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Deities and Places
of Worship
Introduction to Deities and Places of Worship
Images of Deities
Places of Worship
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Deities and Places of Worship > Introduction to Deities and Places of Worship
Introduction to Deities and Places of Worship
• Religion as a Theme
• Timeline
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Deities and Places of Worship > Images of Deities
Images of Deities
• Animism
• Polytheism
• Pantheism
• Monotheism
• Humans and Their Deities
• Ceremonies
• Offerings
• Sacrifices
• Prayers
• The Cosmos
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Deities and Places of Worship > Places of Worship
Places of Worship
• Sacred Objects
• Elements of Nature
• Geometric Symbolism
• Sacred Ceremonies and Pilgrimages
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Appendix
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Deities and Places of Worship
Key terms
• animism The religious belief of attributing a spiritual essence to natural phenomena, including animals, plants, and sometimes
even inanimate objects. (from Latin anima "soul, life")
• animist A believer in animism. Animism is the religious belief that natural phenomena, including animals, plants, and often even
inanimate objects, possess a spiritual essence.
• anthropomorphic Having the form or attributes of a human
• Ceremonies Rituals with religious significance; official gatherings to celebrate, commemorate, or otherwise mark some event;
formal socially-established behaviors often in relation to people of different ranks.
• course in masonry, a row of bricks or blocks
• deity deity (plural deities)The state of being a god; divine characteristics, godhead. [from 14th c.]
being; a god or goddess. [from 14th c.]
[quotations ▼]A divine
• Greek Titanomachia In Greek mythology, the Titanomachy was the ten year series of battles which were fought in Thessaly
between the two camps of deities long before the existence of mankind: the Titans, based on Mount Othrys, and the
Olympians, who would come to reign on Mount Olympus.
• henotheism Belief in or worship of one deity without denying the existence of other deities.
• iconoclasm The deliberate destruction of religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually with religious or political
motives.
• iconoclasm The belief in, participation in, or sanction of destroying religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually
with religious or political motives.
• ihram the clothing worn on the Muslim pilgrimage to the Hajj (Mecca); one length of cotton cloth around the loins and another
thrown over the left shoulder
• mandala Any ritualistic geometric design, symbolic of the universe, used as an aid to meditation, particularly in Hinduism and
Buddhism.
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Deities and Places of Worship
• monism The doctrine of the oneness and unity of reality, despite the appearance of diversity in the world.
• monism The doctrine of the oneness and unity of reality, despite the appearance of diversity in the world.
• Norse A collective term for Scandinavian (historically Norwegian) people.
• Offering Bloodless sacrifices of food or artifacts.
• paganism Indigenous religions, often associated with nature rituals.
• Pantheism The belief that the universe is in some sense divine and should be revered. Pantheism identifies the universe with
God but denies any personality or transcendence of such a God. (rare) The belief in all gods; omnitheism
• Passover The eight-day Jewish festival of Pesach, commemorating the biblical story of Exodus, during which the first-born sons
of the Israelites were passed over while those of the Egyptians were killed.
• Phurba A three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Bön,
and Indian Vedic traditions.
• pilgrimage A journey made to a sacred place, or a religious journey.
• polytheism The belief in the existence of many gods.
• polytheism The belief in the existence of many gods.
• Prayer prayer (plural prayers)A practice of communicating with one's God.
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Deities and Places of Worship
• religious art Religious art is artistic imagery using religious inspiration and motifs and is often intended to uplift the mind to the
spiritual. Sacred or religious art involves the ritual and cultic practices and practical and operative aspects of the path of the
spiritual realization within an artist's religious tradition.
• religious art Artistic imagery using religious inspiration and motifs, often intended to uplift the mind to the spiritual.
• Religious Cosmology A way of explaining the origin, the history, and the evolution of the cosmos or universe, based on the
religious mythology of a specific tradition. Religious cosmologies usually include an act or process of creation by a creator deity
or a larger pantheon.
• sacred geometry Sacred geometry is the geometry used in the planning and construction of religious structures, sacred spaces,
or religious art. In sacred geometry, symbolic and sacred meanings are ascribed to certain geometric shapes and certain
geometric proportions.
• sacrifice The offering of food, objects, or the lives of animals to a higher purpose or to God or the gods as an act of worship or
appeasement; often implies ritual killing.
