APPENDIX B
AREA SOURCES CALCULATIONS
TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE ROSARITO MUNICIPALITIES
TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE ROSARITO
MUNICIPALITIES EMISSIONS INVENTORY
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
APPENDIX B
AREA SOURCES CALCULATIONS
CONTENT
ACRONYMS .....................................................................................................................................................................81
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................82
2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................82
3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control.....................................................................................................................83
3.1 Review of methodologies ..................................................................................................................................... 83
3.2 Calculations ............................................................................................................................................................. 83
3.3 Information management ..................................................................................................................................... 83
4. 4. Calculations by category in the area sources ........................................................................................................84
5. Results 117
5.1 Emissions by category and pollutant ................................................................................................................ 117
5.2 Emissions by municipality .................................................................................................................................. 122
5.3 Temporal distribution.......................................................................................................................................... 125
6. Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 126
7. References ................................................................................................................................................................... 127
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
INDEX OF TABLES
Table B. 1 Calculations for the Commercial LPG Combustion ................................................................................84
Table B.2 Calculations for the residential LPG Combustion .....................................................................................85
Table B.3 Calculations for border crossings. ................................................................................................................86
Table B.4 Calculations for brick manufacturing...........................................................................................................87
Table B.5 Calculations for wildfires. ..............................................................................................................................88
Table B.6 Calculations for structure fires. .....................................................................................................................89
Table B.7 Calculations for landfills. ................................................................................................................................90
Table B.8 Calculations for wastewater treatment plants. ............................................................................................91
Table B.9 Calculations for non-paved road dust. .........................................................................................................92
Table B.10 Calculations for paved-road dust. ...............................................................................................................93
Table B.11 Calculations for construction activities......................................................................................................94
Table B.12 Calculations for wind erosion. ....................................................................................................................95
Table B.13 Calculations for architectural surface coating. ..........................................................................................96
Table B.14 Calculations for industrial surface coating. ...............................................................................................97
Table B.15 Calculations for asphalt application. ..........................................................................................................98
Table B.16 Calculations for dry cleaning .......................................................................................................................99
Table B.17 Calculations for industrial surface cleaning (degreasing). .................................................................... 100
Table B.18 Calculations for auto body refinishing.................................................................................................... 101
Table B.19 Calculations for traffic paint. .................................................................................................................... 102
Table B.20 Calculations for commercial/domestic solvent use.............................................................................. 103
Table B.21 Calculations for graphic arts. .................................................................................................................... 104
Table B.22 Calculations for gasoline distribution. .................................................................................................... 105
Table B.23 Calculations for LPG storage and distribution. .................................................................................... 106
Table B.24 Calculations for fuel massive storage. ..................................................................................................... 107
Table B.25 Calculations for domestic ammonia emissions. .................................................................................... 108
Table B.26 Calculations for animal waste. .................................................................................................................. 109
Table B.27 Calculations for tilling. .............................................................................................................................. 110
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
Table B.28 Calculations for harvesting. ...................................................................................................................... 111
Table B.29 Calculations for pesticide application. .................................................................................................... 112
Table B.30 Calculations for animal farms................................................................................................................... 113
Table B.31 Calculations for fertilizer application. ..................................................................................................... 114
Table B.32 Calculations for street vendors. ............................................................................................................... 115
Table B.33 Calculations for stone material deposits. ................................................................................................ 116
Table B.34 Area sources emissions in Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito. ................................................................ 117
Table B.35 Emissions by category of the area sources in Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito. ............................... 120
Table B.36 Percentage of Emissions by category of the area sources in Tijuana and Playas de
Rosarito. ......................................................................................................................................................... 121
Table B.37 Emissions and percentage of contribution of the area sources in Tijuana and Playas de
Rosarito. ......................................................................................................................................................... 122
INDEX OF FIGURES
Figure B.1 Ranking of the area sources emissions by category in Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito. ................. 119
Figure B.2 Area sources emissions by municipality. ................................................................................................. 123
Figure B.3 Ranking of the area sources emissions by category in Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito.. ................ 124
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
ACRONYMS
AGEB
Área Geoestadística Básica
AP-42
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
ASA
Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares
Bls
Barrels
CO
Carbon monoxide
CH4
Methane
EF
Emision factor
FAAED
Federal Aviation Administration Emission Database
Gal
Galons
LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas
Ha
Hectare
INE
Instituto Nacional de Ecología
INEGI
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía
kg/ton
Kilogram per ton
km
kilometer
l
Liter
pound
Pound (1 pound = 0.454 kilograms)
m3
Cubic meters
mg
Miligram
NH3
Ammonia
NMHC
Non-methane hydrocarbons (hidrocarburos no metano)
NO
Nitric oxide
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
NOx
Nitrogen oxides
O2
Oxigen
PEMEX
Petróleos Mexicanos
PM
Particulate matter
PM10
Particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
PM2.5
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter
S
Sulfur
SO2
Sulfur dioxide
SOx
Sulfur oxides
SPABC
Secretaría de Protección al Ambiente de Baja California
TOC
Totla organic compound
Ton
Metric ton (1 ton = 1,000 kilograms)
USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
VKT
Vehicles kilometers traveled
VOC
Volatile organic compounds
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
APPENDIX B
AREA SOURCES CALCULATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
This document's main objective is to show the procedures used to prepare the emissions inventory
from area sources in the municipalities of Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico.
For each of the categories, general information, methodology, information used, considerations and
a calculation example are shown.
Area sources are represented by those activities which are very small, numerous and scattered. They
are difficult to be considered as point sources since it is impractical to gather information from every
single establishment. Nevertheless, these sources are significant emitters of pollutants, thus they have
to be included in an emissions inventory to ensure that all sources will be reported in the final
estimation.
The following pollutants were estimated taking the year 2005 as the base year: nitrogen oxides
(NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO),
particulate matter less than 10 (PM10) and 2.5 microns (PM2.5), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4).
All emissions are reported in metric tons.
2. METHODOLOGY
Due to the nature of the area sources (which are diverse in their operation modes) they require different considerations and information to estimate the emissions. The calculations are written with
the following structure: general information, methodology, information required to estimate emissions, notes (considerations) and a calculation example. In regard to the example of calculation, this
was based mainly on information collected for the municipality of Tijuana.
In order to estimate the area sources emissions, it was necessary to use different methodologies,
among which are the emission factors, material balance and mechanistic models. The use of different
methodologies was also conditioned by the quality and adequacy of the collected information for
each emission source category.
Regarding the spatial distribution of emissions, it was done by using the geographic areas of basic
statistics (AGEB for its Spanish meaning) for all of the categories.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
3. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
In order to obtain reliable emission results, the following QA/QC tasks (included in the Emissions
Inventory Development Plan) were performed:
3.1 Review of methodologies
Different manuals, techniques, emissions inventories for Mexico and the AP-42 sections related to
these sources were reviewed. Some other sources of information were consulted such as the methodologies used in other countries, mainly the U.S and Mexico.
3.2 Calculations
All information used for estimating emissions was documented to perform further reviews.
Documented information includes the input information, methodology, references and calculation
algorithms.
The information used was collected on spreadsheets for better handling and control, and supporting
documentation includes: information by sources, bibliographic information, input and output files of
mechanistic models, spreadsheets containing emission factors and material balance and results.
3.3 Information management
During the data transcription process, calculations, filling spreadsheets, application of emission factors and use of mechanistic models, integrity of data was reviewed and it was used just the way it was
provided by the original sources of information. The calculations were reviewed, as well as the transfer of printed data from spreadsheets, editing and updating when necessary.
As part of the QA/QC process, the results of the inventory were compared to the emissions from
other inventories in Mexico.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
4. CALCULATIONS BY CATEGORY IN THE AREA SOURCES
TABLE B. 1 CALCULATIONS FOR THE COMMERCIAL LPG COMBUSTION
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
COMMERCIAL LPG COMBUSTION
Description:
LPG combustion in laundries, bakeries, tortilla shops, restaurants, hotels, clinics and hospitals.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, PM10, PM2.5 and CH4
Algorithm:
Ei = EFi x C
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant(i) (ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor of pollutant(i)
C = Burned fuel (m3/year or ton/year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
14,584 ton/year of LPG consumed
Emission factor
NOx = 3.067 kg/ton
SOx = 0.001 kg/ton
VOC = 0.187 kg/ton
CO = 1.747 kg/ton
PM10 = 0.164 kg/ton
PM2.5 = 0.164 kg/ton
CH4 = 0.044 kg/ton
(LT Consulting, 2009)
(USEPA, 1998)
4. Notes
-
Fuel consumption by service type (LT Consulting, 2009)
-
Fuel consumption was verified with LPG sales (PEMEX, 2010)
-
LPG composition: 60% propane, 40% butane.
