AIDA Working Party Sessions
Marine Insurance: Subrogation
under Australian/English
Stuart Hetherington
President, Comité Maritime International
Partner, Colin Biggers & Paisley
CMI Founded in 1897
Raison d’etre – Uniformity

Principal Conventions drafted:
– Collision
– Arrest
– Bills of lading
– Salvage
– Limitation conventions
and many others

Custodian of the York Antwerp Rules
CMI and Marine Insurance

Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK)/Marine Insurance Act (1909) Australia

CMI Conference 1994

International Working Groups:
– Professor John Hare: International Review of Marine Insurance:
 Duty of good faith
 Duty of disclosure
 Alternation of risk
 Warranties
See report in Yearbook 2004
CMI and Marine Insurance
– Dieter Schwampe: Mandatory insurance under International Conventions:
 CLC
 HNS
 Bunkers
 Wreck Removal
 Athens Protocol of 2002
(i) Licensing of insurers
(ii) Recognition of certificates issued by other States
(iii) Direct action availability
(iv) State liability eg where insurer not financially stable
Subrogation

Professor Sutton:
“Subrogation may be described in broad terms as the substitution of one
person for another, so that the same rights and duties as attached to the
original person attach to the substituted one. It is a transfer of rights from
one person to another without assignment or the assent of the person from
whom the rights are transferred, which takes place by operation of law in a
whole variety of widely differing circumstances”.

Principles of indemnity:
“The principles governing indemnity are therefore bound up with the
doctrine of subrogation and indeed are complementary to it. This leads to
the position that, for example, contracts of life insurance and many
contracts of personal accident insurance...because they are not contracts
of indemnity, the law of subrogation has no application.”
 Leading High Court decision: British Traders’ Insurance Co Ltd v
Monson [1964] 111 CLR 86.
 Santos Ltd v American Home Assurance Co [1986] 4 ANZ Ins Cas 60-
795, Supreme Court of South Australia, White J listed the conditions
precedent to the exercise of rights of subrogation as:
“(a) That the insurance was indemnity insurance
(b)
That payment by the insurer had been made under it; and
(c)
That the insurer’s rights of subrogation had not been excluded by a term
of the parties’ contract.”
 Sutton describes two distinct rights which are conferred:
“First, the right to oblige the assured to pursue a new remedy
he or she may have against a third party for the benefit of the
insurer; and secondly, the right to recover from the assured
any benefit received by the assured in diminution or extinction
of the loss for which he or she has been indemnified.”
Marine Insurance

S.85 Marine Insurance Act (1909) (S.90 Marine Insurance Act 1906 (UK))
“85(1) Where the insurer pays for a total loss, either of the whole, or in the
case of goods of any apportionable part, of the subject matter insured, he
thereupon becomes entitled to take over the interest of the assured in
whatever may remain of the subject matter so paid for, and he is thereby
subrogated to all the rights and remedies of the assured in and in respect
of that subject matter as from the time of the casualty causing the loss.”
Recovery Proceeds

Castellain v Preston [1883] 1 QBD 380: Brett LJ
“The very foundation, in my opinion, of every rule which has been applied to insurance
law is this, namely, that the contract of insurance contained in a marine or fire policy is a
contract of indemnity, and of indemnity only, and that this contract means that the
assured, in case of a loss against which the policy has been made, shall be fully
indemnified, but shall never be more than fully indemnified”

North of England Iron Steamship Insurance Association v Armstrong [1870] LR 5 QB
244:
The insurer could keep any amount recovered, even if it exceeds the insured value.

Rejected by Diplock J in Yorkshire Insurance Co Ltd v Nisbet Shipping Co
Ltd [1962] 2 QB 330.

However, in Lord Napier & Ettrick & Anor v Hunter and Ors [1993] 1 AER
385 the House of Lords was critical of Diplock J’s reasoning based on
purely contractual reasoning and failing to apply equitable principles.
Recoveries made by the Lloyds names from managing agents were found
to be held in trust for stop loss insurers. The names were not entitled to be
compensated in respect of their excesses before the stop loss insurers had
been fully indemnified.

