an International Film Circuit release
of a Sparkwater India Production
A film by Dylan Mohan Gray
Narrated by William Hurt
Publicity Contact:
Adam Segal
adam@the2050group.com
(202) 422-4673
Distribution Contact:
Wendy Lidell
wlidell@infc.us
212-777-5690
India/UK • 2013 • 87 mins • 16:9 • 5.1 Stereo • NR • In English • All Digital Formats
www.fireintheblood.com
downloadable images: www.internationalfilmcircuit.com/fireintheblood/press.html
LOGLINE
A shocking exposé of how pharmaceutical companies use patent law to keep profits
unconscionably high even at the expense of peoples’ lives, and a plea for universal access to
affordable, life-saving generic medicines. This is a message made even more timely by the
current conversation about affordable healthcare in the US.
SYNOPSIS
An intricate tale of “medicine, monopoly and malice”, FIRE IN THE BLOOD tells the story of how
Western pharmaceutical companies and governments aggressively blocked access to affordable
AIDS drugs for the countries of Africa and the global south in the years after 1996 - causing ten
million or more unnecessary deaths. It is also the inspiring story of the improbable group of
people who decided to fight back.
Shot on four continents and including contributions from global figures such as President Bill
Clinton, Bishop Desmond Tutu and economist Joseph Stiglitz, FIRE IN THE BLOOD is the neverbefore-told true story of the remarkable coalition which came together to stop 'the Crime of
the Century' and save millions of lives.
As the film makes clear, this story is by no means over. With dramatic past victories having
given way to serious setbacks engineered far from public view, the real fight for access to lifesaving medicine is really just beginning.
KEY CREDITS
Writer/Director
Producer
Executive Producer
Narrator
Director of Photography
Supervising Editor
Editor
Sound Design
Composer
Songs
DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
CHRISTOPHER HIRD
WILLIAM HURT
JAY J. ODEDRA
CHRISTOPHER SEWARD
DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
KUNAL SHARMA
ASHUTOSH PHATAK
BARRY KEVIN DONNELLEY
NANA
FREDY MASSAMBA
WEBSITE
www.fireintheblood.com
FACEBOOK
www.facebook.com/fireintheblood
TWITTER
www.twitter.com/fitbmovie
FILM STILLS
www.internationalfilmcircuit.com/fireintheblood/press.html
Directed by DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
Featuring:
Zackie Achmat
Linda-Gail Bekker, MD
Denis Broun, MD
Edwin Cameron
William J. Clinton
Eric Goemaere, MD
William F. Haddad
Yusuf Hamied
Noerine Kaleeba
Lisa Kalolo
Nomvuselelo Kalolo
Periasamy Kousalya
Elvis Basudde Kyeyune
James P. Love
Noor Jehan Majid, MD
Donald G. McNeil, Jr.
Peter Mugyenyi, MD
Peter Rost, MD
Khundrakpam Pradip Kumar Singh
Suniti Solomon, MD
Joseph Stiglitz
Desmond Tutu
DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT
“Whenever anyone asks me what Fire in the Blood is all about, I always say it’s about the crime
of the century. I felt totally compelled to make this film because the historian in me first could
not believe, and then could not accept that there was not a single film or even book in
circulation which told this endlessly fascinating and important story…”
Several years ago I got to know a couple of the key figures in the film, and soon thereafter
began to learn about the “sick business” of medicine. The more I read, saw and heard, the more
I became convinced that this film had to be made, and made before the story it tells was
completely obscured and lost.
As in the film, it was the unimaginable carnage of AIDS, first and foremost in Sub-Saharan
Africa, which infused urgency into the fundamental question of access to medicine. For several
years after the breakthrough of combination antiretroviral (ARV) therapy had turned HIV/AIDS
from a death sentence to a highly manageable chronic condition in rich countries, millions in
the global south were condemned to die horrible, agonising deaths by the world’s very most
profitable companies – patent-holding pharma conglomerates – and, more accurately, the
Western governments doing their bidding.
Along with the profound disgust which is the only rational response to cynicism and inhumanity
of this magnitude – all of it, as it turns out, justified with the most flimsy of commercial
rationales – came the immense admiration and respect with which I grew to regard the few
indomitable individuals who refused to accept what virtually everybody at the time considered
to be an unfortunate-but-inevitable state of affairs, whose relentless efforts and stubborn
determination ultimately ensured that millions of lives would be saved in Africa and beyond
through the introduction of affordable generic AIDS drugs.
That in the end is I suppose what really spoke to me about this story: that from something
unspeakably dark and inhuman a spark could be struck, that even one or two small, unknown,
unconnected individuals could take on the most massive, powerful and unyielding of
adversaries, and actually manage to change the world.
KEY POINTS AND STATISTICS IN THE FILM
Fire in the Blood is a story of almost-unfathomable inhumanity, as Western governments
doing the bidding of powerful pharmaceutical companies caused millions of deaths by
blockading low-cost AIDS drugs from the countries which most needed them… but it is also
the story of an incredibly courageous, creative and resilient group of people who came
together to break this blockade, thereby saving millions of lives
10 MILLION OR MORE PEOPLE DIED COMPLETELY AVOIDABLE DEATHS FROM AIDS BECAUSE
WESTERN DRUG COMPANIES AND GOVERNMENTS BLOCKED ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE AND
AVAILABLE GENERIC MEDICINE


No one has ever been called to account for what some have called “the Crime of the
Century”
We believe Fire in the Blood is the first attempt to take a comprehensive look at this
story (either in film or book form)
The current system governing the development and commercialization of medicine is deeply
flawed, unjust and inefficient



Very few drug patents issued are for new, novel or improved therapies
Patent monopolies encourage profiteering and a focus on high-priced products for the
richest sliver of the world’s population
Global public health priorities go unaddressed for decades because the markets they
impact are uninteresting to drug conglomerates
The groundwork for further, possibly even more deadly catastrophes in future years has already
been laid


Western drugmakers and the governments which represent them have employed biand multilateral trade agreements, coupled with threats of sanctions, to impede
supplies of affordable generic drugs from India and other parts of the global south
Because of its earlier pro-access patent regime, India became known as “the pharmacy
of the developing world”, supplying quality low-cost medicine to the countries of the
global south; in the wake of intense pressure, however, a Western-style patent system
was introduced which threatens to cut off future supplies of low-cost medicine currently
relied upon by billions of people
The brand-name drug industry’s claims that monopolies and high prices are “necessary evils”
needed to offset massive R&D expenditures do not hold water

84% of basic research for drug discovery is funded by government and other public
sources; only 12% of such research is funded by pharmaceutical companies

Pharma companies’ R&D expenditures are dwarfed by things such as marketing and
advertising, only 1.3% of revenue goes to drug discovery research
A system which excludes the vast majority of the world’s population from its benefits can only
be wrong

Even if the R&D argument were valid, which as the film clearly demonstrates it is not,
the fact that the current set-up makes no provision for the health needs of the lion’s
share of the world’s people means that reform is urgently needed
It has been shown that patent-holders can be compensated for their investments without having
monopolies on essential medicine

Canada did not allow monopolies on medicine for most of the 20th century: patentholders received a 4-5% royalty whenever someone else copied their products; this
approach balanced the public interest in ensuring access to medicine, while incentivizing
innovation and research (it did not, however, allow for the runaway profits the industry
has grown accustomed to, and the US pharma lobby had Canada’s law nullified as part
of the NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, which came into force in
1994)
Millions of people with HIV/AIDS in Africa and other parts of the global south whose lives were
saved by low-cost ARVs could soon find themselves facing death yet again for lack of access to
medicine


Eventually those taking so-called ‘first-line’ antiretrovirals will almost certainly have to
switch to more complex ‘second- and third-line’ ARVs, most of which are not available in
generic form because they fall under ever-stricter patent regulations
No one is stepping forward to bear the exorbitant cost of these drugs at a time when
funding for AIDS treatment programmes is in increasingly short supply, and the
enormous success of antiretroviral therapy means there are more and more people
alive who will need to be kept on treatment in future
Roughly one-third of all deaths worldwide in any given year are attributable to treatable and
preventable diseases, mainly due to lack of access to medicine
 The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated this number to be upwards of 18
million lives unnecessarily lost every year
 This number promises to rise dramatically as the supply of affordable drugs from India
and other key countries in the global south is progressively cut off by American- and
European-sponsored trade measures
FILMMAKER BIOS
DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
Director/Producer/Writer/Editor
Born of Punjabi-Irish parentage and trained as a historian, Dylan Mohan
Gray has worked in various capacities on feature films in over two dozen
countries worldwide, in close collaboration with acclaimed directors
including Fatih Akin, Peter Greenaway, Paul Greengrass, Deepa Mehta
and Mira Nair.
