs appeared in Ladies Home

Journal and the style spread as pattern books appeared and many plans were offered as pre-cut timber for easy assembly

 The bungalow became the most popular small home in the country; different regional styles took various forms

 One story, small and compact

 Siding: wood clapboard

 Shingled, gabled roof that overhangs

 Usually has porch


Arts and Crafts

Ranch/Rambler 1860-1920 AD

 Ranch/Rambler This house style began in the Western United States and was commonly called the “ California Ranch;” it began to flourish after WWII

 The ranch home was most popular in the

1950s and dominated the building styles through the 1970s

 One story, long and low home

 Low pitched gable or hip roof

 Large windows – picture, patio sliding, double hung

 Many variations due to region, often with an attached garage


Art Nouveau

1890-1910 AD

 Emerged in Belgium

 Considered the first

“modern” style

 Used forms that vibrated with life and embraced modern materials and techniques



Eclectic

1900-Now

 Revival of many different

Old World Styles put together in one design

 Created a need for people with an understanding of differing styles and interior design history

 Defined by contrasts and variety



Modern

1918-1950

 New architectural directions emerge

 Style based on functionalism and purity of line

 Common materials used in architecture included stucco, steel, and glass


Modern International 1918-

1950

 International - This style began in

Europe in 1920s by Walter

Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other Bauhaus architects

 Introduced in the 1930s to United

States, the style has had great influence on housing designs

 Flat roofed

 Asymmetrical with large areas of glass, concrete, stucco, or metal

 Emphasize function with an open floor plan


Modern Contemporary

1918-1950

 Contemporary - These "casual" houses are usually sheathed in redwood or stained hardwood, accented by stone and come in many sizes and shapes; they are designed to fit into a rustic landscape and often feature cathedral ceilings, large expanses of glass, and decks

 Today, the Contemporary house can be defined as a personal statement expressed through nearly any combination of layout, geometry, and materials

 Innovative designs for homes

 Contrasting materials and textures

 Unusual placement and shapes of windows


Modern

Split-Level 1918-1950

 Split-Level - This style became popular after WWII because of the amount of space and utility provided; these houses have different levels, 1/2 stories connected by stairs

 The ground level is usually a recreation area, the middle level kitchen, dining room & living room, and an upper level for bedrooms

 In a Split-Entry home you enter into a landing and stairs to access the upper and lower levels


Transitional

1950-Now

 If a home was built in the past few decades, chances are it incorporates many different historic styles; decorative details borrowed from the past and selected from a

“ construction catalog ” create a mixture that can be difficult to define

 For lack of a name, we call these ” transitional“ houses or neo-eclectic, some call them eclectic or “ post modern ”

 Timeless by blending the old with the new

 Traditional elements are kept in architectural design



Style Inspirations

Ancient to Now

 There are many style inspirations that have been used in architecture and construction throughout history

 These inspirations include:

 African

 American

 Asian

 Chinese

 English

 French

 Hispanic

 Tropical


History of Interior Design

The history of architecture and construction traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, stylistic trends, and dates.

Stone Age

Stone Age

Egyptian

Egyptian

Greek

Greek

Roman

Roman

Roman

Byzantine

Gothic

Gothic

Gothic

Renaissance

Baroque

Colonial

1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Garrison - 1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Saltbox - 1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Cape Cod -1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Half-Timber1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Log Cabin - 1600-1700 AD

Colonial Spanish Mission

1600-1700 AD

Colonial

Georgian - 1600-1700 AD

Neoclassical

1780-1880 AD

Neoclassical

Federal - 1780-1880 AD

Neoclassical Greek Revival

- 1780-1880 AD

Victorian

1837-1901 AD

Victorian

Queen Anne 1837-1901 AD

Victorian

Mansard 1837-1901 AD

Victorian

Italianate 1837-1901 AD

Arts and Crafts

Prairie 1860-1920 AD

Arts and Crafts

Bungalows 1860-1920 AD

Arts and Crafts

Ranch/Rambler 1860-1920 AD

Art Nouveau

1890-1910 AD

Eclectic

1900-Now

Modern

1918-1950

Modern International 1918-

1950

Modern Contemporary

1918-1950

Modern

Split-Level 1918-1950

Transitional

1950-Now

Style Inspirations

Ancient to Now

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