Decision applies to the excess (or deductible).
Lord Templeman
Set out the argument: Say a hypothetical Lloyd’s name suffered a loss of £160,000;
excess was £25,000 and limit £100,000 by stop loss insurers. Stop loss insurers paid
£100,000. Names sued the managing agent of their syndicate Outhwaite for negligence
and recovered £116M. For the purposes of argument treated as holding £130,000
attributable to the loss of £160,000 by Name.
Lord Templeman examined that position as if the Name had insured himself as follows:
(1)
£25,000 with first insurer
(2)
£100,000 with second insurer
(3)
£125,000 plus with third insurer.
On suffering loss of £160,000 he would recover:
(1)
£25,000 under first policy
(2)
£100,000 under second policy
(3)
£35,000 under third policy
Damages payable by Outhwaite £130,000 would then be distributed as follows:
(1)
Third insurer gets its £35,000 because it only agreed to pay if first two did not
cover total loss
(2)
Second insurer gets £95,000 because it only agreed to pay if first cover was
insufficient.
So:
Second insurer has a loss of £5,000 and first insurer has a loss of £25,000
Name should not be better off if decided not to insure and self insured.

Australian Law:
ALRC (1982) recommended that Diplock J’s decision in Nisbett be
reversed. This occurred in s.67 of Insurance Contracts Act (1984) (Cth):
"67. Rights with respect to moneys recovered under subrogation
(1)
Where an insurer, in exercising a right of subrogation in respect
of a loss, recovers an amount, the insured may recover that
amount from the insurer.
(2)
Unless the contract expressly provides otherwise, the insured
may not recover under subsection (1):
(a)
an amount greater than the amount (if any) by which the amount
recovered by the insurer exceeds the amount paid to the insured by
the insurer in relation to the loss; or
(b)
an amount that, together with the amount paid to the insured under the
contract, is greater than the amount of the insured's loss.
(3)
The rights of an insured and insurer under the preceding provisions of this
section are subject to any agreement made between them after the loss
occurred.
(4)
A reference in this section to an amount recovered by an insurer shall be
construed as a reference to the amount so recovered less the administrative
and legal costs incurred in connection with the recovery of the amount.“
i.e. Insurer keeps profits.
This does not apply to marine (except pleasure craft not used for commercial
purposes). However ALRC Rep No. 91 April 2001 into Marine Insurance suggested
adoption of s.67 but in an amended form.
The explanatory memorandum to the recent Amendment Bill to the Insurance
Contracts Act (1984) describes the principles thus:
1.
The party taking a recovery action should be entitled to reimbursement for the
administrative and legal costs of that action from any monies recovered.
2.
There are three possibilities for distribution of remaining sums depending on
who has funded the recovery action:
(a)
If the insurer funds the recovery action pursuant to its rights of
subrogation it is entitled to an amount equal to the amount that it has
paid to the insured under the contract of insurance. The insured is then
entitled to any further amount necessary for it to ultimately recover from
the insurer under the contract of insurance or the third party in the
recovery action, or both in combination, the full amount of its loss (not
just the measure of indemnity under the policy).
(b)
If the insured funds the recovery action the order in the preceding
paragraph is reversed. The insured is entitled to retain an amount so that
the total it receives from the recovery action and under the policy is equal
to its total loss. The insurer is entitled at this point to an amount equal to
the amount that it has paid to the insured under the insurance contract.
(c)
If the action is funded jointly by both the insurer and the insured, they
are both entitled to the same amounts as referred to in (a) and (b)
above pro-rata if there are insufficient funds to reimburse them in full.
3.
Any excess or windfall recovery is then to be distributed to both parties in the
same proportions as they contributed to the administrative and legal costs of
the recovery action.
4.
Any separate or identifiable component in respect of interest should be
divided fairly between the parties having regard to the amounts that each has
recovered and the periods of time for which each party lost the use of their
funds.
5.
These rights may be modified by the terms of the relevant insurance contract
and the rights apply, in accordance with the same principles, whether the
person being indemnified is the insured party or a third party beneficiary to
whom the indemnity cover extends.
The recent amendments to the Insurance Contracts Act 1984 (Cth) have adopted those
changes, and are attached to the paper. They come into force at the end of this year.