Dylan completed university studies in History and Film at Dartmouth College (USA), as well as at
the University of Vienna and the Budapest University of Economics. He holds graduate degrees
in History from the Central European University and the University of the State of New York,
with a research focus on historiography and geographic dimensions of identity. He was also a
resident in Film at Canada’s Banff Centre for the Arts.
He has a special interest in political stories with significant international and historical
components, often involving complex ethical conflicts.
Dylan Mohan Gray founded the production company Sparkwater India in 2005. He lives and
works in Mumbai (Bombay) and Fire in the Blood is his first feature-length film as
writer/director.
CHRISTOPHER HIRD
Executive Producer
Christopher Hird is the founder and managing director of Dartmouth Films
(www.dartmouthfilms.com), which he established to concentrate on
making independent documentaries, pioneering new ways of funding and
distributing them and encouraging new and emerging talent.
Recent credits as producer include the Sundance Film Festival selected: Black Gold (2006), The
End of the Line (2009) and The Flaw (2011). In 2011 The End of the Line won the €50,000 Puma
award for social impact. His other productions include: Planeat, released in over 80 theatres in
the USA;
John Pilger’s The War You Don’t See, Cocaine Unwrapped and the BFI London Festival
premiered How To Re-establish a Vodka Empire.
He is a trustee of the Grierson Trust and the Wincott Foundation and has recently been
appointed Managing Editor of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
JAY J. ODEDRA
Director of Photography
In two decades as a film professional, Jay has worked on every continent
and in some of the most demanding locations on earth. Having trained at
the BBC and National Film and Television School in the U.K., he embarked
upon a career spanning numerous feature and documentary films,
television drama, corporate films and commercials, in a full spectrum of formats alongside
some of the leading directors in the world.
He has had a close collaboration with acclaimed Indian-born director Mira Nair, for whom he
shot and directed Second Unit on several feature films, most notably The Namesake and Vanity
Fair. He was also the Director of Photography on Nair’s 2008 Mumbai-set AIDS drama,
Migration.
A native of Kampala, Uganda, whose Gujarati family fled the dictatorship of Idi Amin, Jay is now
based in London.
CHRISTOPHER SEWARD
Supervising Editor
Editor of landmark, award-winning feature documentaries including Micheal Moore’s Sicko
(Academy Award nominee for Best Documentary Feature, 2007) and Fahrenheit 9/11 (the
highest-grossing documentary of all time and winner of the Palme d’Or at the 2004 Festival de
Cannes), Christopher has most recently been a part of the creative teams for First Position,
which premiered at 2011 Toronto Film Festival, State of Control, Look at What the Light Did
Now, Fat Sick & Nearly Dead, Hey, Boo: Harper Lee and 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and Shenandoah.
He won the 2007 American Cinema Editors Award for Best Documentary Editor for Sicko, and in
2004 was nominated for the American Cinema Editors Award for Best Documentary Editor for
Fahrenheit 9/11.
KUNAL SHARMA
Sound Design
Kunal is a National Film Award winner for his work in the film 1971 (2007) and received an
award for technical excellence from the International Indian Film Academy for the film Devdas
(2002). He also won a Filmfare Award in Sound Design and was nominated for the Screen
Award in Sound for Udaan (2010).
Kunal’s other feature projects have included Vishal Bhardwaj’s Blood Brothers (2007), Shaitan
(2011), Ribhu Dasgupta’s Michael (2011) and Anurag Kashyap’s films Paanch (2003), Black
Friday (2004), No Smoking (2007), Gulaal (2009), That Girl in Yellow Boots (2010) and Gangs of
Wasseypur I & II (2012).
ASHUTOSH PHATAK
Composer
One of the leading figures in Indian contemporary music, Ashu (as he is
popularly known) has been a much-sought-after composer and producer
for the past 15 years. He has composed background scores for numerous
feature films including HELP, White Noise, Snip!, Bombay Boys and
Whispers, and has released three albums: Sigh of an Angel, The Psychic Plumber and Other Lies
and The Petri Dish Project.
Ashu is also one of the founding partners of Blue Frog, a landmark venue for live music in
Mumbai and Delhi, and has composed scores for over 1000 television commercials.
KEY CONTRIBUTOR BIOS (alphabetical order)
ZACKIE ACHMAT
Human Rights Activist, Co-Founder, Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)
Zackie Achmat (b. 1962) grew up fighting apartheid in South Africa;
member of the African National Congress (ANC) since 1980. Former sex
worker, diagnosed with HIV shortly before the country’s first free
elections in 1994. Co-founded the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) in
1998. TAC quickly became the most important grass-roots organization in Africa (and arguably
the entire world) agitating for access to essential medicine.
Despite rapidly failing health, he refused to start antiretroviral treatment until the South African
government agreed to implement a publicly-funded national treatment programme. His
boycott of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), as depicted in Fire in the Blood, drew substantial
international attention to the issue of access to AIDS medicine in Africa.
