ELTIS Training on Environmental Zones Krakow 2009 TU DRESDEN Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsökologie Mathias Winter, TU Dresden, Verkehrsökologie, D- 01062 Dresden matthias.winter@tu-dresden.de Environmental zones Workflow of this part: 1. Definition 2. Legal context 3. Main pollutants 4. Environmental zones Status in Europe Examples Planning and assessing EZ Lessons learnt Environmental zones – definition of the topic Definition spatial (and temporal) traffic restriction measures, entry permissible to vehicles: fulfilling pre-defined emission standards, of defined age, that belong to defined vehicle categories (weight, length), that utilise a given loading capacity (% of max. load). Combinations of these criteria are common. Environmental zones – definition of the topic Intention: usually to reduce the negative environmental effects of road traffic as a main cause of urban air pollution and noise. Display/ signage: additional sign indicting which vehicles are effected / exempted from the driving ban. Alternative terms: Low emission zones (LEZ) (e.g. GE; IT, SE) Green zones, clear zones (e.g. GB, London) (Vehicle) access restriction zones (e.g. CZ) Environmental zones – the context Criteria for air quality assessment in Europe and air quality limit values were defined in “air quality framework directive” (directive 99/30/EC) and its daughter directives Directive 1999/30/EC addressing SO2, NO2 / NOX, PM10 and lead Directive 2000/69/EC addressing CO and benzene Directive 2002/3/EC regulates ozone concentration in ambient air. Replacement of these directives with directive 2008/50/EC on May 21th 2008. Environmental zones – the context Aims of the directives: definition of targets for air quality reduction ore avoidance of negative impacts on health and environment consistent assessment of air quality in the member states to rise awareness by establishing threshold values increase of air quality if not satisfying Most relevant emissions in ambient air of developed countries: PM10; PM2,5 (1); NO2, Ozone; (SO2) Environmental zones – the context Selected limit- and target values to protect human health component type of limit value fine particles (PM 10) limit value fine particles (PM 2,5) limit value target value limit value guideline value average for threshold concentration [µg/m³] tolerable number of limit value exciedances originally to be obeyed until possible extension of deadline until 24 h 50 35 x / a (90.41- percentile) 2005 2011 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year 40 25 25 20 ----- 2005 2010 2015 2020 2011 20 -- 2015 1h 200 2010 2015 1 year 40 18 x / a (99.8- percentile) -- 2010 2015 obligation** gliding regarding annual Average average Exposure over 3 years Indicator (AEI)* nitrogen dioxide limit value NO 2 limit value 2008/50/EGof May 21th 2008 following the new air quality directive * AEI - Average Exposure Indicator- to be measured for urban background und als Mittelwerte für Gebiete und Ballungsräumen des gesamten Hoheitsgebiets eines Mitgliedstaats (aus Berlin 3 Messpunkte) ermittelt. Letztendlich gibt er die durchschnittliche Exposition von PMdie 2,5 für Bevölkerung in Deutschland an. ** Die Einhaltung des absoluten AEI-Schwellenwertes von 20 µg/m³ ist rechtlich bindend. Gleichzeitig wurde ein rechtlich nicht bindendes nationales Ziel für eine prozentuale Minderung des AEI-Indikators festgelegt, das ausgehend vom Niveau der Jahre 2008-2010 einen bis zu 20%igen Rückgang der Expositionskonzentration bis 2020 vorsieht. Environmental zones – the context In case of limit value accedence's municipalities are obliged to set up: short term action plans or medium and long term clean air plans, Measures described in those plans need to be adequate to reduce pollution. The air quality directive targets all pollution sources not transport in particular! Environmental zones – the context Possible measures vary considerably with regard to: effectiveness, costs, political feasibility, temporal and spatial scales. Ideally, an optimal combination of short and long term actions should be implemented, aiming at both the short term reduction of overall air pollutant emissions and the long term improvement of air quality in areas where limit values are exceeded. Environmental zones – the context Categories of possible measures in the transport sector: measures to reduce IMT demand, traffic management measures infrastructure measures vehicle-related measures awareness rising and education Low Emission Zones Environmental zones – the context Traffic restrictions can be rather effective measures. Their temporal and spatial extent can be defined by the municipalities by means of the set up clean air plans. Legal framework and responsibilities vary considerably within the EU member states. Environmental zones – status and future developments Most current environmental zones target PM10. Further key pollutants to be covered: PM 2,5 (target value 2010,limit value 2015) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (limit value 2010) ozone (sulphur dioxide (SO2)) noise !!! Key pollutants & environmental and health effects Environmental zones – excursus urban key pollutants Road accidents (only Germany) 5.800 killed people in 2006 1. Diesel particles (only Germany) 8.000 - 17.000 cardiopulmonary 1.100 - 2.200 lung cancer --------------------------------------------- 9.000 – 19.000 premature deaths (9 years of lifetime per affected person lost) 2. Transport related noise (only Germany) ca. 20.000 premature deaths Particles Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Particles: sum parameter, complex physico-chemical mixture, consists of primary emitted and secondary formulated particles (main share) Air quality limit values and today's emission limits concern mass of particles. Health effects correlate with surface and particle number! Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Health effects correlate with surface are and particle number! [Atmospheric Environment, Volume 12, Withbby K.] Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Particles: shorten life expectancy and increase the number of premature deaths, increase hospital admission and increase emergency room visits. Particularly dangerous is the fine fraction, that includes particles with a diameter up to 2.5 μm (PM2.5), as it penetrates more deeply into the lungs. Both fine and ultrafine particles contribute to the observed health effects. Pathways for health effects depend on structure, chemical composition and particle size. Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Diameter Durchmesser in [mm] Sandkorn grob 1 Alveole (Lungenbläschen) 0,1 SinkgeschwinSink rate digkeit in in [mm/s] Oberfläche Anzahl per pro Surface per Number mass unit pro EinheitsEinheitsgemass unit gewicht wicht TSP/ Schwebestaub 0,075 100 Hair(feinstes) (thin) Haar PM10 PM10 0,01 3 1 1 Bronchiole PM5 0,006 0,035 10 1‘000 0,000‘86 100 1‘000‘000 Zelle (kleinste) PM1 0,001 Licht untere Sichtbarkeitsgrenze) 0,000‘4 Diesel particle Dieselpartikel (mittlere Größe) (average size) 0,000‘1 Virus 0,000‘01 Gasmolekül (groß) 0,000‘001 hair 10 μm diesel particle 100 nm [A. Mayer; TTM Technik Thermische Maschinen, CH] Excursus urban key pollutants - particles sources of particle formulation natural sources volcanic activity sea spray wind anthropogenic sources combustion processes biogenic sources natural background transport transformation of gaseous emissions agriculture / mining industrial processes Excursus urban key pollutants - particles transport related particles fuel combustion/ thermal processes primary abrasion secondary ash particles sooth particles condensates resuspension Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Share of particle sources at a road side gauging station heating and solvents 6% other sources 10% transport abrasion and resuspension 38% industry and power plants 5% transport exhaust emissions 42% (share diesel 95%) Excursus urban key pollutants - particles transport related PM10 – emissions including abrasion and resuspension spatial reference country city street rest rest rest 17% - 32% 35% - 55% 50% - 85% Excursus urban key pollutants - particles Premature death in Europe due to fine particles: >100.000 725.000 years of life lost [Health report WHO 2002] Nitrogen dioxide Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide sources: high temperature processes (fuel combustion) catalytic reactions (diesel oxidation catalyst, catalytic coated DPT) near ground ozone depletion main source is road transport rising share in diesel exhaust gas emissions (OC, DPT) no separate emissions limit value (included in NOx) rising concentration in ambient air NO2 is a strong irritant for all mucosa's and tissues (e.g. lung) Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide Assessment of nitrogen dioxide Associated effect categories: NO, NO2: Human toxicity, eutrophication, photochemical oxidant formation, acidification greenhouse effect, stratospheric ozone depletion N2O: Tendency of immissions Primary location of effects and reductions Ecological danger Contribution of transport Target distance NOx +++ +++ ++ local, regional, global NO ++ +++ ++ local, regional NO2 +++ +++ +++ local, regional N2O +++ ++ ++ global Indicator * limit value aiming at protection of the vegetation according to directive 1999/30/EC, valid from 07-19-2001 ** annual average value according to directive 1999/30/EC, valid from 01-01-2010 +++ very large ++ large + average New limit value to be abode by 2010! Critical immission limit value 30 µg/m 3* 40g/m - 3 ** Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors HDV and buses Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.] NO2-emission factors city buses 4,5 4,5 4 4 3,5 3 EURO IV DPF 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 Euro I EURO II EURO III EURO IV EURO V DPF NO2-emission faktors [g/km] NO2-eissions [g/km] NO2-eission factors HDV 3,5 EURO IV DPF 3 EURO II DPF 2,5 2 1,5 1 EURO II EURO III Euro I EURO IV 0,5 EURO V DPF 0 0 typ of vehicle/ emission badge emission standard/exhaust treatment NO2 [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] EURO III DPF HDV Euro I EURO II EURO III EURO IV EURO IV DPF EURO V DPT 0,4 0,6 0,55 0,4 2,55 0,28 EURO III EURO III DPT EURO IV EURO IV DPT EURO V DPT 0,75 4,25 0,57 2,83 0,3 type of vehicle/ emission badge city buses emission standard/ exhaust treatment Euro I NO2 [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] 0,65 EURO II EURO II DPT 0,92 2,28 Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors passenger cars Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.] NO2 Emissionsfaktoren für Diesel Pkw 0,250 0,250 0,200 0,200 NO2 in g/km NO2 in g/km NO2-Emissionsfaktoren Otto-Pkw 0,150 0,100 0,050 <EURO I Euro I EURO IV CDPF EURO III 0,150 <EURO I Euro I EURO II 0,100 EURO IV EURO 5 0,050 EURO 6 EURO II EURO III 0,000 mean [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] Emission badge Emission standard mean [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] <EURO I 0,045 EURO IV 0,000 passenger cars gasoline Euro I EURO II 0,034 0,010 passenger cars diesel <EURO I Euro I 0,110 0,105 EURO II 0,110 EURO III 0,003 EURO III 0,159 EURO IV 0,001 EURO IV EURO IV CDPF EURO 5 0,140 0,195 0,100 EURO 6 0,020 Environmental zones Environmental zones – restriction criteria Restricting criteria used in praxis: demands on the age of the vehicle combined with a weight limits (Stockholm, SE) demands on utilization of loading capacity for vehicles with a weight over a special limit (Amsterdam, DK) vehicles with a weight (or length) over a special limit (Copenhagen, DK) reduced accessibility for traffic (closure of streets for traffic (pedestrian zones), limited entry points to a certain area) (Sucaeva, RO; London, UK) access control to defined area during a special time of the day (Madrid, ES) emission level of the vehicle ((particle) emission badge) (Berlin, GE) Source: http://213.131.156.10/xpo/bilagor/20030509053222.pdf Environmental zones – current status in Europe [http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/ ] Environmental zones – current status in Europe Low Emission Zones in Europe typ of restriction country 1 weight (7,5t) Austria 2 weight (3,5t) Czech Republic 3 weight (3,5t) 4 weight (3,5t) 5 weight (3,5t) 6 weight (3,5t) 7 weight (3,5t/5t) example towns motorway (Tyrol) Praha Aalborg, Frederiksberg, Denmark Arhus, Copenhagen... Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Netherlands Maastricht, Rotterdam ... Norway Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim Stockholm, Malmö, Sweden Gothenburg, Lund, United Kingdom London, Norwich 8 Emissions badge Germany 9 Emissions badge Italy Berlin, Bochum, Cologne, Hannover, Munich,... Bozen, Veneto, Piemonte, Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna total number number of towns 1 1 start date 2007 2008 5 2008 - 2010 19 3 as from 2007 as from 2010 4 2 2007 2008 39 as from 2008 6 2007 80 Example Berlin Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE Method: (particle) emission badge Introduction: January 1st 2008 Affected area: 88 km2 Inhabitants: 1’000’000 (3.4 Mio.) Affected vehicle: all vehicles Restriction: appropriate emission badge (2009 r,j,g) (2010 green) Authorisation: emission badge Exceptions for vehicles (1 a) with: service vehicle (German law) approved exhaust control special bodywork, low milage handicapped people Source: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/umwel tzone_allgemeines.shtml#top genauere Karten: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/downl oad/Umweltzone_Beikarten_1-10_druck.pdf Control system: police fine/ towing vehicles out of zone Information: brochures, media, internet Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE (particle) emission badge Emission group 1 badge/ sticker no badge requirements for diesel vehicles Euro 1 or worse requirements for gasoline vehicles without controled catalyst 2 3 4 Euro 2 or Euro 3 or Euro 4 or Euro 1 + Euro 2 + DPT DPT Euro 3 + DPT with controlled catalyst (Euro 1 or better) Germany: standardised government regulations for driving bans four emission standard classes (marking by according badges) Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE Results: reduction of traffic volume? Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE vehicles with emission badge Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) changes in vehicle fleet? LEZ passenger cars LEZ duty vehicles (HDV+LDV) Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) significant changes in vehicle fleet vehicles without emission badge passenger cars duty vehicles (HDV+LDV) Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) significant changes in vehicle fleet changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions diesel particles -24% NOx -14% Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) significant changes in vehicle fleet changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions improvements of air quality PM10 annual average -3% local PM emissions 8% -4 days of limit value exceedance NOx annual average -10% NO2 no reductions (probably increase) Example Copenhagen Environmental zones – example Copenhagen, DK Method: % of utilised maximum loading capacity Source:http://www.regione.emiliaromagna.it/wcm/ERMES/Canali/trasporti/logistica_merci/pubblicazio ne_44_2005_quadreni_vol7/City_Ports_vol7_ingl.pdf Area: inner city centre 1km2 Inhabitants: 6’000 (1’153’615) Costs: 27’000 Euro Affected vehicle: HDV >2.5 t (3500 per day) Restriction: (loading and