CHAPTER 10: LAUNCHING THE
NEW SHIP OF STATE
 Constructed by
Mr. Freccia & Ms. Silivongxay
DIRECTIONS
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GROWING PAINS
After 12 years of government-disabling, now America had
to begin nation-building. During the Revolutionary time
period though, a strong distrust of government had
been instilled in people.
The U.S. financial situation was grim.
Revenue was very small yet the debt was mounting due
to interest.
Hard (metal) money was scarce and the paper money
was worthless.
The financial situation was the number 1 problem the
new nation faced.
Still, America was trying to create a democracy on a
scale never been done before and make it fly.
GROWING PAIN CONTINUES
The U.S. Constitution went into effect in 1789.
The population was doubling every 20 years. The
largest cities in the 1790 census (in order)
were Philadelphia, New York, Boston,
Charleston, and Baltimore.
90% of the people were rural. 5% lived west of
the Appalachian Mountains. These folks lived
mostly in Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio which
soon became new states. New Hampshire had
already become state number 14.
WHY BILL OF RIGHTS?
All thirteen states had to ratify the Constitution
 Nine states needed to “reset” the country,
canceling out the Articles of Confederation
 Conservative document that prevented the
“mob” from controlling government
 Was a surprise to the public

ANTI-FEDERALISTS VS. FEDERALISTS
Anti-Federalists
 States’ rights
 Backcountry dwellers
 Small farmers
 Debtors
 S. Adams, P. Henry,
Richard Henry Lee
Federalists
Strong federal gov.
Seaboard dwellers
Wealthy and better
educated
Controlled the press
(The Federalist
Papers)
G. Washington, B.
Franklin, Madison,
Hamilton, John Jay
ELECTION OF 1789
Electors cast two votes
for President
 Each elector selected
Washington w/ at least
one
 NC and RI hadn’t ratified
the Constitution
 NY had problems
deciding how electors
would be chosen

Executive Branch (1789-1796)
George W ashington
President
John Adams
Vice-President
Thom as Jefferson
Secretary of State
Alexander Ham ilton
Secretary of the Treasury
Henry Knox
Secretary of W ar
• Cabinet not outlined in the Constitution – a “Washington Invention”
• John Jay named 1st Chief Justice of the five member Supreme Court
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwW8BD3nP44&feature=related
CONGRESS AT WORK…
James Madison sought to protect the Constitution
and win over “the anti-Feds”
 What he develops becomes known as the Bill of
Rights (he is the “father of”)
 One of the first acts done by the new Federal
Government
 Judiciary Act (1789) organizes the Supreme Court

ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Not a “natural” citizen (born in the
Caribbean)
 Federalist / aide to Washington
 Arch rival: Jefferson
 “Father of the National Debt”
 Assumption fight and compromise
 Debt was a “national blessing”
 Bank of the United States
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
QVRUZFM8Iw&feature=related

NATIONAL DEBT STRUCTURE
Debt owed to Foreigners
$11,710,000
Federal Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
Miscellaneous
Revenue
Customs
Duties (tariffs)
Excise Revenue (Whiskey, etc.)
WHISKEY REBELLION (1794)

PA farmers not happy with tariff

Launch an “insurrection”

Washington personally leads militia into PA to restore
order (direct opposite of Shay’s Rebellion)

Represents peaceful dialogue over violence in order to
change policy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RL1UE5nzcs&feature=related
WHAT CAUSED PARTIES TO FORM?
POLITICAL RIVALRIES
Democrat-Republicans
 States rights (local)
 Strict construction view
 Agriculture based
 Rule of the people
 Backed France
 Support in S and W
 Jefferson and Madison
key supporters
Federalists
Federal rights
Loose construction view
Industrial based
Avoid “mob” rule / elites
Backed England
Support in NE
J. Adams and Hamilton key
supporters
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
Beware of
entangling
alliances…
…because they will get
us involved in other
people’s wars.
RATING THE PRESIDENTS





More notable American
rather than President
Extremely popular at the time
Sets the bar for what a Pres.
does
Foreign policy of neutrality
Prevents a “backslide” of
revolutionary ideals
ELECTION OF 1796
President and V.P. come
from different parties for
1st time
 MD split the vote
between the two
 Other candidates vote
count not depicted

PRESIDENT JOHN ADAMS

Jay’s Treaty with England angers D-R and France.

Adams not well liked and comes to power in a very close, bitter election

Stuck between neo-Federalists led by Hamilton (not pro-British enough) and
Jefferson’s D-R (anti-British)

France reacts by seizing American vessels at sea (300 by 1797)
QUASI-WAR W/ FRANCE (1798-1800)

John Marshall is sent to France to negotiate w/ Talleyrand
QUASI-WAR BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE LETTERS X,
Y, AND Z

They ask for a $250,000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrand

Marshall refuses and returns to America

“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

Adams avoids war by appealing to new French ruler
Napoleon

Convention of 1800 = “divorce” w/ Fr.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afB5NJmER5M
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

Federalists during war fervor pass laws to silence the
opposition (D-R)

Alien Act
 Naturalization from 5 to 14 yrs
 President can jail or deport in time of war

Sedition Act
 Impeding policies of the government = jail
 Attacking officials in press = jail and fine
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9kCvBZGzXc&featur
e=related
VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

It was a protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts of
the Federalist

Jefferson writes for Kentucky

Madison writes for Virginia

Develops the idea of “nullification”
 The States have the right to ignore laws that the
Federal Government “oversteps it’s authority on”
 Constitutional issues were later a right the Supreme
Court “adopts” in 1803.
ELECTION OF 1800
By the election of 1800, there were clearly two separate
political camps in the U.S. Federalists Versus
Democratic-Republicans.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQVRUZFM8Iw&feat
ure=related
FEDERALIST
Federalists were supported by the upper classes. Generally speaking…
They were led by Hamilton who envisioned an industrial America of big
cities.
They were from the wealthy classes, such as merchants, bankers,
manufacturers. They often lived along the eastern seaboard—the
older regions that were close to the coast and trade.
They were pro-British (since that was good for trade).
They liked a strong federal government, run by the educated elite. They
distrusted the common person as uneducated and unable to run a
nation. They felt democracy was one step shy of "mobocracy."
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN
The Democratic-Republicans (or just Republicans at this time) were
supported by the poor and common classes. Generally speaking…
They were led by Jefferson who envisioned an agricultural America of
small towns.
They felt that even an uneducated man can make common-sense
decisions and thus run himself and his nation through voting.
Republicans favored expanding the vote to more people (though it
was still a very narrow group).
They were mostly farmers and lived in the interior areas and along the
frontier. They felt farming was good for the soul—it kept the farmer
humble and close to God.
They were pro-French (since France had helped the U.S. against
England).
RATING THE PRESIDENTS




John Adams (Federalist): More
notable American rather than
President
Extremely disliked at the time /
abrasive personality
Doesn’t get caught up in war fever
and does what was best for the
country
Splits his party and loses in close
election to Jefferson (Republican)