MR. VALENTINE’S HELPFUL HINTS FOR PROJECTS: Fort Sumter Began: April 12th 1861 Union Commander: Major Robert Anderson Confederate Commander: General P.G.T. Beauregard Definition of what happened: After SC seceded, Union forces resided at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. After numerous demands by Confederate militia for the Union to surrender Fort Sumter, Beauregard fired upon Fort Sumter at 4:30 am. Result of event: Union forces surrender Impact of event on the war: Started the Civil War o North/Lincoln: saw Confederate actions as an act of open rebellion. So he called upon volunteers to help fight the seceded states o South: saw Lincoln’s actions as a declaration of war. As a result, the Upper South seceded (Virginia, NC, TN, Arkansas) First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) Started: July 21, 1861. Location: o Manassas, Virginia (important railroad junction southwest of Washington) (north) o Bull Run, a stream that passed about 4 miles North of Manassas (South) Union Commander: Brigadier General Irvin McDowell o Poorly prepared army. McDowell told Lincoln he needed more time to prepare. /Kept delaying o Accompanying his troops was a huge crowd of reporters, politicians, and civilians from Washington, planning to picnic and watch the battle. Confederate Commander: General P.G.T. Beauregard o Smaller #’s in men o McDowell’s delaying allowed Confederate army to strengthen 11,000 troops were send in freight cars to the scene *1st time in history troops were moved by train Definition of what happened: o Wanted Richmond, Va o First major land-based confrontation of the American Civil War o Union General Irvin McDowell marched from Washington against the Confederate army o Hours of fighting pushed Confeds back o Virginia Commander: General Thomas Jackson (Stonewall Jackson) Refused to give up As a result: Confederate forces joined Jackson and won the battle o Union forces fled the scene, trampling over all of the people watching the battle fleeing to Washington in fear of the Confederate Army. Result: Confederate Victory Impact on war: o North: Convinced the Lincoln administration that the war would be a long and costly affair = began calling for more volunteers and preparation increased for war o South: Started to worry also about the long and costly war. Especially about their troop #’s compared to the North Second Battle of Bull Run: (much larger scale and in the #’s) http://www.historynet.com/second-battle-of-bull-run Location: Manassas, Virginia When did this occur? August 28-30, 1862 Definition/what happened All memorable/notable people involved o Union General John Pope (army of Virginia) (self-righteous and obnoxious) o Confederate General Robert E. Lee Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson Lt. Gen. James Longstreet o Deep Cut: unfinished railroad track that provided “readymade trenches” for the Confederates o August 28th : Pope surprised by Stonewall’s artillery fire from the woods Result of this event: o Confederate Victory Impact of this event (whole country and north vs. south) o North: devasting loss o South: triumphant victory, started to give Lee a lot of confidence Commemorated? Peninsular Campaign http://www.historyanimated.com/PeninsulaAnimation.html http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_peninsular1862.html https://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Penincamp http://www.stmarys-ca.edu/the-civil-war-letters-of-forrest-little/father-idone-my-duty/mcclellans-peninsula-campaign Location: Peninsula between James and York Rivers When did this occur? What happened? o One of the most controversial episodes of the civil war People o Jackson o Lee o McClellan Result o Confederate victory Impact o North: McClellan blamed Washington for not sending enough forces, dispite actually outnumbering the Confeds. o South: Emergence of Jackson and Lee as commanders with great stature and ability Richmond was about to fall, before Jackson and Lee combined to stop it. Commemorated? The Battle of Antietam http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-antietam http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_battle_1.html Location: Sharpsburg, Maryland When Sep. 17, 1862 What happened? People o Union General George B. McClellan o Confederate General Robert E. Lee Result: Union Win b/c Lee withdrew to Virginia Impact Commemoration African American Involvement in the Civil War http://www.historynet.com/betrayal-at-ebenezer-creek.htm Emancipation Proclamation o Slaves were freed in areas rebelling against the government Those who fought for the South: o Those who fought for the North: o Almost 10% of army throughout the war was African American o After Emancipation Proclamation, 180,000 African Americans enlisted in Union th 54 Massachusetts Regiment o “Those who would be free, themselves must strike the blow.” Fort Wagner o General Chamberlain Slaves in the South o Contraband Ebenezer Creek o Discuss how this was different from Fort Wagner o Give a basic overview and talk about how it went down o Talk about how brave and courageous these men were We don’t usually hear about African American’s in the war during things such as this The Battle of Fredericksburg http://civilwaranimated.com/index.php/the-battle-of-fredericksburg Location: Shenandoah Valley When What happened: o Burnside crossed right in front of Lee’s army; kept charging into gun fire. People: Lee; Burnside Result: Confederate Victory Impact The Battle of Chancellorsville Location: When What happened People Result: Impact Medical Care and Prison Camps http://mentalfloss.com/article/31326/5-medical-innovations-civil-war Clara Barton Dorothea Dix Medical Condition during the Civil War **plastic surgery was invented during the Civil War Impact of disease of Civil War o http://teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_10.06.02 _u#g Prison Camps http://civilwar.bluegrass.net/PrisonsParolesAndPOWs/prisonerexcha ngesystem.html Why did it change? o South refused to recognize black soldiers as prisoners of war, so they reduced them to slave status and threatened to kill the Union Officers who had commanded them o http://everything2.com/title/Prisoner+Exchange+System o Point Lookout o Largest and worst Northern POW camp o Blacks guarded the prison o http://www.censusdiggins.com/prison_ptlookout.html Battle of Gettysburg Why does Lee’s army head North June, 1863? Who was General Meade? o New head of the Union Army What mistake did Lee make once he drove the Union out of Gettysburg? Who was JEB Stuart? o Scapegoat and South blamed him for not providing Lee with critical information about the enemy’s troop movements Devil’s Den o http://www.brotherswar.com/Gettysburg-2p.htm Fishhook formation: http://www.army.mil/gettysburg/battlescape.html Sherman’s March Richmond, Va and Appomattox Courthouse Transition from Sherman’s march to heading North (pg. 415) Election of 1864- Lincoln’s Assassination http://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/essays/biography/3 McClellan o Political Party: Democrat o Platform Lincoln: o Political Party: Republican o Platform: o What did the Democrats use against him? His abuse of presidential power in regards to his ban on Habeus Corpus Impact/Importance o Had McClellan and the democrats prevailed in the election there would have likely been two separate nations with no guarantee of reconciliation between the two nations. As it was, Sherman's victory at Atlanta gave the Union renewed hope that the war could, and would, be won and Lincoln gained the victory and the Union was saved. http://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/key-events