Notes #12
Biological Molecules
Carbon
• Lewis Structure
C
• Carbon is in all known living matter.
• It forms 4 covalent bonds with itself and other
atoms.
C
C
C
C
Carbon
• Carbon compounds are everywhere
Macromolecules
• So far, we’ve looked at 3 basic bio-molecules.
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• Now, let’s look at how we turn these small
molecules into really big ones (and a 2 other
types).
Macromolecules
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1) Carbohydrates
carbo = carbon
hydrate = water
What 3 elements make up carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
Common carbs are sugar, starch, and fiber
(cellulose).
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Macromolecules
• Simple, small carbohydrates are called
saccharides.
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One sugar ring:
Monosaccharide
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Two sugar rings:
Disaccharide
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One sugar ring:
Monosaccharide
Macromolecules
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Monosaccharide (one sugar ring)
Disaccharide (two sugar
rings)
Polysaccharide (many sugar
rings)
Macromolecules
• Who Cares?
• Starches are polysaccharides that we eat to get
glucose.
• Plants are made mostly of the polysaccharide
cellulose.
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Macromolecules
• 2) Lipids
• In food, we call them fats. Long chains of C
and H are called fatty acids.
• Three fatty acids plus a molecule called glycerol
makes a triglyceride.
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Macromolecules
• 2 New ones
• 3) Proteins
• Def’n: Big chains of smaller molecules called
amino acids.
• Some give structure and shape to cells while
some do work for cells.
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Hemoglobin:
The protein that carries
oxygen in blood.
Macromolecules
• Draw the basic structure of an amino acid.
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• The “R”-group is a group of atoms that are
different for each amino acid.
Macromolecules
• Some different amino acids.
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Macromolecules
• 4) Nucleic Acids
• MEGA-macromolecules! Double-helix structure.
• DNA is one of the largest single molecules (billions of
atoms in one molecule).
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Macromolecules
• This human chromosome is one large, coiled DNA
molecules (with some other structures thrown in). If
uncoiled, this one molecule would be 2 inches long!
• You can see chromosomes with light microscopes!
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Macromolecules
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
• Nucleic acids are made of smaller pieces, called
nucleotides.
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Organization Table
Monomer
Macromolecule
Saccharide
Carbohydrate
Fatty acid
Lipid
Amino Acid
Protein
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid