PENCEMARAN
AIR
Air, Udara, Lahan ….
The solution to
pollution is
dilution.
Konsep-Konsep Penting
 Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
 Major pollution problems of surface water
 Major pollution problems of groundwater
 Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air
 Kualitas Air Minum
Air adalah
kehidupan
di Bumi.
Definisi
• Impaired Waters
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of
impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that
states have set for them.
• Total Maximum Daily Load
The law requires that states establish priority rankings for impaired waters
and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for them. A TMDL
specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can
receive and still meet water quality standards.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html
Point Source Pollution
vs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
What’s the difference?
Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University
Sumber Pencemaran : Titik

comes from a specific
source, like a pipe

factories, industry,
municipal treatment
plants

can be monitored and
controlled by a permit
system
Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik

Nonpoint Source (NPS)
Pollution is pollution
associated with
stormwater or runoff

NPS pollution cannot be
traced to a direct
discharge point such as a
wastewater treatment
facility
Contoh-contoh NPS





oil & grease from cars
fertilizers
animal waste
grass clippings
septic systems



sewage & cleaners from
boats
household cleaning products
litter
Mekanisme Transpor Polutan
•
NPS pollutants build up on land surfaces during dry
weather
 Atmospheric deposition
 Fertilizer applications
 Animal waste
 Automotive exhaust/fluid leaks
•
Pollutants are washed off land surfaces during
precipitation events (stormwater runoff)
•
Stormwater runoff will flow to lakes and streams
Pollutant build-up and wash off are
affected by land use.


Imperviousness increases
runoff
Land use changes impact build
up
Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air
More Imperviousness = More Water
Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?

roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces
that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground

“predominant American vegetation”
Penutup kedap air
• provides a surface
for accumulation of
pollutants
• leads to increased
polluted runoff and
flooding
• inhibits recharge of
groundwater
Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik
fish and wildlife
 recreational
water activities
 commercial
fishing
 tourism
 drinking water
quality

Polutan dalam Runoff
Sediment
Soil particles
transported from
their source
Toxics
● Pesticides
 Herbicides
 Fungicides
 Insecticides
● Metals (naturally occurring
in soil, automotive emissions/
tires)
 Lead
 Zinc
 Mercury
● Petroleum Hydrocarbons
(automotive exhaust and
fuel/oil)
Debris
Litter and illegal dumping
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
● Oxygen depleting material
Leaves
Organic material
Nutrients
● Various types of materials that
become dissolved and suspended in
water (commonly found in fertilizer
and plant material):
 Nitrogen (N)
 Phosphorus (P)
Bacteria/ Pathogens
Originating from:
● Pets
● Waterfowl
● Failing septic systems
Thermal Stress
Heated runoff,
removal of
streamside
vegetation
Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman






Nutrients: Fertilizers and
septic systems
Pathogens: Pet waste and
septic systems
Sediment: Construction,
road sand, soil erosion
Toxic: Pesticides, household
products
Debris: Litter and illegal
dumping
Thermal: heated runoff,
removal of streamside
vegetation
Polutan dari pertanian
Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides
Polutan Penting




