EOH3202
Occupational Health
Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin, PhD
emiliazainal@gmail.com or za_emilia@upm.edu.my
(response time < 24 hours)
Office: 03 8947 2643
8 November 2014
PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 2nd Semester 2nd Meeting
Were there any problems we need
to discuss today?
 Module
– everyone has a copy?
 Assignments OK so far?
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Questions on Individual Assignment A?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe the 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994 Malaysia.
Compare and describe the differences between the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and the Factory
and Machinery Act 1967.
What are the steps that can be taken for the prevention and
protection of heat stress among workers working in the
construction industry?
What are the main functions of Department of Occupational
Safety and Health, Malaysia?
Explain the noise regulation being used in Malaysia. Using the
hierarchy of control, explain how noise is controlled at the
workplace.
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Assignment A cont.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Please describe the steps to control dust exposure in a
construction site.
Please explain the roles of professionals in the field of
occupational health.
Define the term ergonomic, physical, biological, chemical and
psychosocial hazard. Give examples for each of the hazard.
Define radiation. Discuss two types of radiation by giving
appropriate examples.
What are the four basic steps in identifying hazards?
Discuss how Malaysian migrant workers are compensated for
occupational injuries or accidents.
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Assignment A cont.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Explain 3 major incidents which occurred globally
and in Malaysia that lead to the establishment of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
Identify a minimum of 7 regulations under the
Factory and Machinery Act 1967.
What are the health effects of the exposure to
solvents?
List the occupations or tasks related to lead
exposure. Explain the route of exposure to lead and
explain the regulation related to lead exposure in
Malaysia.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Questions on Individual Assignment B?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify the impact of sickness absence to the employee and
employer.
Explain the mechanism by which organophosphate poisoning
occurs. Include 2 diagrams to describe normal muscle function
and muscle function with neurotoxic agent.
Pesticides are categorised into different groups. Explain the
classification of pesticides. Give the steps in control and
management of pesticide exposure in a paddy farming agricultural
setting.
What are the responsibilities of the Safety and Health Officer as
gazetted in the Occupational Safety And Health act 1994?
Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2000 requires workers being exposed to pesticides to
undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False
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Assignment B cont.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Using the hierarchy of control concept, explain how a safety
and health manager could manage psychosocial hazard related
at the workplace.
Why personal protective equipment is considered as a “last
resort” for use in the hierarchy of control to protect workers
from hazardous substances?
Define occupational stress and list common occupational
stressors. List the diseases associated with occupational stress
and as a manager of human resource, please describe the
management of occupational stress.
Describe the group of workers at risk for biological hazard
exposure. Elaborate on the classification of infective
microorganism by risk group.
Define and describe Material Safety Data Sheet or Chemical
Safety Data Sheet.
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Assignment B cont.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Describe the different work compensation scheme available
in Malaysia for private employees, civil servants and foreign
workers.
Define biological monitoring. Describe the role of biological
monitoring and describe how biological monitoring is done.
Please define what sexual harassment is and please describe
the different forms of sexual harassment that might occur at
the workplace.
What should be included in Medical Emergency Response
Plan? What are the elements of Emergency Response Plan?
What is the required number of first aider in a workplace?
What is the content of a First Aid Box?
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Your Recent Mid-Semester Examination
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Chapter 1 to 11 from module
2 hours examination
50 objectives
5 out of 8 short answer questions
How well did you do?
Comments or feedback to improve the type of questions
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a._____________________________________________
b._____________________________________________
c._____________________________________________
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Our Coming Final Exam in
December 2014
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Chapter 12 to 22
2.00 hours?
50 objectives?
5/8 short answer questions?
Any requests?
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Responsibility to protect the safety health
and welfare of workers and visitors
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Duties of an Employer – OSH Act, Act 514, 1994 Section 15 – 19
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To ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees and visitors.
To formulate safety and health policy. Extra protection for the disabled etc.