Achmat has received numerous international honours, including the Nelson Mandela Award for
Health and Human Rights (2003), and in 2004 was voted among the “Greatest South Africans”
of all time in a nationwide poll. He is currently Co-Director of the South African human rights
and social justice organization, Ndifuna Ukwazi.
EDWIN CAMERON
Justice of the Constitutional Court, South Africa
Edwin Cameron (b. 1953) lived with HIV for twelve years before speaking
out in 1999. His decision to go public with his HIV-positive status was
virtually unique for a prominent person in Africa at the time, and even in
intervening years very few well-known Africans have disclosed living with HIV. He says he went
public following the death of South African activist Gugu Dlamini, who was brutally murdered
shortly after going public with her status.
A Rhodes Scholar and prominent human rights lawyer during apartheid, Cameron is now a
sitting justice in South Africa’s Constitutional Court (since 2009), having previously served as
justice of the Supreme Court of Appeal (2000-08). His eloquent advocacy and brilliant legal
mind have made him one of the world’s leading voices for access to medicine as a human right.
Nelson Mandela has called him “one of South Africa’s new heroes.”
His publications include Witness to AIDS (2005, forward by Nelson Mandela), and Defiant Desire
- Gay and Lesbian Lives in South Africa (1995).
WILLIAM J. CLINTON
42nd President of the United States of America (1993-2001); founder,
William J. Clinton Foundation
In 2001, after serving as the 42nd President of the United States, William
J. “Bill” Clinton (b. 1946) set up the William J. Clinton Foundation to
address pressing global problems. In 2002, the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative
(now called the Clinton Health Access Initiative) was established to procure the lowest-cost
ARVs for treatment programmes in developing countries. By 2007, the foundation’s high
volume procurement of generic drugs helped push prices for ARV treatment in Africa down to
below $100 per patient per year. The Clinton Foundation’s wholehearted embrace of generic
drugs from India and other countries in the global south in its procurement efforts played a
significant role in promoting acceptance of these medications and counteracting the
multinational drug industry’s efforts to portray them as being less effective and generally of
lower quality than high-priced branded products.
Bill Clinton left office with the highest approval rating (66%) of any postwar American
president.
WILLIAM F. HADDAD
“Father of the American Generic Drug Movement”, Co-Founder, the
Peace Corps and the Generic Trade Association, investigative journalist
William F. “Bill” Haddad (b. 1928), who made his name as a resourceful
investigative journalist and innovative political strategist, has been a
tireless advocate of low-cost generic drugs and campaigner for access to
essential medicine for almost half a century. Founder and Chairman of the Generic
Pharmaceutical Industry Association (now Generic Pharmaceutical Association, or GPhA) in the
US for over a decade, he initiated and negotiated the landmark Drug Price Competition and
Patent Restoration (Hatch-Waxman) Act of 1984. Earlier in his career, Haddad was a founder of
the Peace Corps and the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) poverty program under
President John F. Kennedy. He also served as advisor to President Kennedy, Special Assistant to
Robert Kennedy’s 1968 Presidential Campaign, and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for his
investigative journalism in the area of political corruption on behalf of the New York Post and
New York Herald Tribune. Author of several books, including Hard Driving: My Years with John
DeLorean (1985).
Haddad assembled the team of activists and other stakeholders who negotiated the
groundbreaking “$1 a day” Cipla AIDS medicine offer in 2001, as depicted in Fire in the Blood.
He currently serves as the Chairman/CEO of Biogenerics Inc. and is based in New York.
YUSUF K. HAMIED
Chairman, Cipla
Indian scientist Yusuf Hamied (b. 1936) shot to global prominence in early
2001 when he announced that his company, Cipla, a socially-conscious
generic drugmaker founded in 1935 on Gandhian principles of Indian selfreliance, would supply a combination of AIDS drugs to developing
countries for less than $1 a day, at a time when first-line antiretroviral (ARV) medication sold
for up to more than $15,000 per year. A Ph.D. in Chemistry from England’s Cambridge
University, where he was mentored by the 1957 Nobel laureate Sir Alexander Todd, Hamied
also pioneered the development of single-pill combinations of three AIDS drugs, drastically
simplifying the treatment of HIV/AIDS (an innovation many in the AIDS treatment community
view as being at least equal in significance with Cipla’s dramatic price reductions on ARVs).
Perhaps the world’s best-known advocate of affordable drugs, Hamied worked relentlessly for
more than a decade to persuade the Indian government that for a country with such mass
poverty to allow monopolies on food and medicine was fundamentally immoral, unsustainable
and wrong. These efforts finally culminated in the Patent Act of 1970, which eliminated product
patents on medicine and eventually turned India into the “pharmacy of the developing world”,
supplying all parts of the global south with affordable, high-quality medicine (the 1970 law was
struck down as a result of intense Western pressure in 2005). Over the course of the nearly four
decades it was in force, the 1970 Indian patent legislation single-mindedly promoted by Hamied
was responsible for saving and prolonging literally hundreds of millions of people’s lives, and
significantly alleviating the suffering of billions more.
Often characterized as a modern-day ‘Robin Hood’, CNN-IBN recently named Hamied ‘Indian of
the Year 2012’ in business for his role is drastically lowering the price of cancer medication.
JAMES LOVE
Director, Knowledge Ecology International, intellectual property/access
to knowledge activist
James Packard “Jamie” Love (b. 1950), Director of Knowledge Ecology
International (KEI), a Washington- and Geneva-based organization which
deals with intellectual property- and access to knowledge issues, has been
involved in the fight against AIDS since the 1990s. He is particularly interested in how
international intellectually property policy and innovation policy impact on public health. In
addition to leadership roles with various civil society groups, “he advises UN agencies, national
governments, international and regional intergovernmental organizations and public health
NGOs, and is the author of a number of articles and monographs on innovation and intellectual
property rights”, according to KEI. Knowledge Ecology International received a MacArthur
Award for Creative and Effective Institutions in 2006.
Educated at Harvard and Princeton, Love has been closely associated with Ralph Nader and
Joseph Stiglitz for many years. He has played a critical role in the global movement for
affordable medicine, especially AIDS drugs, for well over a decade, and his tireless efforts to
secure low-cost antiretrovirals for Africa (as depicted in Fire in the Blood) led directly to Cipla’s
landmark “$1 a day” offer at the beginning of 2001. Love has also been instrumental in
promoting the idea and laying the groundwork for the Medicines Patent Pool, a mechanism
intended to reduce prices and encourage combinations of newer, patented AIDS medications
for people in low- and middle-income countries.
DONALD G. MCNEIL, JR.
Health and Science Reporter for the New York Times
Donald McNeil (b. 1954) is one of the world’s most respected health
reporters. He joined the New York Times in 1976 and has covered AIDS,
malaria, SARS and other major global health stories in over fifty countries
for “the newspaper of record”. In February 2001, McNeil broke the story of
Cipla’s landmark offer to sell a combination of AIDS drugs for $350 per patient per year, or just
below $1 a day, on the front pages of the New York Times and the International Herald Tribune.
