The Human Body in Health and Disease
Chapter 2
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Anatomic Reference Systems
• Describe the location and functions of body
parts using:
–
–
–
–
Body planes
Body directions
Body cavities
Structural units
(continues)
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Anatomic Reference Systems
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(continues)
© Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
(continues)
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© Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
(continues)
© Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
(continues)
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© Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
(continues)
© Cengage Learning
Anatomic Reference Systems
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Cytology
• The study of the formation, structure, and
function of cells, including:
– Chromosomes
– DNA
– Genetics
(continues)
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© Cengage Learning
Cytology
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Histology
• The study of tissues, which are composed
of cells that join together to perform specific
functions, including:
–
–
–
–
Stem cells
Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues
Muscle tissue
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Glands
• Specialized cells that secrete material used
elsewhere in the body, including:
– Exocrine glands
– Endocrine glands
(continues)
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Glands
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Organ and Body Systems
• Body parts are organized into systems
according to function.
• Examples:
– Skeletal system
– Muscular system
– Cardiovascular system
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Pathology
• The study of structural and functional changes
caused by disease.
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• aden/o
– gland
• adip/o
– fat
• anter/o
– before, front
• caud/o
– lower part of body, tail
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• cephal/o
– head
• cyt/o, -cyte
– cell
• end-, endo– in, within, inside
• exo– out of, outside, away from
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• hist/o, histi/o
– tissue
• -ologist
– specialist
• -ology
– the science or study of
• path/o, -pathy
– disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
– development, growth, formation
• poster/o
– behind, toward the back
• -stasis, -static
– control, maintenance of a constant level
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Questions to Get You Thinking
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Question
A chromosome is larger than a gene.
True or False?
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Answer
True
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Question
Peas have 14 pairs of chromosomes and pigeons
have 80. How many do humans have?
a. 100
b. 145
c. 46
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Answer
c. 46
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Question
Stem cells die after a determined life span.
True or False?
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Answer
False. Unlike other cells that die after a
determined life span, stem cells can renew
themselves through cell division.
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Question
A communicable disease and a contagious
disease are the same thing.
True or False
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Answer
True
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Answers to Learning Exercises
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Chapter 2 Answers
Matching Word Parts 1
2.1. adip/o
2.2. anter/o
2.3. aden/o
2.4. -ologist
2.5. -ology
Matching Word Parts 2
2.6. cyt/o
2.7. cephal/o
2.8. caud/o
2.9. exo2.10. endo-
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Chapter 2 Answers
Matching Word Parts 3
2.11. poster/o
2.12. -stasis
2.13. path/o
2.14. -plasia
2.15. hist/o
Definitions
2.16. nosocomial infection
2.17. dominant gene
2.18. abdominal cavity
2.19. medial
2.20. adult stem
2.21. phenylketonuria
2.22. adenitis
2.23. parietal peritoneum
2.24. gene
2.25. histology
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Chapter 2 Answers
Matching Regions of the
Thorax and Abdomen
2.26. epigastric region
2.27. umbilical region
2.28. hypochondriac region
2.29. hypogastric region
2.30. iliac region
Which Word?
2.31. inguinal
2.32. genetics
2.33. epidemiologist
2.34. exocrine glands
2.35. inferior
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Chapter 2 Answers
Spelling Counts
2.36. mesentery
2.37. hemophilia
2.38. hypertrophy
2.39. epithelial
2.40. anomaly
Abbreviation Identification
2.41. Huntington’s disease
2.42. communicable disease
2.43. general practitioner
2.44. left upper quadrant
2.45. chromosome
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Chapter 2 Answers
Term Selection
2.46. proximal
2.47. posterior
2.48. frontal
2.49. midsagittal
2.50. distal
Sentence Completion
2.51. Down syndrome
2.52. physiology
2.53. thoracic
2.54. iatrogenic
2.55. chromosomes
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Chapter 2 Answers
Word Surgery
2.56. aden, -ectomy
2.57. endo-, -crine
2.58. hist, -ologist
2.59. retro-, periton, -eal
2.60. path, -ologist
2.61. eti-, -ology
2.62. home/o, -stasis
2.63. pan-, dem, -ic
2.64. epi-, gastr, -ic
2.65. idi/o, path, -ic
Clinical Conditions
2.66. epidemic
2.67. functional
2.68. bloodborne
2.69. cytology
2.70. vector borne
2.71. quadrant
2.72. waterborne
2.73. pelvic
2.74. peritonitis
2.75. geneticist
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Chapter 2 Answers
Which Is the Correct Medical
Term?
2.76. iliac
2.77. genome
2.78. adenocarcinoma
2.79. loose
2.80. fetal alcohol syndrome
Challenge Word Building
2.81. myoplasty
2.82. myalgia
2.83. gastrosis
2.84. laryngitis
2.85. myectomy
2.86. gastralgia
2.87. laryngectomy
2.88. nephrosis
2.89. neuroplasty
2.90. nephritis
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Chapter 2 Answers
Labeling Exercises
2.91. hypochondriac
2.92. umbilical
2.93. hypogastric
2.94. lumbar
2.95. iliac
2.96. midsagittal
2.97. anterior
2.98. lateral
2.99. posterior
2.100. transverse
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