There are seven regulations under OSHA 1994 that enforced by DOSH.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Employers’ Safety and Health General Policy Statements (Exception) Regulations, 1995
Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards Regulations, 1996
Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals Regulations, 1997
Safety and Health Committee Regulations, 1996
Safety and Health Officer Regulations, 1997
Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations, 2000
Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and
Occupational Disease Regulations, 2004
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Duties of Safety and Health Officer as to the
SHO Regulations 1997
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to advise employer on the safety and health measures;
to inspect and determine the safety of work place;
to investigate any accident which has happened in the work place;
to assist employer in organizing and implementing OSH programme;
to become secretary to the OSH committee;
to assist the committee in any inspection of the work place;
to collect, analyze and maintain statistics on any accident, dangerous
occurrence, occupational poisoning and disease which have occurred
at the work place;
to assist any officer in carrying out his duty under the Act;
to carry out other instruction made by the employer on any
matters pertaining to OSH.
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Human Nature….
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We need to prevent this…
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What is the problem?
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GAS WELDING - OXYACETYLENE
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OCCUPATIONAL
HAZARDS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Stress, boredom, burnout
PHYSICAL AGENTS
noise, vibration, radiation,
defective illumination,
temperature extremes, dusts
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
viruses, bacteria, fungi,
parasites, insects, etc.
CHEMICAL AGENTS
Solvents, gases, vapors,
fumes, mists, pesticides
etc.
LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES
exhaustive physical exertions,
excessive standing, improper
motions, lifting heavy load, job
monotony, etc.
Fundamental point! - Occupational health is
about identifying hazards and controlling it
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Identify the hazard and suggest control
methods…
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Identify the hazard and suggest control
methods…
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Identify the hazard and suggest control
methods…
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Identify the hazard and suggest control
methods…
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Read Al-Qasas-The Stories?
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And when he came to the well of Madyan, he found there a crowd of people
watering [their flocks], and he found aside from them two women driving back
[their flocks]. He said, "What is your circumstance?" They said, "We do not water
until the shepherds dispatch [their flocks]; and our father is an old man.” (28:23)
Then one of the two women came to him walking with shyness. She said, "Indeed,
my father invites you that he may reward you for having watered for us." So when
he came to him and related to him the story, he said, "Fear not.You have escaped
from the wrongdoing people.” (28:25)
“Said one of the (damsels): “O my (dear) father! Engage him on wages: truly the best of
men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and trust worthy.” (28:26)
He said, "Indeed, I wish to wed you one of these, my two daughters, on [the
condition] that you serve me for eight years; but if you complete ten, it will be [as a
favor] from you. And I do not wish to put you in difficulty.You will find me, if Allah
wills, from among the righteous.” (28:27)
[Moses] said, "That is [established] between me and you. Whichever of the two
terms I complete - there is no injustice to me, and Allah , over what we say, is
Witness.” (28:28)
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on?
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Chapter 12: Chemical hazards – Pesticides
Based on chapter in module
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Classification of pesticides – use?, toxicity, chemical prop.,
Occupational exposures of pesticides
Toxic effects from exposure
Neurotoxic effect – acetyl cholinesterase function diagram
??
How to control and manage pesticide use in the workplace
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Agricultural workers Farmers
Handling pesticide with bare hands
Wear short pants and short sleeves
without proper PPE
25
Apply most of the protection but
without proper mask
No boots and poor work practices
26
Exposure to Organophosphate pesticide
May result in:
build-up of acetylcholine
cholinesterase inhibition
constant firing of electrical
messages
potential symptoms of:
DUMBELSS
-Diarrhoea
-Urination
-Miosis/Muscle weekness
-Excitation of skeleton
muscles of CNS
-Lacrimation
-Sweating
-Salivation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aof
A
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 13: Bio hazard management
Based on lecture notes
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What is biohazard? - A substance derived from an
organism, that possess a threat to (primarily) human
health.
Divided into:
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Body fluids pathogen – Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa,
Parasites
Animal – insects, birds
Recombinant DNA – genetic engineering, cloning
Nano-technology
Classification of infective microorganism by risk
group?
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References are made to the relative hazards of infective microorganisms by
World Health Organization Risk Groups 1, 2, 3 & 4.