Previously he was correspondent for the New York Times in South Africa and France, and has
also taught journalism at Columbia University.
He received an Overseas Press Club award in 2006 and the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award
in 2007.
PETER MUGYENYI
Director and Co-Founder, Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC), Kampala;
physician, leading authority on treatment of HIV/AIDS in Africa
After narrowly escaping capture by Idi Amin’s secret police and going into
exile, Ugandan physician Peter Mugyenyi became a leading pediatrician with
a prosperous practice in the UK, but later chose to return home to terrible conditions and a
meagre salary, and retrain himself in HIV epidemiology, in order to help his country battle its
devastating AIDS epidemic.
One of the most prominent voices in the global medical community who argued in favour of the
idea that Africans could, and would, successfully follow antiretroviral treatment regimens
(something which very few people at the time believed would happen, but which history has
proven to be totally correct), Dr. Mugyenyi is the founder and director of the Joint Clinical
Research Centre (JCRC), Africa’s largest AIDS treatment and research center, and has come to
be recognized as one of the leading HIV/AIDS researchers in the world.
In 2002, he took it upon himself to order a shipment of low-cost generic ARVs from India, in
total defiance of Uganda's patent laws, challenging the authorities to arrest him and refusing to
leave the airport until the drugs were allowed into the country and guarantees were given that
future shipments would also be cleared. This action led to an almost-overnight tenfold increase
in the numbers of people on ARVs in Uganda, and effectively ended the blockade of low-cost
generic AIDS drugs for Africa (today almost all Africans on ARVs take generics, almost all of
which still come from India).
Mugyenyi also played a major consultative role in the formulation of the PEPFAR (President's
Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) program, which was announced at the 2003 State of the Union
address by President George W. Bush. He was seated beside Laura Bush when the
announcement was made, and Bush made reference to him in the speech. PEPFAR has put
millions of Africans on lifesaving antiretroviral treatment, and is widely viewed as by far the
single most positive legacy of the Bush presidency.
Peter Mugyenyi’s landmark 2008 book Genocide by Denial: How Profiteering from HIV/AIDS
Killed Millions details how Western governments and drug companies callously oversaw the
deaths of millions of Africans who would never have been able to afford their branded drugs. A
follow-up to this book will be published in January 2013.
Dr. Mugyenyi will be present at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, on January 20,
2013, for the North American premiere of Fire in the Blood.
PETER ROST
Former Vice-President of Pfizer Inc., Pharmacia and Wyeth
Pharmaceuticals; physician
Peter Rost, MD (b. 1959), a medical doctor and native of Sweden, worked
in upper management for three of the world’s largest pharmaceutical
companies, Pfizer, Wyeth and Pharmacia, over the course of a nearly
three-decade career in the industry. Increasingly dismayed by the unethical commercial
practices he witnessed, he eventually decided to speak out against them. In a sensational 2004
Op-Ed in the New York Times, Rost, then Vice-President of Marketing at Pfizer, wrote:
“Americans are dying without the appropriate drugs because my industry and Congress are
more concerned about protecting astronomical profits for conglomerates than they are about
protecting the health of Americans.”
In 2005, Dr. Rost testified before the US Senate’s Health Committee against Pfizer’s marketing
practices. Representative Rahm Emmanuel, later President Obama’s first Chief of Staff said, “I
would like to nominate Dr. Rost for the Guts of the Year award… I want to thank Dr. Rost for
blowing the whistle on the pharmaceutical industry, breaking down myths perpetuated by the
industry that help keep prices and profits high at the expense of American families.” Pfizer
relieved Rost of his duties in December 2005.
Peter Rost’s 2006 book The Whistleblower: Confessions of a Healthcare Hitman describes the
illegal and at times criminal business practices he witnessed while working as an executive in
the pharmaceutical industry. Rost has also authored a medical textbook as well as a novel.
JOSEPH STIGLITZ
Economist, Winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize for Economics
Joseph Stiglitz (b. 1943) has often been referred to as “the most famous
economist in the world.” He won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2001
for his work on information asymmetry in the free market. He served as
Chairman of the US Council of Economic Advisers under President Clinton
(1995-1997), Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1997-2000) and has
been a professor of economics at Stanford, Yale, Princeton and Oxford universities. He currently
teaches at Columbia University in New York and serves as President of the International
Economic Association.
In 2011, TIME magazine named Stiglitz one of the 100 most influential people in the world and
he featured in the Foreign Policy list of “top global thinkers”. He holds more than forty
honorary doctorates.
Stiglitz has special interests in inequality, the patent system, trade and globalization. He
emerged as a leading intellectual supporter of the Occupy Movement in late 2011, describing it
as part of a “worldwide movement against inequality”.
Professor Stiglitz’s numerous publications include Globalization and its Discontents (2002), Fair
Trade for All (2006) and, most recently, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society
Endangers Our Future (2012).
DESMOND MPILO TUTU
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, anti-apartheid activist
Among the world’s best-known peace and anti-racism activists, Desmond
Tutu (b. 1931) is the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (1984), the Albert
Schweizer Prize for Humanitarianism (1986), the Gandhi Peace Prize (2007)
and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009). He has referred to HIV/AIDS as “the new
apartheid.”
Tutu is the patron of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Desmond Tutu TB Centre and has also
served as the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance. He is also Chairman of “The
Elders”, a group of world leaders who contribute their integrity and leadership in dealing with
some of the world's most pressing problems. Other members of the group include Nelson
Mandela, Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Muhammad Yunus and Aung San Suu Kyi.
OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
LINDA-GAIL BEKKER
One of Africa's leading HIV researchers and epidemiologists; Deputy Director of
the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre at the University of Cape Town (UCT), Chief
Operating Officer of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation.
DENIS BROUN
Executive Director of UNITAID (international organization set up to facilitate
bulk purchase of drugs to fight AIDS, TB and malaria); physician and leading
French expert on AIDS in Africa; previously worked with the World Bank,
UNICEF, WHO and UNAIDS in the fields of global public health, pharmaceuticals
and health economics.
ERIC GOEMAERE
Physician with decades of experience in HIV/AIDS, led the early battle against
AIDS in South Africa as head of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF); honorary
doctorate in medicine from the University of Cape Town credited him with
having “transformed the reality of health care for HIV/AIDS patients”; pioneer
of AIDS treatment in resource-poor settings.
NOERINE KALEEBA
Pioneering AIDS activist; physiotherapist by profession; co-founded The AIDS
Support Organisation (TASO) in Uganda, 1987, after her husband Christopher
was diagnosed with AIDS; TASO has since grown into one of the most
significant civil society groups in Africa; served on World Health Organization
(WHO) Global Commission on HIV/AIDS and was programme adviser to
UNAIDS for ten years; first African elected as Chair of the ActionAid International Board of
Trustees; author of We Miss You All: AIDS in the Family.
