Chapter 36: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Rotifers • • • • • • • • Objectives: State the distinguishing characteristics of flatworms Describe the anatomy of a planarian Compare and contrast free-living and parasitic flatworms Diagram the life cycle of a fluke Describe the life cycle of a tapeworm Describe the body plan of a pseudocoelomate Explain the relationship between humans and three types of parasitic roundworms Describe the anatomy of a rotifer 36-1: Platyhelminthes • Members of the phylum Platyhelminthes are called flatworms. • Their bodies develop from three germ layers and are more complex than those of sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores. • Flatworms have Bilateral symmetry, with dorsal and ventral surfaces, right and left sides, and anterior and posterior ends. What Is a Flatworm? • Flatworms are soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems. • They are the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization. What Is a Flatworm? •Flatworms are acoelomates, which means they have no coelom. •A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm. •The digestive cavity is the only body cavity in a flatworm. •Flatworms have bilateral symmetry. What Is a Flatworm? •Three germ layers of a flatworm Form and Function in Flatworms • Flatworms are thin and most of their cells are close to the external environment. • All flatworms rely on diffusion for respiration, excretion, and circulation. Form and Function in Flatworms •Free-living flatworms have organ systems for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction. •Parasitic species are typically simpler in structure than free-living flatworms. Form and Function in Flatworms •Feeding – Flatworms have a digestive cavity with a single opening through which both food and wastes pass. – Near the mouth is a muscular tube called a pharynx. – Flatworms extend the pharynx out of the mouth. The pharynx then pumps food into the digestive cavity. Form and Function in Flatworms •Most parasitic worms do not need a complex digestive system. •They obtain nutrients from foods that have already been digested by their host. Form and Function in Flatworms •Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion – Flatworms do not need a circulatory system to transport materials. – Flatworms rely on diffusion to • transport oxygen and nutrients to their internal tissues, and • to remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from their bodies. Form and Function in Flatworms •Flatworms have no gills or respiratory organs, heart, blood vessels, or blood. •Some flatworms have flame cells which are specialized cells that remove excess water from the body. •Flame cells may filter and remove metabolic wastes. Form and Function in Flatworms •Response – In free-living flatworms, a head encloses ganglia, or groups of nerve cells, that control the nervous system. – Two long nerve cords run from the ganglia along both sides of the body. Form and Function in Flatworms •Many free-living flatworms have eyespots. •Eyespots are groups of cells that can detect changes in light. •Most flatworms have specialized cells that detect external stimuli. •The nervous systems of free-living flatworms allow them to gather information from their environment. Form and Function in Flatworms •Digestive Structures of a Planarian •Excretory, Nervous, and Reproductive Structures of a Planarian Ganglia Nerve cords Excretory system Ovary Testes Flame cell Excretory tubule Form and Function in Flatworms •Movement – Free-living flatworms move in two ways. – Cilia on their epidermal cells help them glide through the water and over the bottom of a stream or pond. – Muscle cells controlled by the nervous system allow them to twist and turn. Form and Function in Flatworms •Reproduction – Most free-living flatworms are hermaphrodites that reproduce sexually. – A hermaphrodite is an individual that has both male and female reproductive organs. – Two worms join in a pair and deliver sperm to each other. – The eggs are laid in clusters and hatch within a few weeks. Form and Function in Flatworms • Asexual reproduction takes place by fission, in which an organism splits in two. • Each half grows new parts to become a complete organism. • Parasitic flatworms often have complex life cycles that involve both sexual and asexual reproduction. Classes of Flatworms •What are the characteristics of the three Classes of flatworms? Classes of Flatworms • The three main groups of flatworms are – turbellarians – Trematoda- flukes – Cestoda- tapeworms • Most turbellarians are free-living. • Most other flatworm species are parasites. Classes of Flatworms •Class Turbellarians – Turbellarians are free-living flatworms. Most live in marine or fresh water. – Most species live in the sand or mud under stones and shells. Classes of Flatworms •Class Trematoda- Flukes – Flukes are parasitic flatworms. Most flukes infect the internal organs of their host. Usually don’t kill the host. – Host are typically Animals and humans – No special sense organs – Mostly aquatic – Most less than 1cm long – Schistosoma- Genus of flukes that cause Schistosomiasis. Form and Function in Flatworms • Flukes can infect the blood or organs of the host. • Some flukes are external parasites. • In the typical life cycle of parasitic flukes, the fluke lives in multiple hosts. Form and Function in Flatworms •Life Cycle of a Blood Fluke Form and Function in Flatworms •A blood fluke’s primary host is a human. •Blood flukes infect humans by burrowing through the skin. Human intestine Tailed larva Form and Function in Flatworms •Once inside the human, they are carried to the blood vessels of the intestines. •In the intestines the flukes mature and reproduce. •Embryos are released and are passed out of the body with feces. Adult fluke Embryo Form and Function in Flatworms •If the embryos reach water, they develop into swimming larvae that infect a snail (the intermediate host). •An intermediate host is an organism in which a parasite reproduces asexually. Embryo Ciliated larva Life Cycle of a Blood Fluke Form and Function in Flatworms •Larvae that result from asexual reproduction are released from the snail into the water to begin the cycle again. Life Cycle of a Blood Fluke Form and Function in Flatworms •Class Cestoda- Tapeworms – Tapeworms are long, flat, parasitic worms that are adapted to life inside the intestines of their hosts. – No organs for locomotion, senses, or digestion. They