POPULATION EXPLOSION, PLANNING
& SOLUTION IN INDIAN PERCEPTIVE.
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Submitted by
Ashita Elizabeth Abby
INTRODUCTION
 The literal meaning of population is the whole number of people or
inhabitants in a country or region .“WEBSTERS” dictionary & literal
meaning of population explosion is a pyramiding of a biological
population. As number of people in a pyramid increases. so do the
problems related to increased population.
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Demography is
the scientific study of human population. it
focuses its attention on three readily observable human
phenomena 1)changes in population size
2)the composition of the population
3)the distribution of population in space
It deals with 5 demographic processes namely fertility,
mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility. these 5
processes are continuously at work within a population
deterging size, composition and distribution.
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DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
The history of world population since 1650 suggests that there is a
demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation posses
1. First stage- this stage is characterized by a high birth rate and a
high death which cancel each other & the population remains
stationary. India was in this stage till 1920.
2. Second stage- the death rate begins to decline ,while the birth
rate remains unchanged. Many countries in South Asia & Africa
are in this phase. Birth rates have increased in some of these
countries possibly as a result of improved health conditions and4
shortening periods of breast feeding.
3. Third stage- the death rate declines still further, and
the birth rate tends to fall. The population continues
to grow because births exceed deaths. India has
entered this phase
4. Fourth stage- this stage is characterized by a low
birth and low death rate with the result that the
population becomes stationary. Zero population
growth has already been recorded in Austria during
1980-85.Growth rates as little as 0.1 were recorded in
UK, Denmark, Sweden & Belgium during 1980-85.
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5. Fifth stage (declining)-the population begins because
birth rate is lower than the death rate. Some east
European countries, notably Germany and Hungary
are experiencing this stage
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HISTORY OF CONCERN
Concern about over population is relatively recent in origin
throughout history, populations have grown slowly despite
high birth rates due to the population reducing effects of war,
plaque and high infant mortality
During 750 years because the industrial revolution, the
world’s population hardly increased, remaining under 250
million. By the beginning of 19th century the world population
had grown to a billion individuals and intellectuals such as
THOMAS MATHEW & physiocratic economists predicted that
mankind would outgrow its available resources. since a finite
amount of land was incapable of supporting an endlessly
increasing population.
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WORLD POPULATION TRENDS
At the beginning of the Christian era
nearly 2,000years ago world population
was estimated to be around 250 million
.It required all the human history up to
the year 1800 for the world population to
reach one billion
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 About three fourths of the world’s population lives in
the developing countries. Although in terms of
population U SA ranks third in the world after India
,there is a yawning gap of 146million between the
population of these two countries .The united nations
had estimated that world’s population grew at an
annual rate of 1.4% during 1990-2000,china registered
a much lower annual growth rate of population during
1990-2000,as compared to India. In fact the growth rate
of china is now very much comparable to that of USA.
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BIRTH & DEATH RATE
The world’s birth rate fell below 30 for the first time
around 1975 and had declined to about 22 during
2002.In most of the world the decline reflected falling
birth rate and a global trend toward smaller families.
The outstanding e.gs are Singapore and Thailand.
In Singapore in 32 years the birth rate fell from 23 per
thousand in 1970 to 10 in 2002;and in Thailand from
37 to 18 during the same period.
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In all these countries ,key factors in fertility decline
included changes in Government attitude
towards growth. The spread of education.
increased availability of contraception and the
extension of service offered through family
planning programmes .As well as the marked
change in marriage patterns.
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GROWTH RATES
When the crude death rate is subtracted from
the crude birth rate, the net residual is the
current growth rate
 The world population growth rate was at a
near its peak, around 1970,when the human
population from by an estimated 1.92%
The most recent date show a slight decline since
then to 1,4%in 2000
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Approximately 95% of this growth is occurring in
the developing countries
Currently one third of the world's population is
under the age 15 and will soon enter the
reproductive bracket, giving more potential for
population growth
The UNFPA estimates that world population is
most likely to reach 10 billion people by 2050 and
20.7 billion a century later
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
India’s population has been steadily increasing since 1921.the
year 1921 is called the ”big divide” because the absolute no.
of people added to the population during each decade has
been on the increase since 1921
India’s population is currently increasing at the rate of 16
million each year
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AGE PYRAMIDS
The age structure of a population is represented as ‘age
pyramid’. A vivid contrast may be seen in the age
distribution of men and women in India & in
Switzerland
The age pyramid of India is typical under developed
countries with a broad base and a tapering top. In the
developed countries as in Switzerland, the pyramid
generally shows a bulge in the middle and has a
narrower base.