NOOR JEHAN MAJID
Mozambican doctor working on HIV/AIDS; joined the Italian Catholic
Community of Sant’Egidio DREAM (‘Drug Resource Enhancement against AIDS
and Malnutrition’) programme in 2002; DREAM’s objective is to provide a ‘gold
standard’ of AIDS treatment in resource-poor settings on par with the best HIV
care in the world, and has achieved remarkable results in numerous exceptionally difficult
environments; programme now operates in ten of Africa’s poorest countries.
SUNITI SOLOMON
Leading Indian AIDS physician, diagnosed first case of HIV in India, 1986;
Founded Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE) in
Chennai, 1993; YRG CARE has provide comprehensive treatment and care for
over 17,000 people with HIV since its founding, and is the preeminent centre
for AIDS research in India.
OTHER HIV-POSITIVE CHARACTERS
in alphabetical order
NOMVUSELELO (MUSI) KALOLO and LISA KALOLO
Mfuleni, Western Cape, South Africa
ELVIS BASUDDE KYEYUNE
Kampala, Uganda
PERIASAMY KOUSALYA
Chennai, India
KHUNDRAKPAM PRADIP KUMAR SINGH Imphal, Manipur, India
KEY CONTRIBUTOR QUOTES
PETER MUGYENYI
There is no developed country which would have tolerated the loss of millions of their citizens
while life-saving drugs were available.
EDWIN CAMERON
The drugs were enormously expensive. They took up a third of my judicial salary. […] Most
people in Western Europe and North America accepted that drug manufacturers are entitled to
a specified price in the open market, which is a market defined by North American and Western
European conditions. And if that price is unreachably high to people in the developing world,
Africa and Asia, South America, that’s just too bad. Those people must die.
ZACKIE ACHMAT (Archive/1999)
The only reason we are dying is because we are poor.
JAMES LOVE
The rap was, you couldn’t give drugs to people in Africa because they would misuse them. They
wouldn’t be compliant in terms of treatment. They’d develop resistance, resistance would
come back and kill Americans or kill Europeans.
PETER MUGYENYI (Archive/8 July 2000)
Where are the drugs? That’s where they are. The drugs are where the disease is not. [applause]
And where is the disease? The disease is where the drugs are not.
EDWIN CAMERON (Archive/8 July 2000)
I’m here because I’m on antiretroviral therapy. I can afford my medication. […] Now why should
I have the privilege of purchasing my life and health when 34 million people in the resourcepoor world are falling ill, feeling sick to death, and are dying?
NOMVUSELELO (MUSI) KALOLO
Lots of people were dying because they needed the ARVs. Those who didn’t die, they must
thank God…
ERIC GOEMAERE (Medecins Sans Frontieres)
We were fighting desperately to try to convince patent-holders, the main pharmaceutical
companies […] we said, listen, none of the clients here are using your drugs and will probably
ever be able to use your drugs. Can you please allow us to import generic drugs? And they
answered to us very quickly. And the answer, of course, was no.
DONALD MCNEIL
The actual price of the pill has nothing to do with what it costs to manufacture the pill. […] They
were still making a profit at five cents. But they were charging the same twenty-five dollars a
pill in South Africa that they were in the United States. So I began to see more how completely
screwed up and unfair the system was.
PETER ROST
The concept is to set the price at the level where you will maximise revenues. That means you
are going to lose some patients because it’s so high, but you’re making up for it because the
others are forced to pay that very high price.
ZACKIE ACHMAT
If my sisters or brothers or cousins had HIV, or had AIDS, and needed medicines, they wouldn’t
have been able to get it. And I grew up in a house where your mum said if all the kids can’t have
chocolate, one is not going to have it.
NELSON MANDELA (Archive)
It would have been futile for me to come to him to say, “I want you now to change, to take
drugs”… because his position is that as long as drugs are not available to everybody, especially
the poor, he will not take them.
JAMES LOVE
I asked Dr. Hamied, I said, “look, what we’re trying to figure out is, you know, rock bottom
prices, what would it cost to get an AIDS drug?”
YUSUF HAMIED
The whole of Africa was being taken for a ride.
INDIRA GANDHI (Archive)
My idea of a better ordered world is one in which medical discoveries would be free of patents
and there would be no profiteering from life or death.
JOSEPH STIGLITZ
We make them [patents] because we believe that, when they are appropriately designed, they
will promote innovation and societal well-being. But when they’re not appropriately designed,
they will result in people dying, and they will result in a suppression of innovation. And it’s
happened over and over again…
YUSUF HAMIED
Public-funded research should be free for the public.
PETER MUGYENYI
I knew where drugs were and as a doctor it was my job to try and save my patients’ lives.
GEORGE W. BUSH (Archive/2003)
Antiretroviral drugs can extend life for many years. And the cost of those drugs has dropped
from $12,000 a year to under $300 a year. Seldom has history offered a greater opportunity to
do so much for so many.
LINDA-GAIL BEKKER
It was this sort of incredible fierce determination to show that in fact not only was it feasible,
but we could do it better than many parts of the world.
BILL CLINTON
If you ran the numbers, there was no way, given the available price structure, that all the
money they put in the Global Fund, and all the money President Bush and Congress would give
to the American effort, was going to be enough to save the number of people that had to be
saved in a hurry. […] It was clear to me that no matter how much money they put in it would
never be enough unless they could buy generics.
DONALD G. MCNEIL, Jr.
In the area of pharmaceuticals, and particularly in the area of life-saving drugs, if you can’t get
the right to that drug, your citizens die. And forcing a country to sign a law that says, okay, we’ll
let our citizens die so you can keep your patent monopolies and your prices up seems to be
immoral.
YUSUF HAMIED
What is likely to happen? People are going to die. To me that is genocide.
PETER MUGYENYI
They have us as their hostages. If we face an emergency here in Africa we shall die, because the
laws don’t protect us.
DONALD MCNEIL
The companies can’t continue to take the position, “Ah, they’re just Africans, let them die”, and
it’s going to be even harder for them to take the position, “Ah, they’re just old Americans, let
them die...”
ZACKIE ACHMAT
All those people who had the power to stop it, including drug company executives, are
responsible for all those deaths… of lives that could have been saved between 1996 and 2003.
And the rich world didn’t care until poor people mobilized.
DONALD McNEIL
“You fight our patent monopolies, we will make sure you die!” I mean, that was their attitude...
PETER MUGYENYI
We have discovered so many things in the world and we cannot fail to discover a formula
where business can continue and prosper, and poor people don’t have to pay the price with
their lives.
BILL CLINTON
When it became a life or death question it’s obvious that the whole TRIPS system is going to
have to be amended… so that we don’t have these fights that cause people to die, we can never
let this happen again.