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Ebola – Group 4
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 14: Occupational Psychosocial Hazards
Based on chapter in module and lecture
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Scope of occupational psychosocial hazards
 Work-related stress
 Workplace violence
 Bullying
 All types of harassment
 Work-life imbalance
Type of psychosocial hazards
Questionnaires
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Psychosocial
hazards
Examples from Leka et al. 2003
Job content
Lack of variety or short work cycles, fragmented or meaningless work,
under use of skills, high uncertainty, continuous exp to people through work
Workload and work
pace
Work overload or underload, machine pacing, high level of time pressure,
continually subject to deadlines
Work schedule
Shift work, night shifts, inflexible work schedules, unpredictable hours and
long or unsociable hours
Control
Low participation in decision making, lack of control over workload
Environment and
equipment
Inadequate equipment, poor environmental conditions such as lack of space,
poor lighting, noise
Organisational
culture and function
Poor communication, low level of support for problem solving and personal
development, lack of definition of organisational objectives
Interpersonal
relationship at work
Social or physical isolation, poor relationships with superiors, interpersonal
conflict, lack of support, bullying and harassment
Role in organisation
Role ambiguity, role conflict and responsibility of people
Career development Career stagnation and uncertainty, under promotion or over promotion,
poor pay, job insecurity, low social value to work
Home-work
interface
Conflicting demands of work and home, low support at home, dual career
problems
Conceptual Frame Work of Stress
Home
environment
Work load
OCCUPATIONAL
STRESSORS
Time and System
Management
Organizational
relationship
Work
environment
Health status
FAMILY & SOCIO
DEMOGRAPHIC
STRESSORS
OUTCOMES OF STRESS
Family
Conflict
Financial
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECT
1. Physiological
2. Psychological
3. Behavioral
Work environment
Personality
Training
MODYFYING
VARIABLES
Knowledge
SUPPORT
Skill
Social
Interaction
Coping mechanism
Emotional
support
PERCEIVED STRESS
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 15: Prevention and Control principles
Based on module
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Prevention and control according to the hierarchy of control
Elimination
E i
 Substitution
f v
 Isolation or Enclosure
f e
s  Engineering Controls e.g Local Exhaust Ventilation
e n
 Administrative Controls/Safe Work Practices
c e
 Personal Protective Equipment
t s
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Insulated compressor box
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 16: Workers’ compensation
Based on the module and half of lecture
Work compensation scheme in Malaysia
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Private – SOCSO or Perkeso
Civil servants – Ex-Gratia Scheme
Foreign workers – Insurance from the Workmen
Compensation Act
Self-employed – None
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SKIM PERKESO
SKIM FAEDAH PERKESO
SKIM INSURANS
BENCANA PEKERJAAN
Bencana pada seseorang
pekerja sendiri disebabkan
oleh kemalangan atau suatu
penyakit khidmat terbit
daripada dan dalam masa
menjalankan pekerjaan dalam
sesuatu perusahaan.
SKIM PENCEN ILAT
Skim ini memberi
perlindungan 24 jam kepada
pekerja terhadap keilatan
atau kematian akibat
sebarang sebab yang tidak
berkaitan dengan pekerjaan.
Faedah yang disediakan
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SKIM INSURANS BENCANA
PEKERJAAN
Faedah Perubatan
Faedah Hilangupaya Sementara
Faedah Hilangupaya Kekal
Elaun Layanan Sentiasa
Faedah Orang Tanggungan
Faedah Pengurusan Mayat
Faedah Pemulihan
Faedah Pendidikan
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SKIM PENCEN ILAT
Pencen Ilat
Bantuan Ilat
Elaun Layanan Sentiasa
Pencen Penakat
Faedah Pengurusan Mayat
Faedah Pemulihan
Faedah Pendidikan
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 17: Biological monitoring
Based on the module and notes
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What is biological monitoring
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Biological monitoring is the measurement of a substance
or its metabolite in biological material in order to provide
a quantitative estimate of its uptake into the body by all
routes of exposures
What are the objectives of biological monitoring?
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To ensure that current or past exposure of worker is not
harmful to his/her health by detecting potential excessive
exposure before overt adverse health effects occur
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Exposure, absorption and effects*
Ambient monitoring
Ukur dos yang diserap
dalam badan pekerja
(bentuk tidak berubah)
contoh: ukur plumbum
dalam darah
Ukur pendedahan di
persekitaran contoh:
ukur debu atau bunyi
bising di persekitaran
selama 8 jam
Exposure
Internal
dose
Biological monitoring
Adverse
effects
Ukur kesan perubahan
yang berlaku dari dos
terdedah contoh: ukur
Cholinesterase enzyme
akibat organofosfat
Biological effect monitoring
*Adapted from Cassarett & Doull’s Toxicology 5th Edition, ed. Klassen CD pp995. McGraw Hill, 1995
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 18: Stress and Violence and the workplace
Based on the module and lecture
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Definition
Scope and characteristics
Any action, incident or behaviour that departs from reasonable
conduct in which a person is assaulted, threatened, harmed,
injured in the course of, or as a direct result 1 of, his or her
work.