-
LPG density = 0.54 kg/l.
-
Sulfur content in LPG = 0.411 gr/100 ft3.
5. Example
Emissions from commercial LPG combustion in Tijuana:
NOx =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 3.067 kg/ton)/1,000 = 44.7 ton/year
SOx =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 0.001 kg/ton)/1,000 = 0.01 ton/year
VOC =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 0.187 kg/ton)/1,000 = 2.7 ton/year
CO =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 1.747 kg/ton)/1,000 = 25.5 ton/year
PM10 =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 0.164 kg/ton)/1,000 = 2.4 ton/year
PM2.5 =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 0.164 kg/ton)/1,000 =22.4 ton/year
CH4 =
(14,584 LPG tons /year x 0.044 kg/ton)/1,000 =0.6 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.2 CALCULATIONS FOR THE RESIDENTIAL LPG COMBUSTION
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
RESIDENTIAL LPG COMBUSTION
Description:
LPG combustion. in homes for cooking and heating water.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, SOx, VOC, CO, PM10, PM2.5 and CH4
Algorithm:
Ei = EFi x C
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant(i) (ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor of pollutant(i)
C = Burned fuel (m3/year or ton/year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
42,746 ton/year of LPG consumed
(PEMEX, 2010)
Emission factor
NOx = 3.067 kg/ton
SOx = 0.001 kg/ton
VOC = 0.187 kg/ton
CO = 1.747 kg/ton
PM10 = 0.164 kg/ton
PM2.5 = 0.164 kg/ton
CH4 = 0.044 kg/ton
(USEPA, 1995)
4. Notes
-
Fuel consumption by service type (LT Consulting, 2009)
-
Fuel consumption was verified with LPG sales (PEMEX, 2010)
-
LPG composition: 60% propane, 40% butane.
-
LPG density = 0.54 kg/l.
-
Sulfur content in LPG = 0.411 gr/100 ft3.
5. Example
Emissions from residential LPG combustion in Tijuana:
NOx =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 3.067 kg/ton)/1,000 = 131.1 ton/year
SOx =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 0.001 kg/ton)/1,000 = 0.04 ton/year
VOC =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 0.187 kg/ton)/1,000 = 8.0 ton/year
CO =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 1.747 kg/ton)/1,000 = 74.7 ton/year
PM10 =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 0.164 kg/ton)/1,000 = 7.0 ton/year
PM2.5 =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 0.164 kg/ton)/1,000 =7.0 ton/year
CH4 =
(42,746 LPG tons /year x 0.044 kg/ton)/1,000 = 1.9 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.3 CALCULATIONS FOR BORDER CROSSINGS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
BORDER CROSSINGS
Description:
Emissions from vehicles in waiting to pass customs inspections to enter the U.S.A.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
MOBILE6_México emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, SOx, VOC, CO and PM10
Algorithm:
E = (VTot x TRep x EFTV)/1E6
Where:
E = Annual emissions(ton/year)
VTot = Quantity of vehicles entering U.S.A.
TRep = Waiting time (h)
EFTV = Emission factor by vehicle type (g/h)
1E6 = conversion factor from grams to metric tons
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Number of vehicles entering the U.S.A through Tijuana: Private cars, (Bureau of Transporta28,308,158; buses, 138,855; heavy duty trucks, 1,178,954.
tion Statistics, 2008)
Activity data
Emission factor
Waiting time = San Ysidro, 0.52 h; Otay, 0.4 h.
LT Consulting, 2010a
Traffic speed (emissions) = 4 km/h
(Radian International,
1997)
Season 1 (december-march):
Private car: NOx = 2.6 g/h, SO2 = 0.1 g/h, VOC = 14.8 g/h,
CO = 66.5 g/h, PM10 = 0.018 g/h, NH3 = 0.3 g/h.
(Mobile6_México)
4. Notes
-
70% of vehicles enter U.S.A through San Ysidro, and 30% through Otay.
-
Emission factors were estimated with MOBILE6-Mexico and collected activity data in the municipalities of Tijuana
and Playas de Rosarito. These factors were estimated for four different seasons of the year: December-March, AprilMay, June-September and October-November.
-
The number of vehicles crossing the border from Mexico into the U.S. was homogeneously distributed throughout
every day of the year
5. Example
Emissions from border crossings (Tijuana-San Ysidro):
NOx = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 2.6 g/h)/1E6 = 11.95 Ton/year
SO2 = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 0.1 g/h)/1E6 = 0.48 Ton/year
VOC = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 14.8 g/h)/1E6 = 67.44 Ton/year
CO = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 66.5 g/h)/1E6 = 303.10 Ton/year
PM10 = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 0.018 g/h)/1E6 = 0.09 Ton/year
NH3 = (9,436,053 x 0.7 x 0.52 h x 0.3 g/h)/1E6 = 1.16 Ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.4 CALCULATIONS FOR BRICK MANUFACTURING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
BRICK MANUFACTURING
Description:
Emissions from the production of red brick, where different materials are used as fuel for cooking
the product.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, SOx, VOC, CO and PM10
Algorithm:
Ei = (EFij x Cj)/1E6
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant(i) (ton/year)
EFij = Emission factor of pollutant (i) for fuel (j) (g/kg)
Cj = Burned fuel (kg/year)
1E6 = conversion factor from grams to metric tons
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Burned fuel: firewood = 1,963,500 kg/year.
Emission factor
NOx = 1.3 g/kg
SO2 = 0.20 g/kg
TOG = 114.5 g/kg
CO = 126.3 g/kg
PM10 = 17.3 g/kg
(SPA, 2006)
(AP-42, 1996)
4. Notes
-
Number of brick kilns = 44 (SPA, 2009)
-
Average capacity = 8,500 bricks (SPA, 2009)
-
Number of burns per month = 1 (SPA, 2009)
-
Required energy to produce a brick = 1,260 Kcal (Radian International, 1997)
-
CP firewood = 2,880 Kcal/kg (USEPA, 1985)
-
VOCs are considered as 100% of the TOG
5. Example
Emissions from brick manufacturing in Tijuana:
NOx =
(1,963,500 kg/year x 1.3 g/kg)/1E6 = 2.6 Ton/year
SO2 =
(1,963,500 kg/year x 0.20 g/kg)/1E6 = 0.4 Ton/year
VOC =
(1,963,500 kg/year x 114.5 g/kg)/1E6 = 224.8 Ton/year
CO =
(1,963,500 kg/year x 126.3 g/kg)/1E6 = 248.0 Ton/year
PM10 =
(1,963,500 kg/year x 17.3 g/kg)/1E6 = 34.0 Ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.5 CALCULATIONS FOR WILDFIRES.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
WILDFIRES
Description:
Pollutants generados por la combustión de la materia orgánica durante los incendios provocados
para promover el crecimiento de pasto para el pastoreo de ganado, o incendios accidentales en
bosques.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC, CO, PM10, PM2.5 y CH4
Ei = (EFij x Cj)/1E6
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant(i) (ton/year)
EFij = Emission factor of pollutant (i) for fuel (j) (g/kg)
Cj = Quantity of fuel (kg/year)
1E6 = conversion factor from grams to metric tons
Algorithm:
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Emission factor
Burned area:
Grass = 75 ha, Bush = 235 ha, Tree = 30 ha.
Burned fuel:
Grass = 446,325 kg, Bush = 1,797,515 kg, Tree = 71,880 kg.
(CONAFOR,
2007)
Algorithms to estimate emission factors:
CO = 961 - (n x 984)
HCNM = 0.76 + (FECH4 x 0.616)
CH4 = 42.7 - (n x 43.2)
TOG = FECH4 + FEHCNM
PM2.5 = grass (9.45 g/kg), bush (8.26 g/kg), tree (6.99 g/kg)
PM10 = 1.18 x FEPM2.5
(Radian International, 1997)
Estimated emission factors:
grass: CO = 104.92 g/kg, CH4 =5.12 g/kg, HCNM = 3.91 g/kg, TOG =
9.03 g/kg, PM2.5 = 9.45 g/kg, PM10 = 11.15 g/kg.
