SOL BIO 4.a-c
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The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things.
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All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.
Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
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Cells contain specialized structures to perform functions necessary for life.
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Cellular activities necessary for life include chemical reactions that facilitate:
 acquiring energy
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 reproduction adaptation maintaining homeostasis
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The basic processes necessary for living things to survive are the same for a single cell as they are for a more complex organism.
A single-celled organism has to conduct all life processes by itself.
A multi-cellular organism has groups of cells that specialize to perform specific functions.
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All cells contain:
Genetic material
 single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes
 double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes
Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills the cells interior
Phospholipids
Plasma membrane encloses the cell
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– phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins 5

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Cell structure is one of the ways in which organisms differ from each other.
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2 Types of Cells
• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote
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Earth’s first cells were prokaryotes.
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The simplest life forms are the prokaryotes.
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Prokaryotic cells exist in two major forms: eubacteria and archaebacteria.
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Prokaryotes are the Earth’s most abundant inhabitants. They can survive in a wide range of environments and obtain energy in a variety of ways.
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Prokaryotes are cells that lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
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Some use flagellum for locomotion
ALL are UNICELLULAR
Bacteria and related microorganisms are prokaryotes
Rotary motor
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Eukaryote
• Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger more complex organisms.
• Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Eukaryote
• Can be both unicellular or multi-cellular
• Examples of eukaryotes are:
• All fungus, plant, and animal cells
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Most cells are relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly.
 longer diffusion time
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 Cellular differences between plant and animal cells
 Plants have:
 a cell wall
 Chloroplast
 Large vacuole
 Animal cells do not have these structures
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Endosymbiosis theory suggests that eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between various prokaryotes.
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Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria.
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Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.
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Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell.
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Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell is engulfed
Prokaryotic cell
Symbiosis
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 2 plasma membrane
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 3 nucleus nuclear envelope plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum
Cell has a nucleus and other organelles.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 4 nucleus nuclear envelope plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum aerobic bacterium
Cell has a nucleus and other organelles.
Cell has mitochondria.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 5 nucleus nuclear envelope plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum aerobic bacterium spirochete
Animal cell has a flagellum.
Cell has a nucleus and other organelles.
Cell has mitochondria.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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ta_03_14 Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
Slide number: 6 nucleus nuclear envelope plasma membrane
Cell has a nucleus and other organelles.
aerobic bacterium spirochete
Animal cell has a flagellum.
endoplasmic reticulum
Cell has mitochondria.
cyanobacterium
Plant cell has chloroplasts.
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Cell specialization occurs during the development of a multi-cellular organism.
The genetic information necessary for all cellular functions remains in each cell but may not be used.
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Stores genetic material
Contains DNA site where RNA is made
Nucleolus: Chromatin and ribosomal subunits
Nuclear envelope:
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Double membrane with pores
Largest organelle
BRAIN of the cell – controls protein synthesis
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Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger
RNA.
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 site of protein synthesis assembled in nucleolus
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They can be found alone in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Alone in cytoplasmmakes proteins for use within the cell
Attached to RER- makes proteins for export out of the cell
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 transports materials through the cell
• Rough ER studded with ribosomes
• Attached to nuclear membrane
• site of protein synthesis and processing
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes
• site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles
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Golgi apparatus
 collection of Golgi bodies
• Stacked flattened sacks
• Site where cell products are packaged for export
• Proteins are modified by being combined with fats or carbohydrates
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Golgi apparatus
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Vesicles then pinch off from the Golgi body to be secreted
(outside the cell)
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Involved in the production of lysosomes
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
Proteins
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Protein
Ribosome
Vesicle budding from rough endoplasmic reticulum
Migrating transport vesicle
Fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus
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 vesicles produced by the
Golgi apparatus.
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Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are involved in intracellular digestion of food particles, disease causing bacteria and worn out cell parts
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cytoplasm
Food vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Lysosomes
Digestion of food particles or cells
Transport vesicle
Old or damaged organelle
Breakdown of old organelle
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Found in PLANT and ANMAL cells
The vacuole acts a container, storing water and dissolved particles
Plants have a large central vacuole for water storage
Unicellular animals can use contractile vacuoles for movement
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Mitochondria
 site of cell respiration
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Chloroplasts
 site of photosynthesis
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"Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular metabolism
Structure- outer and inner membranes, cristae
Found in both plant and animal cells
Very active cells have more mitochondria
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•Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria
•Contain green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis
•Found ONLY in PLANTS
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•controls what enters and leaves the cell
•Found in
cells
•Phospholipid bilayer with transport proteins, and cholesterol (for flexibility)
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•provides support
•Found in and
cells
•Made from cellulose
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Long slender protein tubes and fibers that extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
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The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements responsible for cell shape, movement within the cell, and movement of the cell:
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Actin filaments
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Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
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The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements :
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Actin filaments
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The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements:
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Microtubules
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The cytoskeleton contains three types of elements:
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Intermediate filaments
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•Cylindrical structures found near the nucleus
•Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged in bundles
•Important in cell division
•Found ONLY in ANIMAL cells
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Plant vs. Animal Cells
HAVE:
Cell Wall
LARGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
DO NOT HAVE:
Centrioles
PLANT
CELL
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
ANIMAL
CELL
HAVE:
Centrioles
DO NOT HAVE:
Cell Wall
LARGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
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