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Internal workplace violence
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is that which takes place between workers, including managers and
supervisors.
External workplace violence
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is that which takes place between workers (and managers and supervisors)
and any other person present at the workplace.
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 19: Cause and effect of sick leave
Based on the module and lecture
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What is sick leave?
The benefit of sick leave
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Human right
Protect the worker
Cost of losing an employee
is greater than the cost of
providing sick days to
retain existing employees
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Absenteeism in business case
Unhealthy and unsafe
workplace
Accidents and injuries
Work related illness
Job dissatisfaction
Lack of job commitment
Depression
Violence
Work related
stress
Unhealthy personnel behaviour which
will bring to non communicable disease
Heavy Smoking and drinking drugs
Increased cost, decreased productivity, decreased
quality of product, fines, imprisonment
Absenteeism
Short and long term disability
Health insurance
Increased cost,
decreased productivity,
decreased quality of
product, fines,
imprisonment
Workers compensation and claims
Turnover
Union grievance
Increased cost, decreased productivity,
decreased quality of product, fines,
imprisonment
Business
failure!
Sources: WHO (2010). WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices.
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Example: Tools for tackling
short term absence
• Rigorous notification procedure
• Return to work interviews
• Should all short term absences be counted?
• Medical evidence?
• Withholding sick pay
• Employee health initiatives
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Example: Tools for tackling
long term absence
• Keep in touch
• Early intervention 4-6 weeks
• Consider temporary adjustments
• Be proactive in asking for medical advice
• Preferably Occupational Health Practitioner
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What to focus on?
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Chapter 20: Water and Air Decompression
Based on the module and lecture
 Gas laws – Boyle and Henry
 Hyperbaric work environment (kerja di
persekitaran bertekanan udara tinggi)
 The effects of hyperbaric work environments
 Decompression sickness and other symptoms –
kesan seperti bends
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Boyle’s Law
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The mechanical responses to changes in pressure are in accordance with
Boyle's Law, which states that a volume of gas is inversely proportional to
the pressure to which it is subjected, temperature remaining constant.
Henry’s Law
 The
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amount of gas in solution is proportional to
the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
 As the pressure of the gas above a solution
increases, the amount of that gas dissolved in the
solution increases
 Reverse is also true, as the pressure of the gas
above a solution decreases, the amount of gas
dissolved in the solution decreases and forms a
“bubble” of gas within the solution
Henry’s Law Illustration
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Low pressure equilibrium
Low concentration
Double the pressure equilibrium
Double the concentration
How does the increased pressure at
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depth affect gas in the body?
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The increased pressure of each gas component at depth
means that more of each gas will dissolve into the blood
and body tissues, a physical effect predicted by Henry's
Law
Inhaled gases are in close contact with blood entering
the lungs
Hence, the greater the pressure of any inhaled gas, the
more that gas will diffuse into the blood.
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Example of Symptoms of decompression
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sickness
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Bends DCS Type
Bubble Location
Signs & Symptoms (Clinical Manifestations)
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BENDS
Mostly large joints of the
body
(elbows, shoulders, hip,
wrists, knees, ankles)
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Localized deep pain, ranging
from mild (a "niggle") to
excruciating. Sometimes a
dull ache, but rarely a sharp
pain.
Active and passive motion
of the joint aggravates the
pain.
The pain may be reduced by
bending the joint to find a
more comfortable position.
If caused by altitude, pain
can occur immediately or
up to many hours later.
What to focus on?
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Chapter 21: Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and First Aid
Based on the module
ERP should include
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Procedures
Emergency medical equipment
Internal and external contact and support
Management of injury and triage
Evacuation plan
Training to those involved
Local facilities
Give knowledge to all workers
Elements of ERP – evacuation plan, area custodian/damage control
team, fire brigade, emergency medical facility
What is in First Aid Box?
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What to focus on?
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Tidak masuk exam
Chapter 22: Risk Communication
Based on module
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Definition of risk communication
Primary goals of risk communication
Risk communication strategies
Principles of risk communication
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Thank you.
Any questions?
Emilia Zainal Abidin