4. Notes
-
Burned fuel weight/ hectare
Grass = 5,951 kg/ha, bush = 7,649 kg/ha, tree = 2,396 kg/ha (Radian International, 1997)
Combustion efficiency (n): grass = 0.87, bush = 0.88, tree = 0.90 (Radian International, 1997)
VOCs represent 45% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
Emissions from wildfires in Tijuana:
TOG =
(446,325 kg/year x 9.03 g/kg)/1E6 = 4.03 ton/year
VOC =
4.03 x 0.45 = 1.81 ton/year
CO =
(446,325 kg/year x 104.92 g/kg)/1E6 = 46.83 ton/year
PM10 =
(446,325 kg/year x 11.15 g/kg)/1E6 = 4.98 ton/year
PM2.5 =
(446,325 kg/year x 9.45 g/kg)/1E6 = 4.22 ton/year
CH4 =
(446,325 kg/year x 5.12 g/kg)/1E6 = 2.28 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.6 CALCULATIONS FOR STRUCTURE FIRES.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
STRUCTURE FIRES
Description:
Unintentional fires in structures, where combustible materials are burned
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC, CO, PM10, PM2.5 and CH4
Algorithm:
Ei = (EFij x Cj)/1E3
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant(i) (ton/year)
EFij = Emission factor of pollutant (i) for fuel (j) (kg/ton)
Cj = Quantity of flammable material (ton/year)
1E3 = conversion factor from grams to metric tons
Flammable material = number of fires x structural loss x (flammable material + fuel content in the
building)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Quantity of fires = 956
Flammable material = 269,521 kg/year = 269.5 ton/year.
Emission factor
NOx = 0.635 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
VOC = 4.994 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
CO = 27.240 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
PM10 =4.812 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
PM2.5 =4.495 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
CH4 = 1.317 kg/ton (EIIP, 2001)
(H. Ayuntamiento
de Tijuana, 2010)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Average content loss = 7.3 (EIIP, 2001)
-
Fuel content in the building = 38.62 kg/m2 (EIIP, 2001)
-
Average area of the building = 100 m2
-
PM2.5 to PM10 rate= 0.9327 (ARB, 2002)
-
1 pound = 454 g
5. Example
Emissions from structure fires in Tijuana:
NOx =
(269.5 ton/year x 0.635 kg/ton)/1E3 = 0.17 ton/year
VOC =
(269.5 ton/year x 4.994 kg/ton)/1E3 = 1.35 ton/year
CO =
(269.5 ton/year x 27.240 kg/ton)/1E3 = 7.34 ton/year
PM10 =
(269.5 ton/year x 4.812 kg/ton)/1E3 = 1.30 ton/year
PM2.5 =
(269.5 ton/year x 4.495 kg/ton)/1E3 = 1.21 ton/year
CH4 =
(269.5 ton/year x 1.317 kg/ton)/1E3 = 0.35 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.7 CALCULATIONS FOR LANDFILLS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
LANDFILLS
Description:
Includes gas emissions from landfills, as a product of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
First-order kinetic model of methane production
(LMOP MEXICO LFG MODEL)
Pollutants:
CH4
Algorithm:
Kinetic model
Spatial distribution
Geographical location of landfill
3. Information
Activity data
Amount of waste disposed in landfill = 280,023 tons in
2005
Emission factor
Estimated with the model.
(LT Consulting, 2010b)
4. Notes
Average annual precipitation in Baja California = 202 mm (CNA, 2010)
-
Opening of the landfill = 2003
-
Solid waste generation in Tijuana = 1.05 kg/day (Couto, I. y Hernández, A., 2008)
-
% of solid waste disposal in landfills = 53% (Sancho, J. y Rosiles, G., 2008)
-
Inhabitants in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,378,590 (CONAPO, 2009)
-
Methane density = 0.717 kg/m3 (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano)
-
Rate of methane generation (k) = 0.04 l/year (Kinetic model)
-
Potential methane generation = 60 m3/metric ton (Kinetic model)
5. Example
Methane emission from landfills in Tijuana:
CH4 = (286 m3 of CH4/h x 24 h x 365 days x 0.717 kg/m3)/1E3 = 1,796.3 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.8 CALCULATIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Description:
In this source volatile organic compounds emissions are estimated as result of handling, processing
and storage of domestic wastewater
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = (Treated wastewater volume x EF)/1E3
Where:
Algorithm:
E = VOC emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (g/m3)
1E3 = conversion factor from grams to metric tons
Spatial distribution
Geographic location of the wastewater treatment plants
3. Information
Activity data
Treated wastewater volume in Tijuana = 72,154,368,000
liters in 2005
(CESPT, 2010; CEA, 2010)
Emission factor
TOG = 0.0000136 kg of TOG/liter of treated
wastewater.
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
VOC emissions represent the 100% of the TOG emissions
5. Example
VOC emissions from wastewater treatment plants in Tijuana:
TOG = (72,154,368,000 l x 0.0000136 kg of TOG/l)/1E3 = 981.3 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
91
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.9 CALCULATIONS FOR NON-PAVED ROAD DUST.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
NON-PAVED ROAD DUST
Description:
Dust emitted by the vehicles driving on unpaved roads.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
Algorithm:
Esp = EFsp x VKTsp
Where:
Esp = Annual emissions (ton/year)
EFsp = Emission factor (g/km)
VKTsp = Vehicle kilometers traveled (km/year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Total lenght of unpaved roads = 580,779,838 km in Tijuana
(LT Consulting,
2010c)
EFi = [[(k(s/12)a(S/30)d)/(M/0.5)c] - C] x [(365-Pp)/365)]
Emission factor
Where:
EFi = Emission factor of the particle size (i) (g/VKT)
k = Particle size multiplier (g/VKT)
s = Silt content on the road surface (%)
S = Average speed (kph)
M = Moisture content on the surface (%)
C = Correction of exhaust emission
Pp = Number of days with rainfall of at least 0.254 mm per year
(AP-42, 2006)
4. Notes
-
Particle size multiplier (k). PM10: k, 1.8 pound/VMT; a, 1; c, 0.2; d, 0.5. PM2.5: k, 0.18 (pound/VMT); a, 1; a, 0.2; d,
0.5. (USEPA, 2006)
-
Silt content (s) = 1.66 % (ERG, 2008)
-
Average speed (S) = 8.68 mph (LT Consulting, 2010d)
-
Moisture content on the surface (M) = 1 % (USEPA, 2006)
-
Corrección de la emisión del escape (C) = PM10, 0.00036 pound/VMT; PM2.5, 0.00047 pound/VMT (USEPA, 2006)
-
Number of days with rainfall > 0.254 mm (Pp) = 40 días/year (USEPA, 2006)
-
1 pound/VMT = 281.9 g/VKT
5. Example
Emissions from non-paved road dust in Tijuana:
EF = ((1.8 pound/VMT)(1.66/12)1(8.68/30)0.5)/(1/0.5)0.2) – 0.00036) x ((365-40)/365)) = 0.103 pound/VMT = 29.149 g/KRV
E = (580,779,838 km x 29.149 g/VKT)/1E6 = 16,929.17 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
92
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.10 CALCULATIONS FOR PAVED-ROAD DUST.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
PAVED ROAD DUST
Description:
Dust emitted by the vehicles driving on paved roads.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
Algorithm:
Esp = EFsp x VKTsp
Where:
Esp = Annual emissions (ton/year)
EFsp = Emission factor (g/km)
VKTsp = Vehicle kilometers traveled (km/year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Total lenght of paved roads: highways = 2,323,119,351 km/year; heavy
traffic roads = 2,046,557,523 km/year, low traffic roads = 580,779,838
km/year
(LT Consulting,
2010c)
EF = k [(Cs/2)0.65 x (W/3)1.5 - C] x (1 - (P/4N)
Emission factor
Where:
EF = Emission factor of the particle size (i) (g/VKT)
k = Particle size multiplier (g/ VKT)
Cs = Sediment load on the road surface (g/m2)
W = Average weight of the vehicle (tons)
P = Number of days with rainfall > 0.254 mm
N = Number of days of the period
C = Correction of exhaust emission, tires and brakes
(USEPA, 2003)
4. Notes
-
Particle size multiplier (k). PM10: k, 4.6 g/ VKT; a, 1; c, 0.2; d, 0.5. PM2.5: k, 1.1 (g/ VKT); a, 1; a, 0.2; d, 0.5.