JAMES LOVE
People have to figure out that they don’t have to accept a pessimistic crappy future. They can
change things. You can change things, I can change things, we can change things.
ZACKIE ACHMAT (Archive)
We have made the mightiest industry in the world shake in its boots!
Q&A with Director DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
What appealed to you about this particular story and the wider subject?
Initially it was really just shock and disgust that so many millions of lives could be so callously
and I would say brutally set aside, with very little attention paid to the fact and no one called to
account. Then it seemed absolutely incredible to me that there was no book or film on the
subject, aside from some contemporary news pieces. Later, once I started delving more deeply
into it, I was immensely moved and inspired by the people who played key roles in breaking the
blockade of AIDS drugs into Africa, and it struck me that the example of their passion, bravery
and determination could potentially ignite a spark in all kinds of people inclined to work for
change, in whatever area, but who might doubt their power to actually make a difference. And
finally, when it became clear to me that the story was being lost, swept under the rug and
forgotten, that there was a very real threat no lessons would be taken from this unimaginable
atrocity and that the drug industry and major Western governments were actively working to
shut down future production of low-cost generic medicine in the global south, something which
will almost certainly lead to horrific, unnecessary loss of life in rich countries as well as poor, it
seemed to me that there was no option but to try and do something to get this story out there.
When did you start learning about this story and begin think about making a film
about it?
The genesis of the project goes back to the spring of 2004, when I was working on a film in Sri
Lanka and happened to read an article in The Economist about Yusuf Hamied, an Indian generic
drugmaker who was battling to get lower-cost AIDS drugs into developing countries. I was both
fascinated by the story and surprised I hadn’t heard more about it, and quite soon thereafter by
a quirk of fate it turned out that my friend, who later became my partner, is actually related to
Dr. Hamied, so I was able to go meet him in Bombay some months later, and eventually
through him met several other people who would later become key contributors to the film.
How long did it take you to complete it and what were the biggest challenges, both in
accessing information and getting to speak to people you needed to interview, including
Bill Clinton?
The original firm decision to do the film was taken in June 2007 and I have been working on it
ever since then. Without a doubt the biggest challenge was taking a fairly complex story and
subject with a lot of important strands, and trying to distill it down into something that could be
both comprehensible and compelling for general audiences. When I did my initial research I had
drawn up a list of people I really wanted to do on-camera interviews with for the film, and
ultimately I got all of them. Unsurprisingly, the most difficult person on the list to get time with
was Bill Clinton. It took a year and a half to schedule the interview, and even on the day it
looked like it might actually get cancelled, but finally it came through, which of course I was
extremely happy about since he plays such an important part in this story.
What drove you to make a film about AIDS and pharmaceutical companies?
I didn’t have any interest in making a film about either. There are plenty of films on AIDS
already, and I would also say that pharmaceutical companies are not necessarily interesting as a
subject either. This film is really a case study about human rights, globalization, trade, big
business and the extent to which governments work on behalf of immensely profitable
corporations against the better interests of huge swaths of humankind. The real villain of this
story for me is not an industry addicted to astronomical profits, irrespective of the
consequences, but the governments which do their deadly bidding, all the while firmly perched
on a high moral horse and claiming to care about human rights.
Why aren’t there more contributors from Big Pharma in the film?
I made a decision very early on in the process to include among the interviewees only people
who played a direct role in the story. I certainly wasn’t interested in including paid mouthpieces
or lobbyists, which is what the pharma industry always offers people like me doing stories
about
it. There were a number of players from ‘Big Pharma’ whom I would have liked to bring in, but
they weren’t interested in participating. I have spoken to many of them off the record, and
often
they cite confidentiality agreements which prohibit them for speaking about their time in
whichever company, although almost all of them are now no longer part of the industry. Just as
an aside, I have found it exceptionally interesting how the current and recent leadership of
major
drug companies has tended to absolve itself of responsibility in the crimes portrayed in the film
by pointing to the fact that there is now a “new generation” of executives, which has “learned
many lessons”, that “that was a different time”, etc. Contrition is rarely expressed.
In earlier versions of the film I included a number of Big Pharma executives from that era in
archive material, but in the end I had to break my rule and bring in an honest but alas
not-directly-involved ‘pharma voice’ in the person of Peter Rost. He was a high-level executive
at three major pharmaceutical companies during a decades-long career, a genuine “true
believer” in what the drug industry stands for and has achieved, until eventually as VicePresident of Pfizer becoming deeply disillusioned with its business practices and turning
whistleblower. I often say that of all the people in this film, Dr. Rost is almost certainly the one
most hated by Big Pharma, since he was the ultimate insider and his insights are impossible for
them to brush aside with a dismissive wave of the hand.
What would you like the public to understand by watching this film?
The levels of popular understanding about how basic research into life-saving drugs, almost all
of which is publicly-funded, comes to be controlled by a handful of giant corporations, which
then use government-granted monopoly power to price the resulting medicine far out of reach
to all but the most privileged and affluent sliver of the world’s population, are exceptionally
low.
I certainly think this film has the potential to be a very important conversation-starter. At the
moment there is essentially no conversation, despite the fact that up to a third of all deaths
worldwide in any given year are directly attributable to this systemic problem. Ultimately I
hope Fire in the Blood can open a lot of people’s eyes to the fundamental inhumanity and
unsustainability of the current set-up, and the urgent need to begin effecting positive change in
terms of how life-saving medicines are researched, developed and delivered to the global
public.
What would you say about the people like Zackie Achmat portrayed in the film, who took
such great risks in order to make sure others could access drugs?
They are real heroes to me, and I hope their work gets considerably more recognition because
of Fire in the Blood. I have always felt that if people like Zackie, Peter Mugyenyi or Yusuf
Hamied were German or Swiss instead of African or Indian, everyone in the world would know
their names.
You were trained as a historian. How did this background influence the making of this
film?
I would say my interest in and study of history influence everything in my life, and of course
everything in my working life. This includes obvious things like research methods, but also
trying
to frame a narrative in such a way as to place things into a firm historical context, and
underscoring aspects of the material which are likely to be significant in future, to avoid getting
pulled into discussions about current affairs. The study of history should ideally also instill
ethical principles of fairness, not taking facts or statements out of context, not omitting
pertinent
information which doesn’t necessarily serve one’s hypotheses, understanding that people in
past years did not have all the information at their disposal that we do today, and so on.
What kind of policy change would you like to see come out of this film?