unloading) Monday – Friday 8 pm – 12 pm Min. 60% utilised loading capacity Authorisation: green City Goods certification Control system, fines: police parking fine 510 DKR withdraw of certificate Information: newsletter to transport association, letter to inhabitants, magazine article, meetings, internet, information plate at perking meters… Example London Environmental zones – example London, UK Method: Restriction by vehicle emission levels Affected area: most of Greater London (>1500 km2) Affected vehicle: HDV, buses, coaches, LDV, vans, minibuses Restriction: 2008 EURO III, 2012 EURO IV 2010 vans, minibuses EURO III Authorisation: registration in vehicle register Charge for non compliant vehicles: £200/day (HGV, buses, coaches) £100/day (vans and minibuses) Enforcement (Penalty Charge): £1,000 (HDV, buses & coaches) £500 (LDVs & minibuses) Source: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/german.aspx Control system: camera detection and checks against register Environmental zones – example London, UK Source: Transport for London, Steve Kearns Planning and assessing environmental zones Environmental zones – fundamentals Tautology of transport ecology: pragmatically approach to assess transport related emissions combination of transport related key factors result shows e.g. mass of emissionx per time unit specifies 4 (5) main fields of action to reduce transport’s environmental effects emissions number of trips person kilometers vehicle kilometers emissions number of individual s x x x x year number of individual s number of trips person kilometers vehicle kilometers spatial planning Main factors influencing transport emissions: awareness rising prise signals number of emitting individuals and publicity number of motorised trips per individual technology and time unit avoidance of traffic trips’ length (factor three) the vehicles’ capacity utilisation (factor four) (specific) emissions per vehicle kilometer technical measures Environmental zones – determining factors The efficiency of environmental zones is mainly defined by: their spatial extend, their positioning in the transport network number, mileage and emission level of effected vehicles, number and type of exceptions, applied control and enforcement and accompanying measures. Environmental zones – implementation steps Steps to ensure successful implementation Environmental zones – the first step Assess real pollutant immission levels and compare to limit values screening identification of probable hot spots (all sources) gauging preliminary measuring method (fast interim results) standardised measuring method (time reference, sample preparation, dilution, position, used equipment) modelling (emissions, immissions, defined scenarios and time horizons) define / check: target area responsible authorities and stakeholders existing and coming target and limit values climatic and geographic conditions data availability and need of research Environmental zones – the second step Identify the share of local and regional / supra-regional emission sources Include all regional and local sources: stationary (industry, private households, power plants, construction …) linear/ non-stationary (road transport, off-road transport, agriculture …) natural sources (sea salt, dust) Include pollutant entry from distant sources (trajectory) differentiate spatially (rural, urban, roadside, district) differentiate by components (NOx, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, BC …. ) Environmental zones – the third step Quantify the share of transport related sources composition and mileage of the local fleet share of vehicle categories transit traffic differentiate to road categories emission factors include exhaust emissions, resuspension and abrasion vehicle categories exhaust gas treatment system traffic situation consider emission trends and future fleet/ fuel development real driving differs from test procedures deficits in real life data availability (emission factors, traffic situation, fleet, road surface, resuspension) Environmental zones – the third step Comparison of real factors (read squares) based on tracing and program Vergleich von emission Emissionsfaktoren auf der Grundlage empirisch ermittelter Verkehrssituationen mitvehicle Emissionsfaktoren, welche durch verschiedene Programme bestimmt wurden based standard emission factors of MOBILEV (green triangles) and ISIS (blue squares). (für 108 untersuchte Dresdner Straßenabschnitte) 3 2,5 HC- EFA [g/km] 2 gemessen tracing ISIS 1,5 Mobilev 1 0,5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Messw ertnum m er 70 80 90 100 110 Environmental zones – the fourth step Analyse the current situation key factors to include are: structure, capacity and utilisation of the road network, current traffic relations (wells, destinations and inter-relations), traffic volumes, traffic flow, status and potentials of alternatives to IMT (walking, cycling, PT, car sharing …) legal situation and responsibilities Based on this data: develop possible scenarios (restricting criteria, spatial extend, positioning …) anticipate dynamic effects and avoiding reactions (shift of destinations, circumnavigation …) utilise optimisation