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SEX RATIO
Sex ratios is defined as “the no. of females per
1000males”
 One of the basic demographic characteristics of the
population is the sex composition . In any study of
population analysis of the sex composition plays a
vital role. The sex composition of the population is
affected by the differentials in mortality conditions of
males and females ,sex selective migration and sex
ratio at birth.

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The sex ratio in India has been generally
adverse to women i.e. the no. of women per
1,000 men has generally been less than 1,000.
apart from being adverse to women, the sex
ratio has also declined over the decades.
 Kerala has a sex ratio of 1,058 females per 1,000
males in 2001.it is the only state with a sex ratio
favorable to females

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DEPENDENCY RATIO
•
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The proportion of persons above 65 years of age
and children below 15 years of age are considered to
be dependent on the economically productive age
group 15-64yrs,the ratio of the combined age groups
0-14yrs plus 65 yrs and above to the 15-65yr group is
referred to as the total dependency ratio.
It is also referred to as the societal dependency ratio
and reflects the need for a society to provide to their
younger and older population groups.
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The dependency ratio can be subdivided
into
young age dependency 0-14yr and the old age
dependency ratio 65yrs and more.
These ratios are relatively crude ,since they do
not take into consideration elderly or young
persons who are employed or working age
persons who are unemployed
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FAMILY SIZE
While in common parlance ,family size refers to the
total no. of persons in a family in demography, family
size means the total no. of children a woman has
borne at a point in time
The completed family size indicates the total no. of
children borne by a woman ,which is generally
assumed to be between 15 and 45yrs
The total fertility rate gives the approximate
magnitude of completed family size
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The family size depends upon :
a)
Duration of marriage
b)
Education of the couple
c)
The no. of live births and living children
d)
Preference to male children
e)
Desired family size
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The family planning programmers campaign is
currently based on the theme of a two-child norm,
with a view to reach the long term demographic goal
of NRR=1
Family planning involves both decision regarding the
desired family size and the effective limitation of
fertility once that size has been reached
The size decreases in family size does not appear to
be due to any reduction in fertility, rather it appears
to be due to the result of deliberate family planning
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LITERACY AND EDUCATION
 In 1948,the declaration of human rights stated
that
everyone has right to education
 Education is a cervical element in economic and social
development, without education ,development can neither
be broad based on sustained
 Spread of literacy is generally associated with modernization
urbanization, industrialization, communication and
commerce. It forms an important input in the overall
development of individuals enabling them to comprehend
this social political and cultural environment better and
respond to its appropriately
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LIFE EXPECTANCY
Life expectancy or expectation of life at a given
age is the average no. of years which a person of
that age may expect to live according to the
mortality pattern prevalent in that country
Demographers consider it as one of the best
indicates of a country’s level of development and
of the overall health status of its population
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Trends in life expectancy show that people are
living longer and they have a right to a long life
in good health, rather than one of pain and
disability
Health policy makers thus need to recognize
this changing demographic pattern and plan for
prevention and control of diseases associated
with old age.
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FERTILITY
Fertility is meant the actual bearing of children,
some demographers prefer to use the word
natality in place of fertility
Fertility depends upon several factors. the higher
fertility in India is attributed to universality of
marriage, lower age at marriage, low level of
literacy, poor level of living ,limited use of
contraceptives and traditional ways of life
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 Some of the factors are:
1 Age at marriage
The age at which a female marries and enters the reproductive
period of life has great impact on her fertility. The Registrar
General of India collected data on fertility on a scale and
found that females who marry before the age of 18 gave
birth to a larger no. of children than those who married
after. In India some demographers have estimated that if
marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20-21,the
no. of births would decrease by 20-30%
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2) Duration of married life
Studies indicate that 10-25% of all births occur within
1-5 years of married life,50-55% of all births within
5-15 years of married life. Births after 25 years of
married life are very few. This suggests that family
planning efforts should be concentrated in the first
few years of married life in order to achieve tangible
results
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3) Spacing of children
Studies have shown that when all births are postponed by one year in
each group, there was a decline in total fertility it follows that
spacing of children may have a significant impact on the general
reduction in the fertility rates.