absorb from the hosts digestive system. – Can be up to 40 feet long. Form and Function in Flatworms • Tapeworms have no digestive tract and absorb digested food directly through their body walls. • The head of an adult tapeworm, called a scolex, is a structure that can contain suckers or hooks. • The tapeworm uses its scolex to attach to the intestinal wall of its host. Form and Function in Flatworms •Structures of a Tapeworm Form and Function in Flatworms • Proglottids are the segments that make up most of the worm's body. • Mature proglottids contain both male and female reproductive organs. • Sperm produced by the testes (male reproductive organs), can fertilize eggs of other tapeworms or of the same individual. Form and Function in Flatworms • After the eggs are fertilized, the proglottids break off and burst to release the zygotes. • The zygotes are passed out of the host in feces. • The eggs ingested by an intermediate host hatch and grow into larvae. • Larvae burrow into the intermediate host’s muscle tissue. Form and Function in Flatworms • Larvae form a dormant protective stage called a cyst. • If a human eats incompletely cooked meat containing these cysts, the larvae become active and grow into adult worms within the human’s intestines, beginning the cycle again. 36-2: Nematoda and Rotifera • Members of the Phyla Nematoda and Rotifera have bilateral symmetry and contain a fluid-filled space. • This space holds the internal organs and serves as a storage area for eggs and sperm. • It also supports the body and provides a structure against which the muscles can contract. Phylum Nematoda • Nematoda is made up of roundworms, worms with long slender bodies that taper at both ends. • Roundworms are Pseudocoelomates • Pseudocoelomates is a hollow fluid filled cavity that has mesoderm lining the outside and endoderm on the inside. (coelomates have mesoderm lining the entire cavity) What Is a Roundworm? • Roundworms are un-segmented worms that have pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with two openings—a mouth and an anus. What Is a Roundworm? •This cavity is partially lined with tissue derived from the mesoderm and is called a pseudocoelom, meaning, “false coelom.” What Is a Roundworm? • Roundworms have a digestive tract with two openings. • Food moves in one direction through the digestive tract of roundworms. • Any food that is not digested leaves the body through the anus. Form and Function in Roundworms • Roundworms have specialized tissues and organ systems that carry out essential physiological functions. Form and Function in Roundworms •Feeding – Many free-living roundworms use grasping mouthparts and spines to catch and eat other small animals. Form and Function in Roundworms •Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion – Roundworms exchange gases and excrete metabolic waste through their body walls. – They depend on diffusion to carry nutrients and waste through their bodies. Form and Function in Roundworms •Response – Roundworms have simple nervous systems, consisting of several ganglia. – Several nerves extend from ganglia in the head and run the length of the body. – These nerves transmit sensory information and control movement. Form and Function in Roundworms •Movement – Fluid in the pseudocoelom and muscles extending the length of their bodies function as a hydrostatic skeleton. – Aquatic roundworms contract muscles to move like snakes through the water. – Soil-dwelling roundworms push their way through the soil by thrashing around. Form and Function in Roundworms •Reproduction – Roundworms reproduce sexually. – Most species have separate sexes. – Roundworms reproduce using internal fertilization. – Parasitic roundworms often have life cycles that involve two or three different hosts or several organs within a single host. Roundworms and Human Disease •What roundworms cause human disease? Roundworms and Human Disease •Parasitic roundworms include trichinosiscausing worms, filarial worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms. Roundworms and Human Disease •Trichinosis-Causing Worms – Adult Trichinella worms live and mate in the intestines of their hosts. – Female worms carrying fertilized eggs burrow into the intestinal wall and release larvae. – Larvae travel through the bloodstream and burrow into organs and tissues. Roundworms and Human Disease • The larvae form cysts and become inactive in the host’s muscle tissue. • Trichinella completes its life cycle only when another animal eats muscle tissue containing these cysts. • Humans can get trichinosis by eating raw or incompletely cooked pork. Roundworms and Human Disease •Filarial Worms – Filarial worms are threadlike worms that live in the blood and lymph vessels of birds and mammals. – They are transmitted by biting insects. – Large numbers of filarial worms may block the passage of fluids within lymph vessels and cause swelling. Roundworms and Human Disease •Ascarid Worms – Ascaris lumbricoides is a serious parasite of humans and many other vertebrate animals. – It absorbs digested food from the host’s small intestine. – Ascaris lumbricoides is commonly spread by eating foods that are not washed properly. Roundworms and Human Disease Ascaris Life Cycle 1 Human ingests food or water containing Ascaris eggs. Roundworms and Human Disease Ascaris Life Cycle 2 The eggs travel to the small intestine and develop into larvae. Roundworms and Human Disease Ascaris Life Cycle 3 Larvae enter blood vessels and are carried to the lungs Roundworms and Human Disease Ascaris Life Cycle 4 Larvae are coughed up and swallowed. They then travel to the small intestine where they develop to maturity Roundworms and Human Disease Ascaris Life Cycle 5 Eggs are released and leave the host in faces. Roundworms and Human Disease •Hookworms – Hookworm eggs hatch and develop in the soil. – They use sharp tooth like plates and hooks to burrow into the skin and enter the bloodstream. Roundworms and Human Disease • Hookworms travel through the blood of their host to the lungs and down to the intestines. • There, they suck the host’s blood, causing weakness and poor growth. Phylum Rotifera • Most Rotifers are transparent, free-living animals that live in fresh water. • When they are in dry conditions the look like grains of sand and then will go back to their normal state when wet. • Have cilia near the mouth. Looks like a pair of rotating wheels. They sweep food- algae, bacteria, and protozoans- into their digestive tracks. Rotifers