potentials (TL setting, coordination …) implement / prepare supportive measures (PT, park and ride, parking management …..) Environmental zones – the fifth step Political decision process identify stakeholders (EU legislative, national legislative, public authorities, NGO’s, residents, lobby groups, researchers ...) involve all stakeholders right from the beginning design a transparent participative process (moderation, rules of interaction …) present a clear status report (current situation, further developments) present adequate options (good preparation, focus on the advantages) be informed and refer to existing experiences schedule loops and sufficient time consider further local targets and regional specialities Define: type of zone, size, positioning, boundaries, fines, enforcement, regulation of exemptions, future steps (tightening, scheduling) costs, financing, responsibilities, schedule, allocation of fines Environmental zones – the sixth step Awareness raising and publicity address all stakeholders/ target groups involve adequate multipliers use target group specific media act well prepared and persistent align with decision makers right from the beginning present aims and need of action traceable refer to existing experiences act integrative (do not segregate, use change in perspective) focus on advantages define affected vehicles and identifying features Societal acceptance for low emission zones strongly depends on pre-implementation publicity! Environmental zones – the seventh step Implementation and enforcement identify entry points and main access routs to the affected area install signs, and control systems equip / support enforcement (legal framework, staff, instruction / training) install feedback to publicity supply adequate information (native language, other languages) internet, tourist information, city authorities, police, stakeholders, embassies Used groups of control system: administrative permissions restrictions marked by road signs physical automatic systems pay systems Environmental zones – the eights step Impact assessment and adoptions before – after comparison consider changed framework (fuel prices, economic conditions, changes of road network / capacity, PT offer, buying incentives …) keep differing time scale of effects / changes in mind identify induced changes in spatial structure observe relocation of traffic, modal shift, vehicle fleet, changed destinations include surrounding area in your investigation identify social exclusion identify and learn from dynamic reactions of persons / groups concerned Lessons learnt Environmental zones – note! anticipate dynamic effects (shifts of emissions, traffic, spatial structure) design zone of sufficient spatial extent and proper position publicity defines societal acceptance / start very early step by step is better than nothing (size and affected vehicles) base modelling on real data (traffic situation, fleet, emission factors, surface) consider abrasion and resuspension properly check against possible legal conflicts Does legal situation allow this type of restrictions? Are aimed emission reductions correspondent to the vehicles affected? ensure access implement supportive alternatives (PT, services, car sharing…) exceptions ensure strict and efficient enforcement Learn from good examples and adapt to your local framework. Environmental zones – key factors of success Embed your environmental zone in a long term orientated overall concept including e.g.: spatial planning, mixed functions, short distances, promotion of cycling, walking, PT, awareness rising, push and pull measures ... Environmental zones – main side effects Side effects: possible shift of traffic and emissions to surrounding road network possible rise of overall emissions due to: usage of alternate routs around the zone shift of destinations avoidance of traffic An additional effect of low emission zones is the accelerated fleet modernisation and thus a reduction of road traffic emissions. Environmental zones – boundaries and limitations older vehicles cause higher emissions per km but have lower annual mileage nearly no effect on abrasion and resuspension transport sources for NO2, noise, PM10, NMHC might differ fleet modernisation is a mid term effect (mileage reductions are to prefer) additional bypasses cause increasing overall mileage emission reductions of isolated environmental zones are usually not sufficient to meet air quality limits Emission reductions and side effects strongly depends on spatial extent and on the regulations regarding the vehicles affected by the entry restrictions. Not to act would be inhumane! Further information Links & Sources: • Low Emission Zones in Europe http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/ • Low Emission Zones in Germany http://osiris.uba.de/Website/umweltzonen/start.htm • Information Portal on the environmental badge in Germany http://www.umwelt-plakette.de/int_england.php? • Department for Transport, GB http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/clearzones/ • Transport for London / Low Emission Zone http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/default.aspx Practical part of the training