First of all I would definitely agree that it would be wonderful to see this film ultimately lead to
critical changes in policy, because as I have said the current system of developing and
commercializing medicine is totally inappropriate for addressing the needs of global public
health. That having been said, specific policy objectives will naturally vary from jurisdiction to
jurisdiction, depending on what the key barriers to access are in a given place, and where useful
opportunities for change appear. In general, however, there are several principles which in my
view could go a long way toward protecting the public interest, ensuring and expanding access
to lifesaving medicine:
• Patent-holders should not be allowed to have monopolies on essential medicines (the
‘Canadian model’, whereby no monopoly was allowed, but a royalty of 4- or 5% was paid to
patent-holding companies when generic versions of their products were made and sold,
worked beautifully for 70 years)
• Publicly-funded research should be freely accessible and serve the public good
• There should be a mechanism for challenge the validity of patents on medicine before they are
granted (the ‘Indian model’, also known as ‘pre-grant opposition’, has proven very useful in
discouraging bogus and frivolous patent claims, which are an especially significant problem in
the realm of pharmaceuticals)
• The US and other Western governments must make an explicit commitment not to exert
economic pressure on, or threaten sanctions against, developing countries for exercising their
international rights to make essential medicine available to their citizens
• Any pharmaceutical company applying for a patent must publicly disclose associated research
costs
• Doctors and pharmacists should be required to disclose any remuneration or non-monetary
incentives they receive from pharmaceutical companies in a publicly-accessible database
• Pharmaceutical companies and researchers should be legally required to disclose all research
results, and there should be significant criminal penalties for not doing so
Of these, the first two are obviously the most important.
Intellectual property and access to medicine might seem at first to be topics which would
make for a pretty dry film… have you found it can be tough to pique people’s curiosity?
It can be difficult at times, mainly because the issues don’t necessarily lend themselves to being
encapsulated in a few words. In my experience, it is important to underline that this film tells a
story, rather than being about an issue, but also to make it clear that the story is one which is
extremely relevant and important to all of us. Of course they get all that when they see the film,
but as you say the challenge is often in piquing that initial curiosity. A strong trailer helps, and
we have had an excellent response to ours, probably because it really highlights the “crime
story” nature of the film. I was at the Toronto Film Festival a few years back, meeting a lot of
important, busy people in quick succession, with precious little time to make my case, which is
why I began to introduce the film as being about “the Crime of the Century”. Once I said that,
people invariably wanted to hear more about it, and more importantly listened to what I had to
say from that point onward with a view to learning about a unique crime, rather than an ‘issue’.
Isn’t it stretching things to refer to this story as the crime of the century?
No… and, if so, then only in the sense that there’s still a fair bit of the 21st century left…
although it’s worth pointing out that the Lindbergh kidnapping, the case commonly associated
with the phrase, also took place relatively early in the 20th century. Fire in the Blood tells the
story of a crime which killed more people than just about any other in history (though there will
always be debates as to how something like the Great Leap Forward should be categorized), yet
in contrast with various other well-known mass atrocities and genocides, relatively few people
are on the one hand aware of its dimensions or on the other hand realize that this was in no
way the unavoidable calamity it has generally been made out to be… so I do feel very strongly
that the moniker of “Crime of the Century” is totally apt in this case, and that it also puts the
magnitude of what happened into appropriate context.
CREDITS
Director/Producer/Editor/Narrator
Executive Producer
Narrator
Director of Photography
Music
Co-producer
Supervising Editor
Co-Editors
Sound Design
Associate Producers
Production Consultant
Director of Photography (India)
Sound Recordists
Production Accountant
Line Producer (India)
Line Producer (South Africa)
Line Producer (Uganda)
Line Producer (USA)
Line Producer (Mozambique)
Line Producer (Peru & Colombia)
Production Manager (South Africa)
Production Manager (Mozambique)
Production Manager (Chennai)
Production Associates
Archival Research/Fact-checking
Archival Research
Offline Editors
Sound Mix
Sound Editors
Narration Mix
Music Mix Engineers
DYLAN MOHAN GRAY
CHRISTOPHER HIRD
WILLIAM HURT
JAY J. ODEDRA
ASHUTOSH PHATAK
RUMANA GRAY
CHRISTOPHER SEWARD
PASCAL AKESSON
HUGH WILLIAMS
KUNAL SHARMA
ANUP PODDAR
SARAH NUTALL
STEVE BENNETT
KESHAV PRAKASH
TARUN BHANDARI
JEFF HOOD
GUILLERMO PALACIOS
ROCHAN GANU
YASMINE STAFFORD
STEVEN MARKOWITZ
BIG WORLD CINEMA
DANIEL KALINAKI
JASON MALONEY
ANTONIO FORJAZ, IDEAIS MULTIMEDIA
ANDREA ZARATE MORENO
ANNALET STEENKAMP
CESAR ANUWAR
K. CHINNADURAI
ROCHAN GANU, DEEPIKA LAL
CHETNA AGARWAL
DEEPIKA LAL
ROY HARRIS
NHLANHLA MTHETHWA
CHERYL VAN GRUNSVEN
VIVEK PRATAP
SIDHESH N. DHAWDE
ALOK DE
DEAN PICARDO
ZAHIR BANDUKWALA
ROHAN VENGURLEKAR
DEAN PICARDO
ISHAAN NAIK, ABHISHEK GAUTAM
Additional Photography
Additional Sound Recordists
Additional Editing
Still Photographers
Interpretors/Translators
Motion Graphics
Title Design
Graphic Design
Video Post-Production (India)
Digital Intermediate (DI)
DI Colorist
Online Editor
Online Edit Assistant
Envy Post Production Manager
Sound Studios
Music Studios
Publicist (London)
UK Outreach
Transcription
Chartered Accountant
Legal Services
E&O Insurance
World Sales
JOHN J. MOERS, RODNEY PATTERSON
GIULIO BICCARI, MORAY WEDDERBURN
TIM NEWMAN, CRAIG MATTHEW, ED
FABRY
JIM ANDERSON, PAUL BANG, TED ROTH
DOMINIC YIP, JULIAN JOSEPH
MARK MALOOF, S. ‘SUBBU’ SUBRAMANIAN
ANURADHA SINGH
SANTIAGO BARCO LUNA, HANNAH PATON
RUVAN BOSHOFF, JOSE CABRAL
ABBAS, ANANT S. BHAGWAT
THANDO GOOLOZA
O PREMRATA SINGH (BOBIE)
LALKHOLIAN GUITE (HENRY)
ANDREA ZARATE MORENO
ELIZABETH KOBARA, SANDRA LOURENCO
NOL HONIG, TOUPEE FILM, NEW YORK
VAISHALI KAJI
MANOJ SADHUKA
PIXION – SAMEER PANDIT, BOBBY
MITHUN D'SOUZA, YOGESH CHHAG
GAGAN MESHRAM, KUNJAN OZA
SACHIN ADVIKAR, SHRUTI BORA
ENVY POST, LONDON
BLAIR WALLACE
ANDREW MITCHELL
LAURA HEWETT
KATE GEORGE
PURPLE HAZE STUDIOS, THO AUDIO
POST
FIESTA, MUMBAI
RIBBIT STUDIOS, MUMBAI
ALEX ROWLEY, ar:pr
MATT HIRD, DARTMOUTH FILMS
WORDS INFOCOM, RADHIKA CHINAI
ANAND MEHTA AND ASSOCIATES
NAHEED CARRIMJEE
DESAI DESAI CARRIMJEE & MULLA
HDFC ERGO GENERAL
INSURANCE CO. LTD.