Sediment reduces light penetration in
stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic
invertebrates.
Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae &
aquatic plants which can cause highly
varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low
DO levels, the aquatic life has the
potential to be harmed.
Toxics can impact life and contaminate
drinking water supplies.
Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of
possible viruses present in the system.
Apa Pencemaran Air?
Any chemical,
biological, or
physical change in
water quality that has
a harmful effect on
living organisms or
makes water
unsuitable for desired
usage.
Apa pencemaran air?
WHO:
• 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
• 1.9 million from
diarrhea
• U.S. 1.5 million
illnesses
• 1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
Apa pencemaran air?
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
Apa pencemaran air?
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents
often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and
phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban
fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt
photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog
rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants
Bagaimana Kualitas Air?
Bacterial Counts: Fecal
coliform counts from
intestines of animals
• None per 100 ml for
drinking
• >200 per 100 ml for
swimming
Sources: human sewage,
animals, birds,
raccoons, etc.
Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?
Dissolved Oxygen: BOD
Biological Oxygen
Demand…the amount of
oxygen consumed by aquatic
decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for
presence of inorganic or
organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water
clarity
Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?
Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
• Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water
Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik
NONPOINT SOURCES
Rural homes
Cropland
Urban streets
Animal feedlot
Suburban
development
POINT
SOURCES
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Factory
Sumber Pencemaran Air
Agriculture: by far the
leader
• Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
Pencemaran Air Sungai
Flowing streams can recover from
moderate level of degradable
water pollution if their flows are
not reduced.
• Natural biodegradation process
• Does not work if overloaded or
stream flow reduced
• Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants
Pencemaran Sungai
 Kurva Kantong oksigen
 Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery
Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?
Dua Dunia
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply reduced
point sources even with
population and economic
growth
• Nonpoint still a problem
• Toxic chemicals still problem
• Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
Dua Dunia
Developing Countries:
Serious and growing problem
• Half of world’s 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
• Sewage treatment minimal
$$$
• Law enforcement difficult
• 10% of sewage in China
treated
• Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
Sungai Gangga India
• Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live
in watershed
• Little sewage treatment
• Used for bathing, drinking
etc.
• Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
• Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar
Dilution as a solution in lakes
less effective
• Little vertical mixing
• Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
• Toxins settle
• Kill bottom life
• Atmospheric deposition
• Food chain disruptions
Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food chain
from the Great
Lakes.
Eutrofikasi Danau
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
• During hot dry weather can lead
to algae blooms
• Decrease of photosynthesis
• Dying algae then drops DO
levels
• Fish kills, bad odor
Pencemaran Danau
Eutrofikasi
Eutrofikasi Danau
Penyelesaian masalah:
• Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
• Household detergents
• Soil conservation
• Remove excess weed
build up
• Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes
•Pollution levels
dropped, but long
way to go
•95% of U.S.
freshwater
•30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
•38 million drink
•1% flow out St.
Lawrence
•Toxic fish
AIR TANAH = Groundwater
• Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
• What is the extent of the problem?
• What are the solutions?
Groundwater
Groundwater DAPAT
TERKONTAMINASI:
• No way to cleanse itself
• Little dilution and
dispersion
• Out of sight pollution
• Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
• REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
Pencemaran Groundwater
 Low flow rates  Few bacteria
 Low oxygen
 Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Coal strip
mine runoff
De-icing
road salt
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Gasoline
station
Water pumping
well Landfill
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Cesspool
septic tank
Sewer
Leakage from faulty
casing
Accidental
spills
Discharge
Confined aquifer
Groundwater
flow
Aliran air bawah tanah
Groundwater
• Pollution moves in
plumes
• Soil, rocks, etc. act like
sponge
• Cleansing does not
work (low O, low flow,
cold)
• Nondegradables may
be permanent
Pencegahan
lebih efektif
dan murah
Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater
 Monitor aquifers
 Find less hazardous substitutes
 Leak detection systems
 Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
 Store hazardous materials above ground
Pencemaran Laut
• Toleransi pencemaran laut
• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
• What are major sources of ocean
pollution and what is being done?
• Tumpahan Minyak
Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
• Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
• Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
• 40% of world’s pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
Mangrove Swamp
Estuaries
Pencemaran Laut
• Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
• Leaking septic tanks
• Runoff
• Algae blooms from
nutrients
• Dead zones NO DO
• Airborne toxins
• Oil spills
Pencemaran Laut
Preventing and
reducing the
flow of pollution
from land and
from streams
emptying into
the ocean is key
to protecting
oceans
TUMPAHAN MINYAK
 Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage
tanks
 Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation
and buoyancy, smothering
 Significant economic impacts
 Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
 Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents
Pencegahan dan Reduksi
• How can we reduce surface water
pollution: point and also nonpoint.
• How do sewage treatment plants work?
• How successful has the U.S. been at
reducing water pollution? Clean Water
Act
Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi
Pencemaran Air Permukaan
Nonpoint Sources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone
vegetation
Point Sources
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Reduce soil erosion
 Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Reduksi Runoff
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Zone Penyangga sekitar
sungai
Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply
needed pesticides and fertilizers
Sumber Pencemaran: Titik
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean Water
Act 1972, ’77, ’87)
• Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
Peraturan Air Bersih
• Sets standards for key
pollutants
• Requires permits for
discharge
• Requires sewage treatment
• Require permits for
wetland destruction
• Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
• Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
Teknologi: Sistem Septic
Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan
•¼ of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
•Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.
Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
•EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
•EPA: $100 billion
to fix
Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air
Limbah
 Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis
Primary: removes 60% of
solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???
Technological Approach: Advanced
(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer
Technological Approach: Using
Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig. 22-18 p. 513
Berita Baik
Largely thanks to CWA:
• Between 1972 – 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
• 74% served by sewage
treatment
• Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
• Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
Khabar Buruk
• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
• Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
• Livestock and Ag. Runoff
• Ikan dengan Racun
Solusi
Pencemaran Air
Air Bersih / Minum
• How is drinking water purified? High tech
way.
• How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
Kualitas Air Minum
 Purification of urban drinking water
 Protection from terrorism
 Purification of rural drinking water
 Safe Drinking Water Act
 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
 Air Minum Botolan
Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan
Surface Water: (like
Delaware River)
• Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
• Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does not
need much treatment
Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan
There can be simple ways
to purify water:
• Exposing to heat and UV
rays
• Fine cloths to filter water
• Add small amounts of
chlorine
Hemat Air Bersih
• 54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
Hemat Air Bersih
• Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public
notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion
Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is tap
water
Air Botolan
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away each
year
Toxic fumes released during
bottling
Bottles made from oil based
plastics
Water does not need to meet
SDWA