Learning Targets Ch. 4 Sect. 1
7.2.4
Discuss how Muslim rule
spread as a result of
war and treaties. Focus
on the spread of Islam
and the Arabic language,
and how the Muslim
culture mixed with
other cultures.
7.2.5
Describe the growth of
trade between Asia ,
Africa, and Europe and
the role of merchants in
Arab society. Describe
how trade led to the
growth of cities and the
spread of products,
ideas, and inventions.
Early Expansion
7.2.4
7.2.5
The Big Idea
Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, the blending
of cultures, and the growth of cities.
4 Main Ideas
Main Idea 1:
Muslim armies conquered many lands
into which Islam slowly spread.
• After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr became
the first caliph, the title that Muslims use
for the highest leader of Islam.
• Caliphs were not religious leaders, but
political and military leaders.
• Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against
Arab tribes who did not follow Muhammad’s
teachings.
Growth of the Empire
• Muslim armies battled
tribes that did not
follow Muhammad’s
teachings.
• The Muslim armies
united Arabia, then
defeated the Persian
and Byzantine
empires.
• After years of
fighting Muslim
armies, many Berbers,
a native people of
North Africa,
converted to Islam
and joined forces
with the Arabs.
• A combined Berber
and Arab army
invaded Spain and
conquered it in AD
711. (Cordoba)
Main Idea 2:
Trade helped Islam
spread into new areas.
• Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took Islamic
beliefs to new lands.
• Islam spread to India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
• Trade also brought new products to Muslim lands and made
many people rich.
– Travelers learned how to make paper from the Chinese.
– Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and oranges from
India, China, and Southeast Asia.
– Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in Africa.
Main Idea 3:
A mix of cultures was one result
of Islam’s spread.
• As Islam spread through
trade, warfare, and
treaties, Arabs came into
contact with people who
had different beliefs and
lifestyles.
• Language and religion
helped unify many groups
that became part of the
Islamic world.
• Muslims generally
practiced tolerance, or
acceptance, with regard
to these people.
• Jews and Christians in
particular could keep their
beliefs.
Main Idea 4:
Islamic influence encouraged
the growth of cities.
• Baghdad (know on the
map)
• Capital of Islamic Empire
• Located near land and
water trade routes
• Walled city
• Built hospitals,
observatories, and a
library that was used as a
university
• Cordoba (know on the
map)
• Capital of what is now
Spain
• Strong economy based on
agriculture and trade
• By the AD 900s, was the
largest and most advanced
city in Europe
• Great center of learning
• Also a center of Jewish
culture
Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. 2
7.2.4
Discuss how Muslim rule spread as a
result of war and treaties. Focus on the
spread of Islam and the Arabic language
and how Muslim culture mixed with
other cultures.
Muslim Empires
7.2.4
The Big Idea
After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires
formed—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
3 Main Ideas
Main Idea 1:
Muslims ruled the Ottoman Empire,
which was a political and cultural
force.
• The Ottomans were aided
by slave soldiers called
Janissaries.
• They had new gunpowder
weapons, such as the
cannon.
• Mehmed II and Suleyman
I led conquests that
turned the Ottomans into
a world power.
• During Suleyman’s rule,
the Ottoman Empire
reached its cultural peak.
– Poets wrote beautiful
works.
– Architects turned
Istanbul into a Muslim
city.
• Women had limited
freedom.
Ottoman Government and
Society
• The sultan, or Ottoman ruler, issued laws and made
all major decisions in the empire.
• Ottoman society was divided into two classes.
– Judges and people who advised the sultan were
part of the ruling class.
– Those who didn’t fit into the ruling class made up
the other class. Many of these were Christians or
Jews from lands the Ottomans had conquered.
Main Idea 2:
The Safavid Empire blended Persian
cultural traditions with Shia Islam.
• A conflict arose over who should be caliph.
• Islam split into two groups.
– The Shia thought that only members of
Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
– The Sunni thought it did not matter as long as
they were good Muslims and strong leaders.
The Safavid Empire
• The Safavid Empire began when the Safavid
leader Esma’il conquered Persia and made himself
shah, or king. In 1501.
• He made Shiism the official religion of the empire.
• The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim traditions.
• The manufacturing of traditional products, such
as handwoven carpets, silk, and velvet, was
encouraged.
SA tb 93 1-2
1.a. Janissaries were Christian boys the Ottomans captured,
converted to Islam, and used as slave troops.
1b. Ottoman society was tolerant because it allowed Christians
and Jews to live there, but it was intolerant because it limited
women’s freedom and forced the early Janissaries to convert to
Islam.
2a. The Safavid Empire began when the Safavid leader Esma’il
conquered Persia and made himself shah, or king. In 1501.
2b. Safavid culture was part of the empires economy because the
manufacturing of traditional products, such as handwoven
carpets, silk, and velvet, was encouraged.
Main Idea 3:
The Mughal Empire in India left
an impressive cultural heritage.
•
Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew mostly under an emperor named
Akbar.
•
Akbar’s tolerant religious policies helped unify the empire. Leaders after him
weren’t tolerant of other religions besides Islam and it made people revolt.
This is what weakened the empire and eventually ended it.
•
A conflict of cultures and religion led to the end of this empire, but resulted in a
culture unique to the Mughal Empire.
•
Cultures that blended in the empire included
– Muslims
– Hindus
– Persians
– Indians
Learning Target Ch. 4 Sect. 3
7.2.6
Understand how Muslim scholars from
different areas worked together and
made contributions in the areas of
math, science, philosophy, art, and
literature.
Cultural Achievements
7.2.6
The Big Idea
Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science,
art, and literature.
2 Main Ideas
Main Idea 1:
Muslim scholars made advances in
various fields of science and
philosophy.
• Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy,
geography, math, and science.
• Many ancient writings were translated into Arabic.
This helped preserve the ancient knowledge for
learning.
Cultural Achievements
• Geography
– Geographers made more accurate maps than before, mostly
due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.
– Ibn Battutah traveled to Africa, India, China and Spain and
made many contributions to geography.
• Math
– The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the foundations
for modern algebra.
• Astronomy
– They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the Greeks
had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
More Scholarly Advances
• Medicine
– The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have
come in medicine.
– A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose and
treat the deadly disease smallpox.
• Philosophy
– The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues, which led
to a movement called Sufism.
– Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a
personal relationship with God.
Main Idea 2:
Islam influenced styles of
literature
and the arts.
• Literature
– Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim world—
poetry and short stories.
• Architecture
– The greatest architectural achievements were mosques.
They often had a dome and minarets—narrow towers from
which Muslims are called to prayer.
– Patrons, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for
elaborately decorated mosques.
More Islamic Influences
• Art
– Because they could not represent people or
animals in paintings due to their religion, Muslim
artists turned calligraphy, or decorative writing,
into an art form.
– They used this technique to decorate buildings
and mosques.