• sacrifice The offering of food, objects, or the lives of animals to a higher purpose or to God or the gods as an act of worship or
appeasement; often implies ritual killing.
• shamanism a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world
• Vajra A symbolic ritual object that symbolizes both the proprieties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible
force).
• yantra A geometrical diagram used as a meditation aid in tantric worship.
• Zoroastrianism An ancient Iranian religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster.
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Deities and Places of Worship
YouTube
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Deities and Places of Worship
Japanese Emperor Jimmu
Depiction of bearded Emperor Jimmu with his emblematic long bow and an accompanying wild bird — artwork by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839–1892).
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Deities and Places of Worship
Naran-Sin of Akkad
Naram-Sin, the first Mesopotamian king known to have claimed divinity for himself (worshiped as the Akkadian moon god), depicted on his victory stele
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Deities and Places of Worship
Hatshepsut
Sphinx of Hatshepsut, the ancient Egyptian female pharaoh, with unusual rounded ears and ruff that stress the lioness features of the statue
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Deities and Places of Worship
Twelve Olympians
Fragment of a Hellenistic relief (1st century BC – 1st century AD) depicting the Twelve Olympians carrying their attributes in procession; from left to right:
Hestia (scepter), Hermes (winged cap and staff), Aphrodite (veiled), Ares (helmet and spear), Demeter (scepter and wheat sheaf), Hephaestus (staff),
Hera (scepter), Poseidon (trident), Athena (owl and helmet), Zeus (thunderbolt and staff), Artemis (bow and quiver), and Apollo (cithara).
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Wikipedia. "Greek - Procession of Twelve Gods and Goddesses - Walters 2340." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek__Procession_of_Twelve_Gods_and_Goddesses_-_Walters_2340.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Temple of Isis
The Temple of Isis at Philae, with pylons and an enclosed court on the right and the inner building at left.
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Wikipedia. "Temple at Phile cropped and rotated." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_at_Phile_cropped_and_rotated.jpg View on
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Deities and Places of Worship
Seated Buddhas (first half of the 6th c. Ceramic, h. of bodhisattva 17 cm; National Museum of Korea)
Seated Buddhas and bodhisattvas from Wono-ri, Goguryeo
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Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel, by Michelangelo, c. 1511
Sixtus IV commissioned artists to work on the Sistine Chapel beginning in 1477; Michelangelo worked on the ceiling from 1508-1512.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Prajñpāramitā
The statue of Prajñpāramitā from Singhasari, East Java.
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Wikipedia. "Prajnaparamita Java Side Detail." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Example of Zen painting, Edo period
This Japanese scroll calligraphy of Bodhidharma reads "(from up to low, left to right) "Zen points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and
become Buddha". It was created by Hakuin Ekaku (1685 to 1768).
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Wikipedia. "Bodhidarma." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodhidarma.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Compitalia Fresco
A rare fresco from a building near Pompeii, depicting Roman men in togas with dark red borders, probably participating in the Compitalia.
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Opening of the Mouth
The Opening of the Mouth ceremony, an ancient Egyptian funereal rite, being performed before a tomb.
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Wikipedia. "Opening of the mouth ceremony." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Yagya Symbolism
This image depicts the symbolism of a yagya ceremony, (clockwise from left top corner) Rishi, Pitri, Bhuta, Manushya and (centre) Deva yajnas.
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Wikipedia. "Mahabharata00ramauoft 0117 23." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahabharata00ramauoft_0117_23.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Horus
Horus, the Egyptian god of war, is depicted in ancient Egyptian art as a human figure with a a falcon head, wearing a red and white crown, as a symbol
of kingship over the entire kingdom of Egypt.
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Wikipedia. "File:Horus standing.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Horus_standing.svg&page=1
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Quetzacoatl
Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec man, depicted as a snake devouring a man, from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis.
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Wikipedia. "Quetzalcoatl telleriano." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quetzalcoatl_telleriano.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Hindu Cow
In Hinduism, the cow is not considered a god, but rather, a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving, and a full Earthly life.
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Wikipedia. "CowHA." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CowHA.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Islamic Calligraphy
Eighteenth century writing in Ottoman calligraphy, depicting the phrase 'In the name of God, Most Merciful, Most Gracious'
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Wikipedia. "Basmalah-1wm." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.png View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Virgin and Child. Wall painting from the early catacombs, Rome, 4th century.
