Period 3

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Religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement
Charles Grandison Finney and contemporaries rejected 18 th century Calvinistic belief of a predetermined salvation/ damnation by God
AJ

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19 th century religious ideas:
Promoted individuality and responsibility, which emulated
Jacksonian democracy on the authority of the common citizen
Caused the split of Christian churches
Competition arose between various denominations to proclaim the message of a democratic God
Messages were conveyed in large gatherings- 20,000+ people
AJ

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Revival- an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching and prayer lasted for 4-5 days, participants studied the bible and examined souls
Evening revivals caused fright and fear
Most intense revivals were held in western New York in burned-over districts
Rochester Revivals earned Finney “the father of modern revivalism”
1800- 1 in 15 was a church member 1850- 1 in 6 was a church member
AJ
4

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The Second Great Awakening also brought on a strong belief that all blacks and whites belonged to the same God
Methodist and Baptist churches were open to blacks and whites
Slaves in rural South worshiped in the same churches as slave owners
Enslaved African Americans interpreted Christian message as a promise for freedom
AJ

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Richard Allen’s Bethel African Church (by 1816) became The African Methodist Episcopal Church
Allen inspired congregation to strengthen faith and fight against slavery
Membership to church grew rapidly; political, cultural and social and schooling services were provided for African Americans that they were denied by Whites
The church organized the first black national convention in Philadelphia of September 1830
Richard Allen conducted the meeting; participants agreed to explore possible settlements for free African Americans and fugitive slaves in Canada
AJ

AM Transcendentalism and Reforms
• Reform-minded individualists wanted an alternative to traditional religion but thought revivalism was too public
• Transcendentalism
• Ralph Waldo Emerson sparked the transcendental movement consisting of simple life, believing that the truth is found in nature, and personal emotion and imagination
• Literary movement was created, consisting of optimism, freedom and self reliance (Henry David Thoreau)
• The idea of civil disobedience was created and it was to peacefully refuse laws that are found unjust
• Unitarianism
• Unitarians emphasized reason and appeals to conscience as the path to perfection

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Utopian communities were inspired by religious and social reform
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These communities tried to become selfsufficient and to create a perfect society
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Well known utopian communities included New
Harmony, IN and Brook Farm, MA
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Few utopias lasted more than several years
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Many people from failed utopias went on to fight for abolition of slavery and women’s rights
RO

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Shakers were people who followed the beliefs of Ann Lee
They established communities in New York,
New England, and on the frontier
Shakers shared their goods, believed in equal rights between men and women, and refused to fight no matter the circumstances
Shakers never married and never had children so they relied on converts and adopting children
There were approximately 6,000 members in
1840 but only about 3 in America in 2009
RO

RO

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M.R.

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M.R.

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http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/transcendentalism-impact-on-american-literature.html#lesson stop 1:23
M.R.

SK
· Most free African-Americans chose to stay in America and they, along with antislavery societies, called for rights equivalent to those of foreigners.
· African Americans and white abolitionists such as priests began to join together to fight slavery.
· William Lloyd Garrison= Active white abolitionist and editor of The Liberator in 1831 to demand emancipation (freeing of slaves without payment) o New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832 and American Anti-Slavery society in 1833 were created by Garrison.
• active religious reformer, but attacked churches and the government for continuing slavery
• hated by non-abolitionists and by whites who opposed the attacks of churches.
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829=David Walker, a free African American, explaining his opinion on slavery; fight for freedom rather than waiting for slave owners to end it.
In the 1820s, many free African Americans joined antislavery societies.
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Many of them were given the lowest paid jobs in the North and worked as day laborers in the South.
Frederick Douglass was born in 1817 and educated by the wife of his owner, but her husband despised his education; education made him unfit to be a slave.
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He escaped to the North, and created The North Star in 1847 to speak out against slavery

SK

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From 1810-1830, the population of slaves nearly doubled:
1.2-2 million
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Rural Slavery- working on southern large plantations or farms
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Urban Slavery- working in city industries such as mills or on ships. By the 1830’s, most white wealthy men were lured into southern farming, creating a shortage of white laborers for industries like mining and lumber. So more slaves were needed to fulfill these jobs.
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Slave owners could “hire out” their slaves to factories
BC

Nat Turner’s Rebellion-
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Nat Turner was a preacher slave born in the 1800’s in Virginia
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He led 80 slaves in a rebellion against whites at four different plantations
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Killed 60 whites
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Most got captured by state and federal troops, but
Turner hid for several weeks before he was found and hanged
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The significance was was that it strengthened the resolve of Southern whites to defend slavery and control their slaves
BC

