CIE AS PE Section C Contemporary Issues
Describe the relationship between sport and commercialism (6) (2012 qp 13)
1. Sport stars have become super stars/rich / marketable sport stars
2. Sport has adjusted rules to provide entertainment / sell goods
3. Television attracts large business enterprise / widespread televised sport has
increased advertising / affects timing of events
4. Increase in money in sport through sponsorship / business sponsorship
5. Affluent society / with large disposable incomes
6. Many competitions reliant on commercial money
7. Nations have become more interrelated / globalisation / through commerce
8. Increase in technology has led to wider audiences / replays / slow motion /
chat /
more opportunity for commercial Enterprise
9. Market economy / countries encourage private Enterprise
10. Injection of money has led to higher standards of performance through training
– equipment etc
11. Golden triangle / sport-sponsorship-media linked
12. Withdrawal of commercial money leaves a sport vulnerable
13. Commercial money has helped dominant sports / has also helped minority
sports develop
14. Has squeezed amateur sports / professional sports dominate
15. Sport reflecting image of sponsor / good or bad
Sponsorship deals in sport should benefit both the sponsor and the performer.
Explain reasons why this is not always the case. [5] (2010 qp 11)
. 1 Can be withdrawn from the performer/insecurity in difficult economic climate.
. 2 Can give a bad image to sport if the product is undesirable.
. 3 Sponsor can control and manipulate the performer/exploit the
performer/pressure and leads onto deviancy.
. 4 Sponsor can control the sport/demand changes to the sport/manipulate events.
. 5 Sponsorship is only available to the very best/favours able bodied/men.
. 6 Can reflect badly on the sponsor if performer behaves badly/drugs/lifestyle.
. 7 Can reflect badly on the sponsor if the team plays badly/performer.
There is a view that sport is no longer in the hands of the players or spectators but in
the hands of global television corporations.
Explain some of the effects of media on sporting events. [6] (2012 qp11)
Explain how sport sponsorship is closely linked to the media. [6] (2012 qp11)
6 marks for 6 of
1 Sponsors invest because sport will have extensive television exposure
2 Brand image reaches millions of homes / sponsor gains consumer attention /
advertising products / cheap form of advertising
3 If team is not televised, no sponsorship / rich get richer, poor become poorer / when
sponsor pulls out competitions stop
4 Constructs media stars of performers / status / role model
5 Makes millionaires of top sports people through advertising
6 Lack of success / tarnished image cause reduction of sponsorship for media stars
7 Media readily report deviant behaviour / reduction in sponsorship
8 Golden triangle / sport, sponsorship, media linked
9 Known television audience buys specific products / sponsors target specific events
Some sports have changed as a result of the influence of the media and commerce.
How has the media and commercialism affected sport? [7] (2010 qp. 13)
Outline barriers to participation in sport for people with disabilities. What other
barriers exist for those from ethnic minority groups? [6] (2012 qp 13)
Sub max 3 marks for 3 of
(disabilities)
. 1 Labelling by society / stereotypes / looked down on
. 2 Lack of access/transport
. 3 Discrimination
. 4 Poor self image
. 5 Lack of personal/disposable income / lack of funding from external sources
. 6 Safety concerns
. 7 Lack of specialist coaches
. 8 Less specialist facilities within venue
. 9 Fewer leagues/competition
sub max 3 marks for 3 of
(ethnic minorities)
(only accept points 1 and 3 from above – if haven’t already been
used)
. 10 Culture does not encompass participation / main or dominant culture may not
provide for traditional cultural activities
. 11 Culture does not allow choice
. 12 Negative experiences when participating
. 13 Home and family responsibilities
. 14 Language difficulties
. 15 Own/dominant group expectations low
. 16 Powerlessness / less leaders from community / not in decision making
Describe the barriers which prevent women from taking part in physical activity. [3]
(2012 qp 12)
Traditionally it is thought women have not physical strength / endurance as men
Traditionally it is thought that women’s role is in the home
Traditionally it is thought child bearing capacity damaged / pregnancy can interrupt
participation
Training hard develops muscles thought to be masculine
Sport is perceived as a male dominated activity / male control
Less role models / prize money / media coverage
Religious/cultural factors
Discrimination / sexism
Prejudice / stereotype [femininity]
Less access to facilities / less clubs / less
competitions
More men take part in regular physical activity than women.
Suggest ways in which
more women can be encouraged to take part in physical activity. [6]
Explain the factors which may influence an individual’s participation in sporting
activity. [8] 2011 qp 13)
Role Models
Choose any group of people who are under represented in sport, for example the
disabled or the elderly. Explain why they may have chosen not to participate. [5]
(2009)
Elderly or disabled or women