FILMS TRANSIT INTERNATIONAL
(JAN ROFEKAMP, DIANA HOLTZBERG)
SONGS
“Pradip’s Theme”
Composed for Fire in the Blood and performed by Barry Kevin Donnelly
“Kaboyi Kaboyi (Woodpecker)”
Traditional Swazi Song arranged by Philip Miller
Performed by Nana Courtesy of Rory Bester, Worldgoround Records, Cape Town
“Lobelanga”
Written by Fredy Massamba and Frederic Hirschy
Performed by Fredy Massamba Courtesy of Skinfama Production, Brussels
“When He Plays Jazz He’s Got Hot Lips”
Written by Henry Busse, Henry Lange, and Lou Davis
Performed by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra (1922)
ARCHIVAL FOOTAGE
ABC News VideoSource
Big World Cinema
BBC Worldwide
Corbis
C-SPAN
Doordarshan
Framepool
Getty Images
McNeil/Lehrer Productions
William J. Clinton Foundation
Avert
Bureau for International Reporting (BIR), New York
The Newsmarket
Courtesy of the WGBH Media Library & Archives, Boston
Etat d’Urgence Production (MSF-TV), Paris
Gandhi Films Foundation (GFF), Mumbai
Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), Washington
Oxfam GB, Oxford
Photoshare
TVE, London
Community Media Trust (CMT), Cape Town
(“TAC footage courtesy of the CMT/UCT HIV/AIDS Archive. Part of this archive can be found
online at www.beatit.co.za”)
Audiovisual Library of the European Commission, Brussels, © European Union, 2011
Courtesy of Outcast Films and Action = Life Collective
IRIN Films, Integrated Regional Information Networks, Nairobi
Wikimedia Commons
Stock footage provided by
Styrofilm/Redblue/Janvozenilek/Lewis/Cattails/HDtravelshots/Pond5.com
Film Footage courtesy of Shutterstock Images LLC, Used by Permission
Archival Film and Video Materials from the Collections of the Library of Congress,
Washington, DC
George W. Bush Presidential Library, Lewisville, TX
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC
World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva
World Trade Organization (WTO), Geneva
CARTOONS COURTESY OF:
Zapiro (Jonathan Shapiro), www.zapiro.com
Polyp (Paul Fitzgerald), www.polyp.org.uk
Jeff Stahler (Used by permission of Universal Uclick for UFS. All Rights Reserved)
PHOTOGRAPHERS WHO GENEROUSLY DONATED IMAGES TO THIS PROJECT:
Zoriah (Zoriah Miller), www.zoriah.com
Jonnek Jonneksson
Kaytee Riek
Jeffrey Schramek, www.collectnobel.com
Micheal Spender
James Wagner, www.jameswagner.com
ADDITIONAL PHOTO CREDITS:
Eric Miller; WHO/Jean-Marc Ferre, P. Virot, Peter Williams, Chris Black; CDC/C. Goldsmith,
P. Feorino, E.L. Palmer, W.R. McManus; Manan Vatsyayana/AFP/Getty Images; Cipla;
© Felix Masi/Voiceless Children, Courtesy of Photoshare; TAC photo courtesy of Avert;
© Gideon Mendel/CORBIS; Estate of Jacques Lowe; Personal Collections of
Elvis Basudde Kyeyune and William F. Haddad
THE FILMMAKERS WISH TO THANK THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR
SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE IN THE MAKING OF THIS FILM:
The DREAM Project of the Community of Sant’egidio
Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and
the archives of Etat d’Urgence Production (MSF-TV), Paris
Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and the
archives of the Community Media Trust (CMT), Cape Town
Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation
Cipla
William J. Clinton Foundation
The Fair Use Project Documentary Film Program
Stanford Law School, Stanford University
Amita Chebbi François Bonnici, Jr., MD Hoosen ‘Jerry’ Coovadia, MD Donald W. Light
Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education (YRG CARE) – Suniti Solomon, MD, N.
Kumarasamy, MD
DREAM – Paolo Germano, MD, Paola Rolletta, Isaias Joao and Family, Adalberta Grachane
Aruna Vasudev
Community Media Trust (CMT) – Gareth Dawson, Dalli Weyers Robin Wood, MD Marta Darder,
MD
Asanda Ngobo and Family Nathan Geffen Robert Ochai Jonathan Berger Vikramaditya Motwane
Jason Maloney Alan Greenspan Shannon Davidson Loveleen Tandan Peter Bull Homi Adajania
Blue Frog – Emmanuelle de Decker, Srila Chatterjee Hormuz Mehta Marek Posival Mario
Grigorov
Jaideep Gogtay, MD Lodestar Universal – Shashi Sinha, Habeeb Nizamudin Naseeruddin Shah
Knowledge Ecology International (KEI), Washington, DC Paul Roux, MD Beverley and Joel
Wynne
Sara McLoed, Etat d’Urgence Production (MSF-TV), Paris Giles Nuttgens Francois Venter, MD
William J. Clinton Foundation, New York – Shaffiq Essajee, MD, Betsy McManus, Adam Schulz
Cipla Medpro SA – Jerome Smith Gloria Rembe James Middleton Cape Argus Pick n Pay Cycle
Tour
Quality Chemicals (QCIL), Kampala – Emmanuel Katongole, George Baguma Stop AIDS
Campaign UK
Ashgar Moledina, MD, and Family, Wellworth LDA, Maputo H. Srinivas Albertina Ervilha and
Family
Greg Chapman, Gudrun Olafsdottir Cristina Guerreros, Luis Sanguinetti, Azul Guerreros
Sanguinetti
Environmental Response Television (ERTV) – Dale Kemery, Robert Cibulskis Dinaz Stafford Nikhil
Swadi
Sis Lulu, Hannan Crusade, Gugulethu Brent van Rensburg Diana Gibb, MD Eric Marty, ACT UP
Paris
Devika Mahadevan, Kapil Gupta Purnima Singh Scott Campbell, Elton John AIDS Foundation
Biotoscana SA, Bogota – Carlos Adolfo Munoz, Jose Ramirez A.P. Raman Rohit Rao, Eske Group,
Lima
Joseph Safdie, Caligor Pharmacy Patrick Chu, Edenbridge Pharmaceuticals Oxfam GB – Ryan
Witchalls
Germán Holguín, Misión Salud, Bogota James Lavigne Denny Lee Wiebke von Carolsfeld
A SPARKWATER INDIA PRODUCTION
© Sparkwater Productions India Pvt. Ltd., 2012