One of the most common Christian themes is that of the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus.
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Wikipedia. "VirgenNino." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VirgenNino.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Sand Mandala
An example of Tibetan meditation art is the sand mandala, which were made by monks.
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Wikipedia. "Kalachakra." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalachakra.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Wall tiling at the Alhambra, in Granada, Spain
The Alhambra palace in Granada, Spain is a famous example of repeating geometrical motifs which occur in the tile and stucco decoration.
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Wikipedia. "Alhambra-p3-closeup." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Photo of a Chenrezig Sand Mandala created and exhibited at the House of Commons on the occasion of the
visit of the Dalai Lama, 21 May 2008.
This sand mandala is an example of a sacred geometric design in Buddhist religious tradition.
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Wikipedia. "Chenrezig Sand Mandala." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chenrezig_Sand_Mandala.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral
The dromenon, or labyrinth, on the floor of the Chartres Cathedral represents a journey from the outer world to the inner sacred center where the Divine
is found.
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Wikipedia. "Labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Hindu Cow
In Hinduism, the cow is not considered a god, but rather, a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving, and a full Earthly life.
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Taoism and Sex
A Chinese print depicting "The Joining of the Essences," based on Tang Dynasty art
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Wikipedia. "Heqi." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heqi.JPG View on Boundless.com
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World Pantheist Movement Symbol
Spiral images favored in the World Pantheist Movement's symbol
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Wikipedia. "Panthéisme." Free Art License http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panth%25C3%25A9isme.JPG View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Stonehenge in England
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in England, theorized to have been a religious site at the time of its building.
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Wikipedia. "Stonehenge2007 07 30." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg View on Boundless.com
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The Eucharist
The Eucharist has been a key theme in the depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art, as in this 16th-century Juan de Juanes painting.
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Wikipedia. "Juan de Juanes 003." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_de_Juanes_003.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Ancient Greek Animal Sacrifice
Animal sacrifice offered together with libation in Ancient Greece. Attic red-figure oinochoe, ca. 430–425 BC (Louvre).
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Wikipedia. "Sacrifice scene Louvre G402." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacrifice_scene_Louvre_G402.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Aztec Human Sacrifice
The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice on an unusually large scale; for instance, a sacrifice would be made every day to aid the sun in rising.
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Wikipedia. "Codex Magliabechiano (141 cropped)." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codex_Magliabechiano_(141_cropped).jpg View on
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Deities and Places of Worship
Wall tiling at the Alhambra, in Granada, Spain
The wall tiling in Granada is an example of Islamic geometric tiling.
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Wikipedia. "Alhambra-p3-closeup." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alhambra-p3-closeup.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Illustration from the Sarajevo Haggadah
An illustrated page from the Sarajevo Haggadah, written in fourteenth-century Spain. Top: Moses and the Burning Bush. Bottom: Aaron's staff swallows
the magicians.
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Wikipedia. "Sarejevohagadah." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarejevohagadah.gif View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Praying Hands
Praying Hands by Albrecht Dürer depicts the hand position of a medieval commendation ceremony.
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Wikipedia. "Albrecht Dürer Betende Hände." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%25C3%25BCrer_Betende_H%25C3%25A4nde.jpg View on
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Deities and Places of Worship
Sioux Ghost Dance: Native American Prayers, 1891
Ghost Dances influenced many Native American religions. According to this ceremonial tradition, proper practice of the dance would reunite the living
with the spirits of the dead and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region.
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Wikipedia. "Ghost dance." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghost_dance.jpg View on Boundless.com
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The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin
Golden calf imagery influenced by the Greco-Roman bacchanal
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Wikipedia. "GoldCalf." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoldCalf.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Krishna
Krishna displays his Vishvarupa (Universal Form) to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra.
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Wikipedia. "Vishnuvishvarupa." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnuvishvarupa.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Crucifixion painting by D. Velázquez, 17th century
Crucifixion, representing the death of Jesus on the Cross
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Wikipedia. "Cristo crucificado." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristo_crucificado.jpg View on Boundless.com
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Friday Mosque
Tiled exterior of the Friday Mosque of Herat, Afghanistan
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Wikipedia. "HeratFridayMosque." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeratFridayMosque.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Hindu pilgrims to Kedarnath, India
Kedarnath, one of the Himalayan towns of Badrinath, is part of the sacred Hindu pilgrimage circuit of Char Dham.