(USEPA, 2003)
-
Sediment load (Cs) = highway = 0.1 g/m2, heavy traffic roads = 0.4 g/m2,
low traffic roads = 3 g/m2 (USEPA, 2003)
-
Average weight of the vehicle fleet (W) = 2.87 ton (LT Consulting, 2010c)
-
Correction of exhaust emission (C) = PM10, 0.1317 g/ VKT; PM2.5, 0.1005 g/ VKT (USEPA, 2003)
-
Number of days with rainfall > 0.254 mm (P) = 40 days/year (USEPA, 2003)
-
Number of days of the period = 365 (USEPA, 2003)
5. Example
PM10 emissions from paved road dust in Tijuana:
EF = 4.6 ((0.1 g/m2/2)0.65 x (2.87 ton/3)1.5 – 0.1317 g/ VKT) x (1 – (40/(4 x 365)))= 0.009 g/ VKT
E = (2,323,119,351 km/year x 0.009 g/ VKT)/1E6 = 21.58 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
93
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.11 CALCULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
Description:
Dust emission from construction activities such as the removal, transportation, excavation and
material handling.rrcm
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
E = EF x A x T
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Fugitive dust annual emissions (ton/year)
EF = Fugitive dust emission factor (ton/ha month)
A = Total area of construction (ha)
T = Duration of construction activities (month)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Number of constructions in Tijuana in 2005:
Activity data
Residential = 1,370
(CANADEVI, 2010)
Commercial = 161
Industrial = 81
Emission factor
PM10 = 0.941 ton/ha.month
(INE-SEMARNAT, 2006)
PM2.5 = 0.20785 x PM10 emission
4. Notes
-
Average area by construction type: residential, 0.0077 ha; commercial, 0.4860 ha; industrial, 0.1760 ha. (SHF, 2004
and CCAAN, 2005)
Duration of construction work by type: residential = 8 months; commercial, 3 months; industrial, 3 months
(CCAAN, 2005)
5. Example
PM10 emissions from residential construction activities in Tijuana in 2005:
E = 1,370 households/year x 0.941 ton/ha month x 8 months x 0.0077 ha/ households = 79.41 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
94
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.12 CALCULATIONS FOR WIND EROSION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
WIND EROSION
Description:
Wind blows on devoid of vegetation soil with some frequency, wear occurs by removing and transporting particulate matter.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
Algorithm:
Es = (FS) I C K L’ V’
Where:
Es = suspended PM emission factor (ton/acre/year)
FS = fraction of total wind erosion losses measured as suspended PM
I = soil erodibility (ton/acre/year)
C = climatic factor (dimensionless)
K = surface roughness factor (dimensionless)
L’ = unsheltered field width factor (dimensionless)
V’ = vegetative cover factor (dimensionless)
Spatial distribution
Landuse
3. Information
Activity data
Landuse in Tijuana:
Agriculture-Forest, 67.5 km2;
Urban settlement, 280.6 km2;
Oak forest, 6.5 km2;
Induced forest, 1.8 km2;
Chaparral, 558.4 km2;
Water bodies, 4.3 km2;
Matorral rosetófilo costero, 1.5 km2;
Induced grassland, 156 km2;
No evident vegetation, 19.5 km2;
Bushes, 6.3 km2.
Emission factor
NA
4. Notes
Fraction of total wind erosion losses (FS).- 50% of TSP correspond to PM10.
(Radian International, 1997)
-
Soil erodibility (I).- Soil type is obtained from the Radian Manuals and INEGI maps
(Radian International, 1997; INEGI, 2010)
-
Climatic factor (C).- (Radian International, 1997; SMN, 2005)
-
Surface roughness factor (K).- (Radian International, 1997)
-
Unsheltered field width factor (L’).- (Radian International, 1997)
-
Vegetative cover factor (V’).- (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
EPM10=0.025 (FS)*38 (ton/acre/year)*2.16 (C)*0.6 (K)*0.7(L’)*0.05(V’)*0.5 (PM10 fraction)*8554.57 acres (agriculture)=184.31 ton of PM10/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
95
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.13 CALCULATIONS FOR ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
Description:
Architectural surface coating involves the application of a thin layer of coating, eg paint, varnish,
lacquer to an object for decorative or protective purposes. The solvent contained in coatings evaporates when these compounds are applied.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
(INEGI, 2005)
Emission factor
VOC = 1.316 kg/inhabitant year
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 96.8% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from architectural surface coating in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 1.316 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 1,719.7 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
96
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.14 CALCULATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Description:
Industrial surface coating involves the application of a thin layer of coating, eg paint, varnish, lacquer to an object for decorative or protective purposes. The solvent contained in coatings evaporates when these compounds are applied.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 1.265 kg/inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 96.8% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from industrial surface coating in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 1.265 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 1,653.1 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
97
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.15 CALCULATIONS FOR ASPHALT APPLICATION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
ASPHALT APPLICATION
Description:
Total organic gases emissions (TOG) come from the evaporation of petroleum distillate solvents
used to liquefy the asphalt cement.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 0.014 kg/inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 100% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from asphalt application in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 0.014 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 18.3 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
98
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.16 CALCULATIONS FOR DRY CLEANING
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
DRY CLEANING
Description:
The dry cleaning industry is dedicated to cleaning clothes, curtains, leather and other fabric products. Emissions occur when the solvents evaporate during the washing process, leaks in the
equipment and systems for solvent recovery or disposal.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 0.499 kg/inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 100% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from dry cleaning in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 0.499 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 652.1.0 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
99
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.17 CALCULATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL SURFACE CLEANING (DEGREASING).
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE CLEANING (DEGREASING)
Description:
The surface cleaning operations involve the use of liquid solvents or solvent vapors to remove fats,
oils, waxes, carbon deposits, surface oxide and tar from metal, plastic, glass and others.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 1.956 kg /inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 60% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from industrial surface cleaning in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 1.956 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 2,556.1 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
100
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.18 CALCULATIONS FOR AUTO BODY REFINISHING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
AUTO BODY REFINISHING
Description:
The auto body refinishing considers the repair and restoration. The emissions during surface cleaning, patching and finishing, painting and polishing are influenced by the solvent content in the
product.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 0.138 kg /inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 98.8% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from auto body refinishing in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 0.138 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 180.3 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
101
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.19 CALCULATIONS FOR TRAFFIC PAINT.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
TRAFFIC PAINT
Description:
The application of traffic paint (solvent and water base) is related to painting lanes, sidewalks, turns,
parking signs and paved and unpaved surfaces to facilitate traffic flow.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 0.0395 kg /inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 98.8% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from traffic paint in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 0.0395 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 51.6 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
102
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.20 CALCULATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL/DOMESTIC SOLVENT USE
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
COMMERCIAL/DOMESTIC SOLVENT USE
Description:
Hydrocarbons are part of consumer and commercial products that are used as propellants, drying
agents (through evaporation), solvents and cleaners, and are emitted when using the product.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 3.166 kg /inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from commercial/domestic solvent use in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 3.166 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 4,137.3 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
103
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.21 CALCULATIONS FOR GRAPHIC ARTS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
GRAPHIC ARTS
Description:
Graphic arts are related to operations which include printing of newspapers, magazines, books and
other materials. The solvents used in the inks during the drying process
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
Emission factor
VOC = 0.590 kg/inhabitant year
(INEGI, 2005)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 100% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from graphic arts in Tijuana:
VOC = (1,306,793 inhab. x 0.590 kg/inhab. year)/1E3 = 771.0 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
104
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.22 CALCULATIONS FOR GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION
Description:
Evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds from transport, loading, unloading, handling
spills and gasoline.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Volume of gasolina sold in Tijuana in 2005 = 913,238,000
liters
Emission factor
Emissions from loaded containers = 1 mg/l
Emissions from containers with vapors only= 13 mg/l
Containers unloading = 40 mg/l
Respiration losses in underground tanks = 120 mg/l
Fuel refilling = 1,320 mg/l
Spillage = 80 mg/l
(SENER, 2010)
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
The total sold volume considers Magna and Premium gasolines.