4) Education
There is a inverse association between fertility and educational status
.the national family health survey 2 shows that fertility rate is 1.5
children higher for illiterate women than for women with a least a
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high school education
5) Economic status
Operational research studies support the hypothesis that
economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility,
the total no. of children born declines with an increase in
per capita expenditure of the household. the world
population conference at Bucharest in fact stressed that
economic development is the best contraceptive .It will
take care of population growth and bring about reductions
in fertility
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6) Caste and religion
Muslims have a higher fertility than Hindus. The national family health survey 2
reported a total fertility rate of 3.59 among Muslims as compared to 2.78 among
Hindus. The total fertility rate among Christians was found to be 2.44,among
lower castes seem to have a higher fertility than the higher castes
7) Nutrition
There appears to be some relationship between nutritional status and fertility
levels. Virtually all well fed societies have low fertility and poorly fed societies
high fertility. The effect nutrition on fertility is largely indirect
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8) Family planning
Family planning is another important factor in fertility
reduction. In a no. of developing countries , family
planning has been a key factor in declining fertility.
Family planning programme can be initiated rapidly
and require only limited resources as compared to
other factors
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9) Other factors
Fertility is affected by a no. of physical, biological, social and
cultural factors, such as place of women in society value of
children in society, widow remarriage, breast feeding,
customs and beliefs, industrialization and urbanization
better health conditions, housing, opportunities for women
and local community involvement. Attention to these
factors requires long term programmes and vast sums of
money.
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FERTILITY TRENDS
Researchers indicate that the level of fertility in
India is beginning to decline. The crude birth
rate which was about 49 per thousand
population during 1901-2011 has declined to a
about 31.3 per thousand population in 1991and
25 per thousand population in 2002.
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FAMILY PLANNING
There are several definitions of family planning, an
expert committee in 1971 of the WHO defined family
planning as “a way of thinking and living that is
adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge,
attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and
couples”.
Another expert committee defined and described
family planning as follows “family planning refers to
practices that help individuals or couples to attain
certain objectives:
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a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
To avoid unwanted births
To bring about wanted births
To regulate the intervals between pregnancies
To control the time at which births occur in
relation to the ages of the parent
To determine the no. of children in the
family
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BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
The world conference of international women’s year
in 1975 also declared ”the right of women to decide
freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of
their children and to have access to the information
and means to enable them to exercise at right”.
Thus during the past few years, family planning has
emerged from whispers in private quarters to the
focus of international concern as a basic human right
and a component if family health and social welfare.
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SCOPE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
A WHO expert committee has stated that family planning includes in
the purview
1.
The proper spacing and limitation for births
2.
Advice on sterility
3.
Education for parent hood
4.
Sex education
5.
Screening foe pathological conditions related to the reproductive
system
6.
Genetic counseling
7.
Premarital consultation and examination
8.
Carrying out pregnancy tests
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Marriage counseling
10. The preparation of couples for the arrival of
their first child
11. Providing adoption services
These activities vary from country
according to national objectives and polices with
regard to family planning this is the modern
concept of family planning.
9.
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HEALTH ASPECTS OF FAMILY
PLANNING
Family planning and health have a two way relationship. The
principle planning health outcomes of family planning
were listed and discussed by a who scientific group on
health aspects of family planning
these can be summarized under
• Women’s health: maternal mortality of women of child
bearing age nutritional status, preventable complications of
pregnancy and abortion.
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Fetal health: fetal mortality, abnormal
development
• Infant and child health: neonatal, infant and
preschool mortality health of the infant
•
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THE WELFARE CONCEPT
 Family planning is associated with numerous
misconceptions one of them is its strong association in the
minds of people with sterilization. Other equate it with birth
control. The recognition of its welfare concept came only a
decade and half after its inception. When it was named
Family welfare programme
The concept is very comprehensive and is basically
related to quality of life. The family welfare programme aims
at achieving a higher end that is to improve the quality of
life of the people
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NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000
In April 1976 India formed its first- “ national
population policy”. It called for an increase in the
legal minimum age of marriage from 15 to 18 for
females and from 18 to 21 for males. However, for
most part, the 1976 statement become irrelevant and
the policy was modified in 1971. New policy
statement reiterated the importance of small family
norm without compulsion and changed the
programme title to ‘family welfare programme’
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“national population policy 2000” is the latest in this
series it reaffirms the commitment of the government
towards target free approach in administering family
planning services. It gives informed choice of the
people to voluntarily avail the reproductive health
care services
The new NPP 2000 deals with women
education, empowering women for improved health
and nutrition, child survival and health, adolescent’s
health
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CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
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The preventive methods to help women to avoid
unwanted pregnancies.
