13. Age of Reason
• Standard: Examine the intellectual, political,
social, and economic factors that changed the
world view of Europeans.
• Essential Question: What were the
intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of
Europeans?
Scientific Revolution
• Element: Explain the scientific contributions
of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton
and how these ideas changed the European
world view.
• Vocabulary: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and
Newton
Scientific Revolution
Definition:
• new way of thinking
about the natural world
based on careful
observation and a
willingness to question
Scientific Revolution
Influences:
• Renaissance inspired new curiosity
• Exploration broaden European horizons
• Scientific discoveries challenge excepted
thinking
• Printing press spread ideas
Stop and Think!!
• What led to or caused the Scientific
Revolution (in your own words)?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Contribution:
• Wrote: On the
Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres
Nicolaus Copernicus
Old View:
• believed the earth was
the center of the
universe (geocentric)
New View:
• theorized that the sun
was the center and the
earth rotated around it
(heliocentric)
Stop and Think!
• How did Copernicus’ ideas change Europeans’
world view?
Johannes Kepler
Contribution:
• gave three fundamental
laws of planetary
motion
Johannes Kepler
Old View:
• planetary orbits are
circular with the sun
sitting in the center
New View:
• planetary orbits rotated
following an elliptical
course (egg-shaped)
with the sun sitting
towards the end of the
ellipse
Stop and Think!
• How did Kepler change Europeans’ world
view?
Galileo Galilee
Contribution:
• first known scientist to
regularly observe the
universe using a
telescope
Galileo Galilei
Old View:
• Moon was a pure
substance
New View:
• Moon had a rough
surface, supported
Copernicus ideas
Stop and Think!
• How did Galileo change Europeans’ world
view?
Sir Isaac Newton
Contribution:
• Wrote: The
Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy
Sir Isaac Newton
Old View:
• a divine spirit present in
all the material things
that allowed for
movement (hermetic
theory)
New View:
• gravity is the reason for
planetary motion
• everything worked
together in order like
pieces to a clock and
God was at the center
of it that set everything
in motion like a clock
maker
Stop and Think!
• How did Newton’s ideas change Europeans’
world view?
Other Contributions
Scientific Method:
• “I think therefore I am” Rene Descartes
• French intellectual who challenged traditional
ideas
• said that human reason was capable of
discovering and explaining the laws of nature
and man
• accepted nothing as true unless it was proved