-
Emission factor adjusted to VOC which accounts to 100% of the TOG (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
VOC emissions from gasoline distribution in Tijuana:
Loaded containers = (913,238,000 l x 1 mg/l)/1E9 = 0.9 ton/year
Emissions from containers with vapors only = (913,238,000 l x 13 mg/l)/1E9 = 11.9 ton/year
Containers unloading = (913,238,000 l x 40 mg/l)/1E9 = 38.5 ton/year
Respiration losses in underground tanks = (913,238,000 l x 120 mg/l)/1E9 = 109.6 ton/year
Fuel refilling = (913,238,000 l x 1,320 mg/l)/1E9 = 1,205.5 ton/year
Spillage = (913,238,000 l x 80 mg/l)/1E9 = 73.1 ton/year
VOC total emission= 1,437.4 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
105
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.23 CALCULATIONS FOR LPG STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
LPG STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
Description:
Evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds during transport (semitrailer), storage (portable and stationary tank) and distribution (service stations) of LPG
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
E = EF x P
Where:
Algorithm:
E = Emissions (ton/year)
EF = Emission factor (kg/inhabitant year)
P = Number of inhabitants
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Emission factor
LPG sold in Tijuana in 2005 = 57,330 ton.
(PEMEX, 2010)
LPG distribution:
Semitrailer = 43,823 ton;
Portable tank = 38,910 ton;
Stationary tank = 16,626 ton;
Service station = 1,794 ton.
(PEMEX, 1997)
Tank trucks loading = 0.471 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
Semitrailers unloading = 0.179 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
Filling of portable containers = 0.563 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
Service station = 8.356 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
Stationary tank = 0.474 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
Sale of portable tanks = 0.00086 kg of TOG/ton of LPG
(PEMEX, 1997)
4. Notes
-
LPG density = 0.56 kg/l (CONUEE, 2010)
-
VOC accounts for the 98.4% of the TOG emission (Radian International, 1997).
5. Example
VOC emissions from LPG storage and distribution in Tijuana:
Tank trucks loading = (43,823 ton/year x 0.471 kg of TOG/ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 19.2 ton of VOC/year
Semitrailers unloading = (43,823 ton/year x 0.179 kg of TOG /ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 7.3 ton of VOC/year
Filling of portable containers = (38,910 ton/year x 0.563 kg of TOG /ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 20.4 ton of VOC/year
Service station = (1,794 ton/year x 8.356 kg of TOG /ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 13.9 ton of VOC/year
Stationary tank = (16,626 ton/year x 0.474 kg of TOG /ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 7.3 ton of VOC/year
Sale of portable tanks = (38,910 ton/year x 0.00086 kg of TOG /ton of LPG x 0.984)/1E3 = 0.03 ton of VOC/year
VOC total emission= 68.1 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
106
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.24 CALCULATIONS FOR FUEL MASSIVE STORAGE.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
FUEL MASSIVE STORAGE
Description:
Evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds by accessories, seals and during loading
and unloading of the storage tank.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Results provided by SEMARNAT, DGGCARETC. (SEMARNAT, 2009)
Pollutants:
VOC
Algorithm:
NA
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Stored and distributed fuel in the Playas de Rosarito terminal
in 2005:
Activity data
Pemex Diesel = 215,909 thousands of liters
(PEMEX, 2006)
Pemex Magna = 756,927 thousands of liters
Pemex Premium = 217, 671 thousands of liters
Jet fuel = 174,105 thousands of liters
Emission factor
NA
4. Notes
-
The estimate considers emissions from the tank rim seal, lid fittings and fuel extraction
-
The emissions estimate is carried out for the storage and distribution terminal located in Playas de Rosarito. In Tijuana there is no fuel storage and distribution terminal.
5. Example
VOC emissions from fuel massive storage in Playas de Rosarito, B. C:
Tank rim seal emissions = 17.1 ton/year
Lid fittings emissions = 88.9 ton/year
Fuel extraction emissions= 0.2 ton/year
Total emission = 106.3 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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107
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.25 CALCULATIONS FOR DOMESTIC AMMONIA EMISSIONS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
DOMESTIC AMMONIA
Description:
This category includes the emission of ammonia from pet waste, the use of diapers and domestic ammonia
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NH3
E = EFi x Pi
Where:
Algorithm:
Ei = NH3 emissions from population (i)(ton/year)
EFi = NH3 emission factor for population (i) (kg/per capita year)
Pi = Populations of (i) (dogs, cats, inhabitants)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Population in Tijuana in 2005 :
Inhabitants = 1,306,793
Activity data
Emission factor
(INEGI, 2006)
Children (under 4 years old) = 134,302
Dogs (122 dogs /1000 inhabitants) = 159, 429
Cats (83 cats/1000 inhabitants) = 108,464
(Radian International, 1997)
Domestic use of ammonia = 0.023 kg NH3/ inhabitants year
Diapers (disposable) = 0.16 NH3/child year
Dogs = 2.49 NH3/head year
Cats = 0.82 NH3/head year
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
It is considered that a child under 4 years old wears a diaper.
5. Example
NH3 emissions from domestic ammonia in Tijuana:
Domestic use of ammonia = (1,306,793 inhabitants x 0.023 kg NH3/inhabitant year)/1E3 = 30.1 ton/year
Diapers (disposable) = (134,302 x 0.16 kg NH3/per capita year)/1E3 =21.5 ton/year
Dogs = (159,429 x 2.49 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 397.0 ton/year
Cats = (108,464 x 0.82 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 88.9 ton/year
NH3 total emission= 537.5 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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108
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.26 CALCULATIONS FOR ANIMAL WASTE.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
ANIMAL WASTE
Description:
Livestock and other farm animals are an important source of ammonia emissions, which are
the result of the conversion of nitrogen excreted into ammonia and its sub-sequent volatilization.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NH3
E = EFi x Pi
Where:
Algorithm:
Ei = NH3 emissions for the type of livestock (i)(ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor the type of livestock (i) (kg/head year)
Pi = Population by type of livestock (i)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Number of livestock in Tijuana in 2005.
Activity data
Bovine = 8,445
Porcine = 7,260
Sheep = 3,434
Goats = 3,073
Hens = 250,995
(SAGARPA, 2008ª)
Bovine = 25
Porcine = 7
Emission factor
(Chinkin et al., 2003)
Sheep = 1.34
Goats = 0.58
Hens = 0.27
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
5. Example
NH3 emissions from animal waste in Tijuana:
Bovine = (8,445 x 25 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 211.1 ton/year
Porcine = (7,260 x 7 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 =50.8 ton/year
Sheep = (3,434 x 1.34 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 4.6 ton/year
Goats = (3,073 x 0.58 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 1.8 ton/year
Hens = (250,995 x 0.27 kg NH3/head year)/1E3 = 67.8 ton/year
NH3 emissions = 336.1 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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109
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.27 CALCULATIONS FOR TILLING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
TILLING
Description:
Tilling focuses primarily on fugitive dust from soil preparation, which includes plowing, grading, leveling and cutting.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
E = EFi x Si
Where:
Algorithm:
Ei = Particles emission (ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor for the crop type (i) (pound/acre)
Si = Harvested area by crop type (i) (acres year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Sowed surface by crop type in Tijuana in 2005: barley, 3114.9 acres,
olive, 1101.3 acres, forage oats, 793.3 acres, orange, 516.9 acres, green
alfalfa, 407.8 acres, onion, 108.9 acres.
Activity data
Emission factor
In addition, information was also obtained for the following species,
although acreage is less than 100 acres: beans, broad beans, beets,
cabbage, carrots, zucchini, green pepper, corn, cucumbers, green
beans, grapes, lettuce, spring onions, grass, herbs, radish, spinach,
tomatoes, and watermelon.
The emission factors of the most planted crops in Tijuana, are: barley,
3.7 pound/acre year, olive, 0.1 pound/acre year, forage oats, 3.7
pound/acre year, orange, 0.1 pound/acre year; green alfalfa , 4.0
pound/acre year, onions, 6.5 pound/acre year.
(INEGI, 2007ª)
(ARB, 2003b)
For products that are grown in less than 100 acres, emission factors
were also collected, and its PM10, PM2.5 emission by agricultural tillage
were calculated.