 They include all temporary and permanent
measures to prevent pregnancy resulting from
coitus.
 The success of any contraceptive method depends
not only on its effectiveness in preventing
pregnancy but on the rate of continuation of its
proper use.

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CLASSIFICATION
1)
Spacing methods
a)
Barrier methods
i) physical methods
ii) chemical methods
iii)combined methods
b) Intra
uterine devices
Hormonal methods
Post-conceptional methods
miscellaneous
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2) Terminal methods
i) male sterilization
ii) female sterilization
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BARRIER METHODS
The main advantage is the absence of side effects
associated with the pill and IUD.
 The non contraceptive advantage include some
protection from sexually transmitted diseases, a
reduction in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory
disease and possibly some protection from the
risk of cervical cancer.
 They are less effective if they are used
consistently and carefully.

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PHYSICAL METHODS
Condom
it is most common barrier device used by
males.
In addition to preventing pregnancy, condom
protects both men and women from sexually
transmitted diseases.
Advantages
a) They are easily available
b) Safe and inexpensive
c) Easy to use
d) No side effects
1)
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The main limitation of condom is that many men
do not use them regularly or carefully, even when
the risk of unwanted pregnancy or sexually
transmitted diseases is high.
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2) Diaphragm
is a vaginal barrier. also known as Dutch Cap
It is a shallow cup made up of synthetic rubber or
plastic material.
Advantages
Total absence of risks and medical
contraindications
Disadvantages
Initially a physician or other trained person will be
needed to demonstrate this technique. If this is
left in the vagina for an extended period, there is
a remote possibility of a toxic syndrome.
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3) Vaginal sponge
It is a small polyurethane foam sponge measuring
5cm x2.5cm saturated with the spermicide.The
sponge is less effective .
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Diaphragm
Vaginal ring
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CHEMICAL METHODS
Four categories:
a) Foams : foam tablets, foam aerosols
b) Creams, jellies and pastes
c) Suppositories : inserted manually
d) Soluble films
Drawbacks
a) They have a high risk failure rate
b) They must be used almost immediately before
intercourse
c) They may cause mild burning or irritation.
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INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES
The most widely used IUD devices are copper T20,copper T-200,LNG-20 etc..
Advantages
no complex procedures
Inexpensive
Highest continuation rate
Insertion takes only a few minutes
Once inserted it takes long as required
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Disadvantages
Absolute
a) Suspected pregnancy
b) Pelvic inflammatory disease
c) Vaginal bleeding
d) Cancer of cervix, uterus
Relative
a)Anaemia
b)Unmotivated person
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Side effects and complications
1) Bleeding
2) Pain
3) Pelvic infection
4) Pregnancy
5) Cancer
6) Mortality
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HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Classification:
1) Combined pill
2) Progestogen only pill
3) Once-a-month pill
4) Male pill
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TERMINATION OF PREGNACY
Safe period
Also known as calendar method..
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Drawbacks
1) A woman’s menstrual cycle are not always
regular; so its difficult to predict the safe period.
2) It is only possible for this method to be used by
educated and responsible couples with
motivation
3) This method is not applicable during the post
natal period
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TERMINAL METHODS
Sterilization offers many advantages over other
contraceptive methods
 It is one time method. It does not require
sustained motivations of the user for its
effectiveness.
 The risk of complications is small if the procedure
is performed according to accepted medical
standards
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Male sterilization [vasectomy]
It have no risk of mortality. Following vasectomy
sperm production and hormone output are not
affected.
Female sterilization [tubectomy]
It can be done as interval procedure or at the time
of abortion. Two procedures have become most
common
1) Laparoscopy
2) Minilop operation
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NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME




India launched a nation-wide family planning
programme in 1952,making it the first country in the
world.
In April 1976,the country framed its first “National
population policy". in June 1977 government that
came into power formulated a new population policy.
The family welfare programme in India has come a
long way and holds forth the promise that in the not
very distant future it may be accepted as a way of life
by most people..
The programme now aim at achieving a higher end
and that is, to improve in conjunctions with other
development programmes, the quality of life of the
people.
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