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The Wailing Wall
The Wailing Wall is all that remains of the Western wall of the Temple in Jerusalem.
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Wikipedia. "Jews place of wailing, 1860." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jews_place_of_wailing,_1860.jpg View on Boundless.com
Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following religions prohibited the depiction of
representational images in religious art at some point in their
history? (1) Christianity, (2) Buddhism, (3) Islam
A) (1) and (3)
B) (1) and (2) and (3)
C) (2) and (3)
D) (3) only
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following religions prohibited the depiction of
representational images in religious art at some point in their
history? (1) Christianity, (2) Buddhism, (3) Islam
A) (1) and (3)
B) (1) and (2) and (3)
C) (2) and (3)
D) (3) only
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is/are the oldest surviving religious text(s), composed
between 2494 - 2345 BCE?
A) the Pyramid Texts
B) the Torah
C) the Tao Te Ching
D) the Qur'an
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is/are the oldest surviving religious text(s), composed
between 2494 - 2345 BCE?
A) the Pyramid Texts
B) the Torah
C) the Tao Te Ching
D) the Qur'an
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Deities and Places of Worship
Animism is consider to be
A) a religion in and of itself.
B) a belief that is found in several religions.
C) an anthropological study or religious elements.
D) a pagan religion.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Animism is consider to be
A) a religion in and of itself.
B) a belief that is found in several religions.
C) an anthropological study or religious elements.
D) a pagan religion.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following is an example of polytheism?
A) the worship of Christ in Christianity
B) the worship of Muhammed in Islam
C) the worship of the Egyptian gods in ancient Egypt
D) the worship of nature in paganism
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following is an example of polytheism?
A) the worship of Christ in Christianity
B) the worship of Muhammed in Islam
C) the worship of the Egyptian gods in ancient Egypt
D) the worship of nature in paganism
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Which of the following statements regarding pantheism is FALSE?
A) Pantheism is the belief in an all-encompassing God in which nature is
equivalent with divinity.
B) Pantheistic art often depicts the multiple incarnations of sacred beings
found in nature.
C) Pantheistic art often depicts the flow, order, and interconnectivity of
the universe.
D) Pantheism is the belief in a personal or anthropomorphic god that
transcends the universe.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following statements regarding pantheism is FALSE?
A) Pantheism is the belief in an all-encompassing God in which nature is
equivalent with divinity.
B) Pantheistic art often depicts the multiple incarnations of sacred beings
found in nature.
C) Pantheistic art often depicts the flow, order, and interconnectivity of
the universe.
D) Pantheism is the belief in a personal or anthropomorphic god that
transcends the universe.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Hinduism is considered to be _______.
A) a polytheistic religion.
B) a monotheistic religion.
C) both a monotheistic and polytheistic religion.
D) none of these answers
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Deities and Places of Worship
Hinduism is considered to be _______.
A) a polytheistic religion.
B) a monotheistic religion.
C) both a monotheistic and polytheistic religion.
D) none of these answers
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Dieties are often expressed in religious art as having human form.
B) Both of these statements are true.
C) Many religions consider it blasphemous to depict a diety in human
form.
D) Neither of these statements are true.
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Dieties are often expressed in religious art as having human form.
B) Both of these statements are true.
C) Many religions consider it blasphemous to depict a diety in human
form.
D) Neither of these statements are true.
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is true of the Native American Ghost Dance?
A) It dates back to pre-Christian times.
B) It serves to reunite the living with the spirits of the dead.
C) It was first practiced by the Sioux.
D) It is used to bring luck in battle.
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is true of the Native American Ghost Dance?
A) It dates back to pre-Christian times.
B) It serves to reunite the living with the spirits of the dead.
C) It was first practiced by the Sioux.
D) It is used to bring luck in battle.