4. Notes
-
PM2.5 emissions represent 22.17% of the PM10 emissions (ARB, 2002).
-
1 pound = 0.454 kg.
5. Example
PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from barley tillage in Tijuana in 2005:
PM10 = 3,114.9 acres x 3.7 pound PM10/acre year = 11,525.1 pound/year = 5.232 ton/year
PM2.5 = 5.232 ton/year x 0.2217 = 1.160 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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110
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.28 CALCULATIONS FOR HARVESTING.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
HARVESTING
Description:
The agricultural harvest considers the particle emissions caused by the activities of cutting,
loading and transportation of the product in the field.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
E = EFi x Si
Where:
Algorithm:
Ei = Particles emission (ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor by type of crop(i) (pound/acre)
Si = harvested area by crop type (i) (acres year)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Cultivated area by crop type in Tijuana in 2005: barley, 3106.3 acres,
olive, 1030.9 acres, forage oats, 787.8 acres, orange, 505.3 acres, green
alfalfa, 407.8 acres, onion, 108.9 acres.
Activity data
Emission factor
In addition, information was also obtained for the following species,
although acreage is less than 100 acres: beans, broad beans, beets,
cabbage, carrots, zucchini, green pepper, corn, cucumbers, green
beans, grapes, lettuce, spring onions, grass, herbs, radish, spinach,
tomatoes, and watermelon.
The emission factors of the most planted in Tijuana, are: barley, 5.8
pound /acre year, olive, 0.08 pound acre year, forage oats, 5.8 pound
/acre year, Orange, 0.08 pound /acre year; green alfalfa, 1.68 pound
/acre year, onion, 1.68 pound /acre year.
(INEGI, 2007ª)
(ARB, 2003b)
For products that are grown in less than 100 acres, emission factors
were also collected, and its PM10, PM2.5 emission by harvesting were
calculated.
4. Notes
-
PM2.5 emissions represent 22.17% of the PM10 emissions (ARB, 2002).
-
1 pound = 0.454 kg.
5. Example
PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from barley harvesting in Tijuana in 2005:
PM10 = 3,106.3 acres x 5.8 pound PM10/acre year = 18,016.5 pound/year = 8.2 ton/year
PM2.5 = 8.2 ton/year x 0.2217 = 1.8 ton/year.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.29 CALCULATIONS FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
PESTICIDE APPLICATION
Description:
Most air emissions from the use of pesticides occur due to the volatile nature of the active
ingredients, solvents and other chemicals carriers in formulations. Volatilization of pesticide
may occur during application or later.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
VOC
Ei = Si x TTAi x %I/Ai x EFi
Where:
Ei = VOC emissions for pesticide (i)(ton/year)
Algorithm:
Si = Harvested area by type of crop (i) (acres.year)
TTAi = Typical application rate of pesticide (i) (kg/ha)
%I/Ai = percentage of active ingredient (i)
EFi = Emission factor for pesticide (i) (kg VOC/ton of I/A)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Planted area by crop type in Tijuana in 2005 for which the typical
rates of application were obtained: barley, 1258.4 ha; olive, 444.9
ha; green alfalfa, 164.8 ha; onion, 65 ha, grapes, 30.4 ha. In addi(INEGI, 2007a)
tion, information for the following species was obtained (less
than 30 hectares): zucchini, green pepper, tomato, cucumber,
lettuce, watermelon and carrot
Emission factor
VOC emission factors for the active ingredient: vapor pressure
between 0.0001 and 0.000001 mm Hg = 350 kg/Ton; vapor
pressure greater than 0.0001 mm Hg = 580 kg/Ton.
(Radian International, 1997)
4. Notes
-
Method of application is on surface.
5. Example
VOC emissions from pesticide application on green alfalfa crop in Tijuana:
Malathion:
Typical application rate of pesticide = 1.23 kg/ha (SAGARPA, 2008b)
Vapor pressure = 1.78E-4 mm Hg (Radian International, 1997).
VOC emission factor = 580 kg/ton (Radian International, 1997).
Active ingredient (I/A) = 60%; inerte 40%. (INE, 2010)
Applied as a liquid, is has an inert ingredient content of 20% of VOC. (Radian International, 1997).
Active ingredient emission = (164.8 ha x 1.23 kg pesticide/ha x 0.6 x 580 kg VOC/ton of active ingredient)/1E6 =
0.0705 ton/year
Inert ingredient emission = (164.8 ha x 1.23 kg pesticide /ha x 0.4 x 0.20 = 0.0162 ton/year
Total emission = 0.0705 ton/year + 0.0162 ton/year = 0.0867 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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112
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.30 CALCULATIONS FOR ANIMAL FARMS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
ANIMAL FARMS
Description:
The main mechanism of particle emission is the movement of livestock on soil dust and dried
manure.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
PM10 and PM2.5
EPM10 = Cg x Tr x FEPM10
Where:
EPM10 = PM10 emission (pound/year)
Algorithm:
Cg = Number of slaughtered livestock
Tr = Residence time of cattle in feedlots, (days)
FEPM10 = PM10 emission factor (pound PM10/1,000.day)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Livestock in Tijuana = 8,445
(SAGARPA, 2008ª)
Emission factor
Emission factor = 28.9 pound PM10/1,000 heads day
(ARB, 2004)
4. Notes
-
Residence time of cattle in feedlots = 90 days (ERG, 2005)
-
1 pound = 0.454 kg.
5. Example
PM10 emissions from animal farms in Tijuana:
Emisión =
(8,445 heads/year x 90 days x 28.9 pound PM10/1,000 heads day)/1E3
= 21,965 pound PM10/year
= 10 ton PM10/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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113
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.31 CALCULATIONS FOR FERTILIZER APPLICATION.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Description:
Nitrogen-based fertilizers emit ammonia, but the amount of emission depends on the type of
applied fertilizer and the nitrogen content.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NH3
Algorithm:
Ei = Si x TTAi x %Ni x EFi
Where:
Ei = NH3 emission for the fertilizer (i)(ton/year)
Si = Surface sowed by type of crop (i) (ha.year)
TTAi = Typical application rate of fertilizer (i) (kg/ha)
%Ni = nitrogen content in fertilizer (i) (%)
EFi = Emission factor for fertilizer (i) (kg NH3/kg of fertilizer)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Planted area by crop type in Tijuana in 2005 for which the typical rates of application were
obtained: barley, 1258.4 ha; olive, 444.9 ha; green alfalfa, 164.8 ha; onion, 65 ha, grapes, 30.4
ha. (INEGI, 2007a).
In addition, information was also obtained for the following species with less than 30 hectares: zucchini, green pepper, tomato, cucumber, lettuce, watermelon and carrots.
Emission factor
NH3 emission factors: diammonium phosphate, 0.061 kg/kg fertilizer, urea, 0194; N_P_K
mix, 0048, anhydrous ammonia, 0.049, calcium nitrate, 0024, ammonium nitrate, 0024 (Battye, et al., 2004)
4. Notes
-
% N2: diammonium phosphate, 0.11; urea, 0.46; N_P_K mix, 0.11, anhydrous ammonia, 0.82, calcium nitrate, 0.16;
ammonium nitrate, 0.34 (Battye, et al., 2004)
5. Example
NH3 emissions from fertilizer application on green alfalfa crop in Tijuana:
Urea:
Surface sowed = 164.8 ha/year (INEGI, 2007).
Typical application rate of fertilizer = 60 kg/ha (SAGARPA, 2008b)
%N2 in urea = 0.46% (Battye, et al., 2004).
Urea emission factor = 0.194 kg NH3/kg urea (Battye, et al., 2004).
Emisión = (164.8 ha/year x 60 kg urea/ha x 0.46 x 0.194 kg NH3/kg urea)/1E3 = 0.8824 ton de NH3/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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114
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.32 CALCULATIONS FOR STREET VENDORS.