-MB
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Virginia Debate- Abolition of slavery lost in state legislature, 73 to 58 vote.
 closed debate on slavery in the antebellum (pre-Civil war) South.
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Whites’ fear of future slave revolts. They thought that education and privilege inspired revolt.
• pushed to tighten control on African Americans. Known as slave codes
• ex. 1833, Alabama forbade free and enslaved blacks from preaching gospel, unless slaveholders were present.
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Some southern cities did not allow African Americans to own property, read and write, or work independently.
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Proslavery advocates used Bible to defend slavery.
o Southern white Christian Ministers began accepting slavery during this period, 1830s, said that Christianity and Slavery could coexist, when in the early 1800s, they were against it.
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Slave owners invented “happy slave”, an addition to the plantation family.
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Done by Southern slave owners, to make Northern slave owners look bad.
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Gag rule - rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue o ex. Citizens submitted petitions were deprived of right to have them heard.
o repealed in 1844

-MB
John Floyd: Virginia
Politician, attended the
Virginia Debate in 1832
Slave Patrols: looked for runaway slaves. This put more emphasis on the keeping of slaves.

● Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Right before the World’s Anti-Slavery Convention, she married her husband, a delegate at the convention, so she could attend it in London with him
○ Upon arriving, she realized she was not allowed to participate because she was a woman
○ As a result, Elizabeth and a Quaker abolitionist at the convention (Lucretia Mott) got together and decided that they would start the first women’s rights convention-
Seneca Falls, New York- 1848
● Cult of Domesticity- early 1800s- The only proper thing for women to do after marriage was take care of children and tend to household matters- ex: cooking, cleaning
○ by 1850, 1 in 5 women worked before they were married
○ 1 in 10 single white females worked outside the house and earned half the pay men got for the same job
○ They could neither vote or sit on juries even if they were taxpayers
○ When a woman got married, her property and money became her husband’s
○ Married women did not have guardianship rights over their children
AK

AK- President Wilson being compared to Kaiser, the leader of Germany, for the injustices women had to suffer through
AK- A pro-suffrage political cartoon of a woman holding a torch leading those in the west who have obtained the right to vote and marching toward those in the east who cannot vote and need her help.

● Many middle-class white women were influenced by the
Second Great Awakening.
● Women abolitionists included Sarah and Angelina
Grimke, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott.
○ Raised money,distributed literature,and collected signatures for petitions to Congress
● Some men supported women
○ William Lloyd Garrison
● The Temperance Movement
○ an effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol.
○ another offshoot of the influence of churches and the women’s rights movements.
AL

● Education for Women
○ Until the 1820’s women had little educational opportunities.
○ In 1821 Emma Willard opened one of the nation’s first rigorous schools for girls in Troy,
New York called The Troy Female Seminary.
● Women Health and Reform
○ Elizabeth Blackwell - the first woman to graduate from medical school in 1849, opened the New York Infirmary for Women and
Children.
○ Catherine Beecher undertook a national survey of women’s health and found three sick women for every healthy one.
AL

Seneca Falls- first women’s rights convention held by Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Lucretia Mott o created Declaration of Sentiments- detailed list of grievances
 modeled from the Declaration of Independence o the right for women to vote remained a controversial problem
● Sojourner Truth
○ Isabella Baumfree (slave for first 30 years of her life) took the name Sojourner Truth
■ decided to sojourn (travel) throughout the country preaching about abolition
■ displayed that hard work was a way of life for most women
AB

AB

NL
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Moving production from home to factories created new communities and relationships between employees and employers and split families.
The cottage industry was a system where the manufacturing company would send materials for goods to be made to an employee working out of home. When completed by the employee the finished product would be sent back for distribution and the employee gets paid by the manufacturer.
Factory production soon replaced the cottage system and employees were moving out of their homes to work at the factories. The new automation with machines cut the production time as well as the cost an item could be manufactured.
Early manufacturers were Master artisans who had to train apprentices to produce specialty items, but interchangeable parts allowed for these artisans to also move from their homes to factories and replace less skilled artisans with faster and cheaper machinery.

NK
• Most mill girls consisted of unmarried young girls that lived in boarding houses, went to church often and lived under strict curfews.
• By 1828 women made up about 9/10 of the work force in the NE mills.
• Mill owners hired females because they could pay the females less money.
• The conditions at the Lowell mill included extreme heat, darkness and poor ventilation, which led to illness and discomfort.
• Mill conditions continued to deteriorate in the 1830s when managers forced the mill girls to rapidly increase their work pace.
• In 1834, the mill girls went on a strike because their wages were cut by 15%.
• UNION IS POWER was their slogan and they refused to return until their wages would be changed.
• However most of the strikers ended up returning to work with reduced wages.
• Again in 1836, the Lowell mill girls went on another strike because there was a
12.5% pay cut. The company won once again and fired the leaders of the strike.
• In 1845 Sarah Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association to petition the MA state legislature for a 10 hour work day. The petition failed.
• http://yesteryearsnews.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/mill-girls-addie-card.jpg
• http://www.massaflcio.org/sites/massaflcio.org/files/clip_image002.jpg