1 (money) lack of money/low pension/no longer earning/cost of taking part/lack of
sponsorship
2 (transport) lack of car/public transport poor
3 (fitness/health) physically restricted/poor health
4 (facilities) lack of specialised/adapted facilities/equipment
5 (role models) lack of role models to encourage participation/media coverage
6 (coaches) lack of leaders/specialist coaches
7 (esteem) poor self image/physical activity for younger/able people/fear
8 (options) unsuitable activities on offer
9 (information) lack of information about what is on offer/no media focus
10 discrimination/stereotype
11 lack of suitable competition
Explain the possible causes of violence by players on the field of play. [6] (2012 qp 12)
. 1 Importance of the result / material rewards / win at all costs ethic / coach
instruction
. 2 Nature of the game e.g. physical contact
. 3 Provocation by the opposition / racism / crowd incitement
. 4 Pre-match hype / local game
. 5 Use of weapons in the game / e.g. ice hockey
. 6 Frustration of losing / not playing well
. 7 Emotional state of players / over arousal / drugs
. 8 Dehumanisation of opposition / helmets
. 9 Referee’s decisions
(i) Using examples from sport, explain what is meant by sportsmanship and
gamesmanship. [4] (2010 qp. 13)
Must apply to examples from sport to gain marks 2 marks for 2 of:
(sportsmanship)
1 Fairness e.g. going for the ball /not the player when tackling
2 Applauding opponents play
3 Shaking hands/cheers at the end of a game/observing etiquette/respect
opponent
4 Observing/playing to the rules
5 Accepting referee’s decisions
6 Lose gracefully
7 Kicking the ball out of play when an opponent is injured
Must apply to examples from sport to gain marks 2 marks for 2 of:
(gamesmanship)
1 Bending the rules to gain an advantage/taking more time at change of
ends in tennis/time wasting
2 Tactical ploys to put off an opponent/blocking entry into penalty areas
3 Not allowing opponents to show skills/fouling when through to goal
4 Questioning referee’s decisions
(ii) Give evidence from sport to explain why sportsmanship appears to be declining. [3]
(2010 qp. 13)
1 Increasing numbers of legal prosecutions in sport e.g. drug offences
2 Pressure of winning/win at all costs mentality
3 High rewards for winning/monetary rewards
4 Media hype on big events
5 Spectator behaviour encourages players
6 Declining moral standards in society/less suitable role models [3]
Discuss reasons why fair play in sport may be under attack from both professional and
commercial forces. [5] (2010 qp 11)
Fair play as a moral contract to play within the letter and spirit of the game.
Increase in the “win at all costs” ethic/only winners matter.
Increase because high rewards of winning/wealth of winning.
Sponsorship of individuals and clubs/important to keep.
Media coverage/importance of winning to retain sponsorship deals by media.
The need to win encouraging cheating/drug misuse/corruption.
Pressure from governments to win gold medals.
No longer relevant in modern day sport.
Professional code now more dominant.
Television action replays showing foul play.
There is a suggestion that international sport should be free of politics.
Explain the reasons why a government may choose to become involved in
international sport. [5] (2011 qp 13)
 to promote a nation through sporting success/shop window effect
 nation building/respect of other countries/promote positive relations with other
countries/ pride
 use as a political weapon/statement about activities in other countries
 to express political ideologies
 economic/more money/tourism/increase investment
 to improve fitness/health
 create infrastructure/sports facilities/transport/housing/regional regeneration
 gain popularity/votes/unify states
 opportunity for citizens to fulfil potential
 feel good factor
 increased participation.
Explain why some elite performers are prepared to take illegal performance enhancing
drugs. [5] (2011 qp 13)

to build muscle/increase energy/increase O2 transport

to mask tiredness/injury/train harder/recover more quickly

pressure to win from coaches/media

to win/earn big money/win at all costs/keep sponsorship/fame

perception that everybody else does it

to increase aggression/arousal

decreases stress/impact on nervous control/enhance reactions

don’t see it is wrong/worth the risk.
Identify the strategies which could be put into place to reduce the problem of drug
taking in sport. [5] (2011 qp 13)
. stricter punishments/life bans
. stricter more rigorous testing/throughout the year
. more money for research/testing
. educate athletes as to dangers/risks to health/campaigns
. provide positive role models
. unify policies throughout all sports/stricter laws
. enforce laws/legislation
. enforce/educate on spirit of sport.
Many governments of the world are increasingly using sport and recreation to address
community issues.
Describe how a community could benefit from sport and recreation provision. [7]
(2011 qp 12)
lowering crime rate
social control/involvement of individuals in worthwhile activity
improve health and fitness of the community
reduce cost of health care
improve pride in community/image
improve integration/races
acquire physical skills
produce more elite performers
provide employment/more income
happiness/mental fitness
creating/improving/infrastructure