AREA SOURCES
1. General information
Category:
STREET VENDORS
Description:
The cooking of the roasted meat (usually beef or chicken) over an open flame let the fat drip
down into the flame and burn, producing emission of pollutants. Pollutants are also generated by the use of fuel, mainly LPG
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, VOC, CO, PM10 and PM2.5
Ei = EFi x Pi
Where:
Algorithm:
EPM10 = Emissions of pollutant (i) (ton/year)
EFi = Emission factor (i) (kg/1,000 people)
Pi = Population of the municipality (i) (inhabitants)
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Population in Tijuana in 2005 = 1,306,793
(INEGI, 2006)
NOx = 2.93 kg/1,000 inhabitants;
VOC = 10.27 kg/1,000 inhabitants;
Emission factor
CO = 159.17 kg/1,000 inhabitants;
(INE-SEMARNAT, 2006)
PM10 = 79.95 kg/1,000 inhabitants;
PM2.5 = 63.81 kg/1,000 inhabitants
4. Notes
5. Example
PM10 emissions from street vendors in Tijuana:
NOx =
(1,306,793 inhab. x 2.93 kg/1,000 inhab.)/1E6 = 3.8 ton/year
VOC =
(1,306,793 inhab. x 10.27 kg/1,000 inhab.)/1E6 = 13.4 ton/year
CO =
(1,306,793 inhab. x 159.17 kg/1,000 inhab.)/1E6 = 208.0 ton/year
PM10 =
(1,306,793 inhab. x 79.95 kg/1,000 inhab.)/1E6 = 104.5 ton/year
PM2.5 =
(1,306,793 inhab. x 63.81 kg/1,000 inhab.)/1E6 = 83.4 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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115
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.33 CALCULATIONS FOR STONE MATERIAL DEPOSITS.
FUENTES DEÁREA
1. General information
Category:
STONE MATERIAL DEPOSITS
Description:
The emission of during the extraction activity of stone materials, occurs primarily by the
removal, handling, stacking and transport of material. Tailpipe emissions of machinery and
vehicles are also calculated.
2. Methodology for calculations
Method:
Emission factors
Pollutants:
NOx, SOx, VOC, CO and PM10
EF = k(0.0016) x ((U/2.2)1.3/(M/2)1.4)
Where:
Algorithm:
k = Particle size multiplier (adimensional)
U = Average wind speed (m/s)
M = Material content in the mixture (%).
Spatial distribution
AGEB
3. Information
Activity data
Volume of sand and gravel extraction in Tijuana = 4,611,459 m3/year (SPA, 2010)=
8,116,168 ton/year.
Emission factor
EF = 0.041 kg of PM10/ton of extracted material
4. Notes
-
k = Particle size multiplier (dimensionless) = 0.35
-
U = Average wind speed (m/s) = 5 m/s
-
M = Material content in the mixture (%) = 0.2%
-
Sand density = 1,760 kg/m3 (Radian International, 1997)
5. Example
PM10 emissions from stone material deposits in Tijuana:
PM10 = (8,116,168 ton/year x 0.041 kg of PM10/ton of extracted material)/1E3 = 331.97 ton/year
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
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116
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
5. RESULTS
For the area source emissions inventory, an analysis by pollutant and municipality was conducted. In
general, the results of the area source inventory show that the main emitted pollutant are the particles
smaller than 10 microns (PM10) followed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as shown in Table
B.34. These results are consistent with emission sources found in Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito, e.g.
there is a wide variety of shops and services, inhabitants and vehicles that contribute to the VOCs
emission in addition to areas without vegetation cover and unpaved roads where the particles are
generated.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FOR AREA SOURCES
The most emitted pollutants are the particles smaller than 10 microns (53.1%), followed by VOCs (24.7%)
and particles smaller than 2.5 microns (8.2%).
TABLE B.34 AREA SOURCES EMISSIONS IN TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE ROSARITO.
Tons/year
Source
Area
%
VOC
CO
NOx
SO2
NH3
PM10
PM2.5
CH4
15,261.2
1,887.0
413.4
4.1
1,171.4
32,709.7
5,107.2
5,038.6
24.78
3.06
0.67
0.01
1.90
53.11
8.29
8.18
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
5.1 Emissions by category and pollutant
The analysis of the emission inventory by pollutant was conducted in order to know which categories of this source are the largest emitters. For each pollutant only the main categories are shown
(those categories contributing with more than 80% of each pollutant), the rest of the categories were
unified in a single category called "Other"
Figure B.1 shows the emission of each category of the area sources. Tables B.35 y B.36 show the
emissions and percentage, respectively, for all categories in area sources.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
117
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS BY POLLUTANT
VOC (volatile organic compounds). Emitted mainly by commercial and domestic use of solvents (28%),
washing and degreasing (18%), among the most emitting categories.
CO (carbon monoxide). This pollutant is emitted mainly in border crossings (52%), followed by brick manufacturing (13%) and wildfires (12%).
NOx (nitrogen oxides). Residential LPG combustion accounts for the 32% of this pollutant, followed by
border crossings (30%) and stone material deposits (27%).
SO2 (sulfur dioxide). Pollutant emitted in border crossings (57%) and stone material deposits (32%).
NH3 (ammonia). Ammonia is generated mainly in households (52%), animal waste (4%) and fertilizer application (4%).
PM10 (particles smaller than 10 microns). PM10 are mainly emitted in unpaved roads(55%), followed by
wind erosion (27%) and paved roads (15%).
PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 microns). This pollutant is emitted mainly by wind erosion (40%), followed by unpaved roads (36%) and paved roads (24%).
CH4 (methane). Almost 100% is emitted in landfills.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
118
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
Dry cleaning
4%
Graphic arts
5%
Others
7%
Commercial
LPG
Combustion
28%
Wastewater
treatment
7%
Gasoline
distribution
10%
Industrial
Surface
Coating
11%
Architectural
Surface
Coating
11%
Industrial
Surface
Cleaning
(Degreasing)
17%
Residential
LPG
Combustion
4%
Stone material
deposits
7%
Others
0%
Street vendors
12%
Wildfires
12%
CO emissions
Residential
LPG
Combustion
32%
Stone material
deposits
27%
Border
Crossings
51%
Brick
manufacturing
13%
COV emissions
Commercial
LPG
Combustion
11%
Brick
manufacturin
g
10%
Others
1%
Stone material
deposits
32%
Border
Crossings
57%
Border
Crossings
30%
NOx emissions
SO2 emissions
Fertilizer
application
5%
Animal waste
44%
Others
3%
Paved road
dust
15%
Domestic
ammonia
emissions
51%
NH3 emissions
Paved road
dust
24%
Non-paved
road dust
55%
Wind erosion
27%
PM10 emissions
Others
0%
Wind erosion
41%
Landfills
100%
Non-paved
road dust
35%
PM2.5 emissions
Commercial
LPG
Combustion
1%
CH4 emissions
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
FIGURE B.1 RANKING OF THE AREA SOURCES EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY IN TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE
ROSARITO.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
119
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.35 EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY OF THE AREA SOURCES IN TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE ROSARITO.
Commercial LPG Combustion
VOC
2.7
CO
25.5
Emissions (Ton/year)
NOx
SO2
NH3
PM10
44.7
NS
NE
2.4
Residential LPG Combustion
8.0
74.7
131.1
NS
NE
Border Crossings
237.9
965.8
122.7
2.3
Brick manufacturing
224.8
248.0
2.6
Agricultural burning
NA
NA
Wildfires
8.8
Structure fires
Landfills
Source
PM2.5
2.4
CH4
0.6
7.0
7.0
1.9
3.5
1.1
NE
NE
0.4
NE
34.0
NE
NE
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
223.2
NE
NE
NE
23.1
19.6
11.0
1.3
7.3
0.2
NE
NE
1.3
1.2
0.4
NE
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,024.7
Wastewater treatment
1,078.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Non-paved road dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17,918.5 1,743.6
NA
Paved road dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,911.3
1,174.5
NA
Construction activities
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
357.3
74.3
NA
Wind erosion
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,983.0
1,991.0
NA
Architectural Surface Coating
1,741.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Industrial Surface Coating
1,673.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Asphalt application
18.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dry cleaning
660.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,587.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Auto body refinishing
182.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Traffic paint
52.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,188.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
780.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,562.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
LPG storage and distribution
72.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Fuel massive storage
106.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Domestic ammonia emissions
NA
NA
NA
NA
591.3
NA
NA
NA
Open channel sewage and wastewater
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Animal waste
NA
NA
NA
NA
514.8
NA
NA
NA
Tilling
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12.6
2.8
NA
Harvesting
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
11.9
2.6
NA
Pesticide application
31.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Animal farms
8.2
NA
NA
NA
10.0
NA
NA
NA
Fertilizer application
NA
NA
NA
NA
51.8
NA
NA
NA
Street vendors
14.2
220.3
4.1
NE
NE
110.7
88.3
NE
Stone material deposits
20.3
122.2
108.1
1.3
NE
335.6
NE
NE
413.4
4.1
Industrial Surface Cleaning (Degreasing)
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use
Graphic arts
Gasoline distribution
Total
NA = Not applicable;
15,261.2 1,887.0
NE = Not estimated;
1,171.4 32,709.7 5,107.2 5,038.6
NS = Not significant.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
120
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
TABLE B.36 PERCENTAGE OF EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY OF THE AREA SOURCES IN TIJUANA AND PLAYAS
DE ROSARITO.