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Deities and Places of Worship
The offering of liquids through the act of pouring is known as a
A) eucharist
B) libation
C) charity
D) qurban
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Deities and Places of Worship
The offering of liquids through the act of pouring is known as a
A) eucharist
B) libation
C) charity
D) qurban
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Deities and Places of Worship
Animal sacrifices were performed by many religions throughout
history for the purpose of
A) all of these answers
B) changing the course of nature
C) appeasing a god or gods
D) envoking a spiritual commune with god or gods
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Deities and Places of Worship
Animal sacrifices were performed by many religions throughout
history for the purpose of
A) all of these answers
B) changing the course of nature
C) appeasing a god or gods
D) envoking a spiritual commune with god or gods
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following is an example of prayer?
A) Native American dance
B) the chanting of mantras by Hindus
C) all of these answers
D) silence kept by Quakers
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which of the following is an example of prayer?
A) Native American dance
B) the chanting of mantras by Hindus
C) all of these answers
D) silence kept by Quakers
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is one key difference between the cosmology of Buddhism
and that of Judeo-Christianity?
A) Buddhism views time and creation as linear; Christianity views it as
cyclical.
B) Buddhism views time and creation as cyclical; Christianity views it as
linear.
C) Christianity views different worlds as interrelated; Buddhism views
them as independent.
D) none of these answers
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is one key difference between the cosmology of Buddhism
and that of Judeo-Christianity?
A) Buddhism views time and creation as linear; Christianity views it as
cyclical.
B) Buddhism views time and creation as cyclical; Christianity views it as
linear.
C) Christianity views different worlds as interrelated; Buddhism views
them as independent.
D) none of these answers
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which religious tradition considers the creation of art itself to be a
meditative practice?
A) Islam
B) Christianity
C) Buddhism
D) Judaism
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Deities and Places of Worship
Which religious tradition considers the creation of art itself to be a
meditative practice?
A) Islam
B) Christianity
C) Buddhism
D) Judaism
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Deities and Places of Worship
A henge is a Neolithic monument found only in which geographic
area?
A) The Near East
B) The British Isles
C) Africa
D) Spain
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Deities and Places of Worship
A henge is a Neolithic monument found only in which geographic
area?
A) The Near East
B) The British Isles
C) Africa
D) Spain
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Saylor OER. "Art History « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Art-History/
Deities and Places of Worship
What is a common geometric image that depicts a square with
four gates containing a circle with a center point, and exhibits
radial balance?
A) a mandala
B) a motif
C) an octagon
D) a sadhana
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Deities and Places of Worship
What is a common geometric image that depicts a square with
four gates containing a circle with a center point, and exhibits
radial balance?
A) a mandala
B) a motif
C) an octagon
D) a sadhana
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Deities and Places of Worship
Buddha's place of Enlightenment, which is a common site of
pilgrimage for followers of Buddhism, is called
A) Lumbini
B) Bodh Gaya
C) Sarnath
D) Kusinara
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Deities and Places of Worship
Buddha's place of Enlightenment, which is a common site of
pilgrimage for followers of Buddhism, is called
A) Lumbini
B) Bodh Gaya
C) Sarnath
D) Kusinara
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Deities and Places of Worship
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Deity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity
• Wiktionary. "deity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deity
• Wikipedia. "Timeline of religion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_religion
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/religious-art--2
• Wikipedia. "Polytheism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism
• Wikipedia. "Greek Titanomachia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20Titanomachia
• Wiktionary. "polytheism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polytheism
• Wiktionary. "animist." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animist
• Wikipedia. "Religious cosmology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology
• Wikipedia. "Religious Cosmology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20Cosmology
• Wikipedia. "Compitalia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compitalia
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• Wikipedia. "Religious offering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_offering
• Wikipedia. "Offering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering
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Deities and Places of Worship
• Wiktionary. "sacrifice." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacrifice
• Wikipedia. "Animism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism
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• Wikipedia. "Islamic geometric patterns." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns
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• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/monism
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Deities and Places of Worship
• Wiktionary. "anthropomorphic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphic
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• Wikipedia. "Religious art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_art
• Wiktionary. "iconoclasm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconoclasm
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• Wiktionary. "Passover." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Passover
• Wikipedia. "Prayers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayers
• Wiktionary. "Prayer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Prayer
• Wikipedia. "Monotheism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism
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• Wikipedia. "Kaaba." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba
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• Wiktionary. "ihram." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ihram
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