Source
Porcentage (%)
SO2
NH3
0.3
NE
Commercial LPG Combustion
VOC
0.0
CO
1.3
NOx
10.8
PM10
0.0
PM2.5
0.0
CH4
0.0
Residential LPG Combustion
0.1
4.0
31.7
0.9
NE
0.0
0.1
0.0
Border Crossings
1.6
51.2
29.7
56.8
0.3
0.0
NE
NE
Brick manufacturing
1.5
13.1
0.6
9.6
NE
0.1
NE
NE
Agricultural burning
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Wildfires
0.1
11.8
NE
NE
NE
0.1
0.4
0.2
Structure fires
0.0
0.4
0.0
NE
NE
0.0
0.0
0.0
Landfills
NE
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.7
Wastewater treatment
7.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Non-paved road dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54.8
34.1
NA
Paved road dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15.0
23.0
NA
Construction activities
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.1
1.5
NA
Wind erosion
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27.5
39.0
NA
Architectural Surface Coating
11.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Industrial Surface Coating
11.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Asphalt application
0.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dry cleaning
4.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Industrial Surface Cleaning (Degreasing)
17.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Auto body refinishing
1.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Traffic paint
0.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use
27.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Graphic arts
5.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Gasoline distribution
10.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
LPG storage and distribution
0.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Fuel massive storage
0.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Domestic ammonia emissions
NA
NA
NA
NA
50.5
NA
NA
NA
Open channel sewage and wastewater
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Animal waste
NA
NA
NA
NA
44.0
NA
NA
NA
Tilling
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0
0.1
NA
Harvesting
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0
0.1
NA
Pesticide application
0.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Animal farms
0.1
NA
NA
NA
0.8
NA
NA
NA
Fertilizer application
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.4
NA
NA
NA
Street vendors
0.1
11.7
1.0
NE
NE
0.3
1.7
NE
Stone material deposits
0.1
6.5
26.2
32.3
NE
1.0
NE
NA
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
NA = Not applicable;
NE = Not estimated;
NS = Not significant.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
121
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
5.2 Emissions by municipality
As part of the analysis of the results, a comparison of emissions between municipalities was carried
out. This information can be helpful when it comes to identify sources with regulatory purposes.
Table B.37 and Figure B.2 show the overall emissions for each municipality. Figure B.3 shows the
emissions in percentage by category and municipality.
TABLE B.37 EMISSIONS AND PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF THE AREA SOURCES IN TIJUANA AND
PLAYAS DE ROSARITO.
Municipality
Tijuana
Playas de Rosarito
Total
Municipality
Emissions (ton/year)
VOC
CO
NOx
SO2
NH3
PM10
PM2.5
CH4
14,819.2
1,869.0
403.2
4.1
933.8
30,407.2
4,712.1
5,038.5
442.0
18.0
10.2
NS
237.6
2,302.5
395.1
0.1
15,261.2
1,887.0
413.4
4.1
1,171.4
32,709.7
5,107.2
5,038.6
Porcentage (%)
VOC
CO
NOx
SO2
NH3
PM10
PM2.5
CH4
Tijuana
97.1
99.0
97.5
100.0
79.7
93.0
92.3
100.0
Playas de Rosarito
2.9
1.0
2.5
NS
20.3
7.0
7.7
NS
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
NA = Not applicable;
NE = Not estimated;
NS = Not significant.
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS BY MUNICIPALITY
Over 90% of the emissions from the area sources, with the exception of ammonia (NH3), are generated in the
municipality of Tijuana. These results are consistent, considering that the area sources are closely related to commercial
and services activities, number of inhabitants and vehicle activity in the study area.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
122
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
CH4
100%
PM2.5
92%
8%
PM10
93%
7%
NH3
80%
20%
SO2
100%
NOx
98%
CO
3%
99%
COV
1%
97%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Tijuana
3%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Playas de Rosarito
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
FIGURE B.2 AREA SOURCES EMISSIONS BY MUNICIPALITY.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
123
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
Others
9%
Dry cleaning
(Tijuana)
4%
Graphic arts
(Tijuana)
5%
Wastewater
treatment
(Tijuana)
7%
Gasoline
distribution
(Tijuana)
9%
Industrial
Surface
Coating
(Tijuana)
11%
Commercial/
Consumer
Solvent Use
(Tijuana)
27%
Industrial
Surface
Cleaning
(Degreasing)
(Tijuana)
17%
Architectural
Surface
Coating
(Tijuana)
11%
Stone material
deposits
(Tijuana)
6%
Street vendors
(Tijuana)
11%
Wildfires
(Tijuana)
12%
CO emissions
Residential
LPG
Combustion
(Playas de
Rosarito)
2%
Stone material
deposits
(Tijuana)
27%
Brick
manufacturin
g (Tijuana)
10%
Residential
LPG
Combustion
(Tijuana)
31%
Others
1%
Stone material
deposits
(Tijuana)
32%
Border
Crossings
(Tijuana)
57%
Border
Crossings
(Tijuana)
30%
NOx emissions
Domestic
ammonia
emissions
(Playas de
Rosarito)
5%
SO2 emissions
Others
10%
Fertilizer
application
(Tijuana)
4%
Animal waste
(Playas de
Rosarito)
15%
Domestic
ammonia
emissions
(Tijuana)
47%
Animal waste
(Tijuana)
29%
NH3 emissions
Wind erosion
(Playas de
Rosarito)
4%
Paved road
dust (Tijuana)
22%
Non-paved
road dust
(Tijuana)
32%
PM2.5 emissions
Others
3%
Border
Crossings
(Tijuana)
51%
Brick
manufacturing
(Tijuana)
13%
COV emissions
Commercial
LPG
Combustion
(Tijuana)
10%
Residential
LPG
Combustion
(Tijuana)
4%
Paved road
dust (Tijuana)
14%
Non-paved
road dust
(Tijuana)
52%
Wind erosion
(Tijuana)
24%
PM10 emissions
Others
7%
Others
0%
Wind erosion
(Tijuana)
35%
Landfills
(Tijuana)
100%
CH4 emissions
Source: Elaborated by LT Consulting for Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito Emissions Inventory, 2005.
FIGURE B.3 RANKING OF THE AREA SOURCES EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY IN TIJUANA AND PLAYAS DE
ROSARITO..
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
124
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
5.3 Temporal distribution
The temporal distribution was conducted on a monthly basis for the base year 2005. Profiles of
emissions for each category were obtained from different information sources: national and international literature, surveys conducted by LT Consulting. In order to make the reading of this report
easier, emissions and their temporal distribution for each off-road mobile source are presented in
annexed electronic format.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
125
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
6. GLOSSARY
Activity data. Information intended to relate activities (inhabitants, number of vehicles, production,
raw material, etc.) with its level of emission.
Base year. Basic information for a specific year is analyzed in order to estimate the emissions inventory.
Combustion. Process of fast oxidation of materials accompanied with energy release as heat and
light.
Concentration. Relative quantity of a specific substance mixed in another one.
Emission. Pollution release process from anthropogenic or natural sources.
Emission factor. Relation between the quantities of produced pollutant and the quantity of processed
raw materials or consumed energy.
Emissions inventory. Document developed to report quantities of pollutants in a given study area. It
can be used as input for Air Quality Programs.
Spatial distribution. Assigning emissions to geographic places where the source is located, e.g. point
sources are generally represented by geographic coordinates and the respective amount of emission.
Tijuana and Playas de Rosarito municipalities Emissions Inventory
126
APPENDIX B – DRAFT
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APPENDIX B – DRAFT
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