Kingdom: Animals
Domain Eukarya
Domain
Bacteria
AP Biology
Slide show modified from:
Kim Foglia @ www.explorebiology.com
Blue edged slides are Kim’s
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukarya
2007-2008
Common ancestor
Animal Characteristics
 Heterotrophs

must ingest others for nutrients
 Multicellular

complex bodies
 No cell walls

allows active movement
 Sexual reproduction
no alternation of generations
 no haploid gametophyte

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Disagreement about phylogeny of BILATERIA
Protostomia
Images from Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/echinoderm_notes.htm
WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED
IN BILATERIA?
Its larvae are BILATERALLY symmetrical
and develop like deuterostomes!
Animal Evolution
Cnidaria
Porifera
sponges
jellyfish
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Echinoderm
Arthropoda
flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented
worms
insects
spiders
Chordata
starfish
vertebrates
backbone
segmentation
endoskeleton
eucoelom
body cavity
bilateral symmetry
tissues
multicellularity
AP Biology
Ancestral Protist
Invertebrate: Porifera
 Sponges


Diploblastic (two germ layers)
no distinct tissues or organs
 do have specialized cells


no symmetry
sessile (as adults)
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food taken into each
cell by endocytosis
Invertebrate: Cnidaria
 Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral




Diploblastic (two germ layers)
tissues, but no organs
radial symmetry
predators
 tentacles surround
gut opening
 GASTROVASCULAR cavity
 extracellular digestion
 release enzymes
into gut cavity
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Stinging cells of Cnidarians
mouth
tentacles
sensory
cell
stinging
cell
hydra
trigger
stinging cell
with nematocyst
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discharged
nematocyst
undischarged
nematocyst
3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS
ectoderm
mesoderm
FLATWORMS
acoelomate
ROUND WORMS
endoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
pseudocoelomate
SEGMENTED
WORMS
ectoderm
mesoderm
True coelomate
endoderm
Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
 Flatworms









Triploblastic (3 germ layers)
Acoelom
Fluke, tapeworm, Planaria
Some parasitic
bilaterally symmetrical
Have “less than 2” opening digestive system
Flame cells-excretory
Breathe through skin
Open circulation
Tapeworm
absorb
AP Biologythru skin
Planaria
GASTROVASCULAR
CAVITY
Invertebrate: Nematoda
 Roundworms




Triploblastic
Pseudocoelom
bilaterally symmetrical
have both mouth & anus
 well-developed digestive system

many are parasitic
 Hookworm, pinworms


Breathe through skin
Open circulation
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C. elegans
Invertebrate: Annelida
earthworm
Segmented worms








earthworms, leeches
segments are not specialized
bilaterally symmetrical
true coelom
2 opening digestive system
Breathe through skin
CLOSED circulation
NEPHRIDIA- excretory
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fan worm
leech
Invertebrate: Mollusca
Mollusks





clams, snails, octopus
bilaterally symmetrical
soft bodies, many protected by hard shells
true coelom
OPEN circulation (except cephalopods)
AP Biology
Invertebrate: Arthropoda
Spiders, insects, crustaceans
most successful animal phylum
 bilaterally symmetrical
 segmented
 JOINTED APPENDAGES
 EXOSKELETON (chitin + protein)
 OPEN CIRCULATION

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Arthropod groups
arachnids
8 legs, 2 body parts
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
spiders, ticks, scorpions
crustaceans
gills, 2 pairs antennae
Green glands
crab, lobster, barnacles,
shrimp
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insects
6 legs, 3 body parts
Invertebrate: Echinodermata
 Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber





Adults - radially symmetrical
Larva-bilaterally symmetrical
spiny endoskeleton
Water vascular system
OPEN circulation
AP Biology
Invertebrate quick check…
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
 Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus?
 Which phylum is the sponges?
 Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
 Which phylum has jointed appendages & an




exoskeleton?
Which two groups are radially symmetrical?
Which group has no symmetry?
Type of circulation most invertebrates have?
Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC?
AP Biology
PHYLUM = Chordata
CHARACTERISTICS:
NOTOCHORD
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
POST ANAL TAIL
DORSAL NERVE CORD
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
becomes brain
& spinal cord
becomes gills or
Eustachian tube
pharyngeal
pouches
postanal
becomes tail tail
or tailbone
becomes
vertebrae
notochord
SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS:
ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS:
•
•
•
•
Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord
Cranium (skull) to protect brain
Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage
Closed circulatory system
NOTOCHORD
Notochord:
flexible rod
Helps organize developing
cells in embryo
Replaced by spinal cord in
most vertebrates
Becomes the vertebrae
http://www.xenbase.org/xmmr/Marker_pages/notochord/Tor70stg22.jpg
DORSAL NERVE CORD
VENTRAL HEART
Spinal cord forms along dorsal side
Images from:
http://www.nvo.com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20nerve%20cord.jpg
http://www.ekinos.com.ar/horse.jpg
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
Become gills in
some vertebrates
Become back of
throat and inner
ears in humans
http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/subunits/notoc.htm
POST ANAL TAIL
Human Embryo
32 days old
http://www.evcforum.net/RefLib/EvidencesMacroevolution2_files/human_embryo.jpg
Pharyngeal arches
appear during 4th week
Tail disappears at
approximately 8 weeks
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
 Characteristics

body structure
gills
 bony OR cartilaginous skeleton
 Scales, fins
 Lungs/swim bladder

body function
 gills for gas exchange
 two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
 ectotherms

reproduction
 external fertilization
 external development in
AP Biology
aquatic egg
body
Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Humerus
Femur
Pelvis
Tibia
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
Lobe-finned fish
Fibula
Pelvis
Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula
AP Biology
Early amphibian
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
Evidence suggests
lobe finned fish are
ancestors
of amphibians
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg
TIK-TAALIK
Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods
 Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers
 Earliest fish with a neck
 Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004
350 mya
frogs
salamanders
toads
Vertebrates: Amphibian
 Characteristics

lung
body structure
buccal
cavity
 legs (tetrapods)
 Thin, moist skin

body function
glottis
closed
 lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
 three-chambered heart/2 loops
 Ectotherms
 Excrete UREA

reproduction
 external fertilization
 external development in aquatic egg
 metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
AP Biology
250 mya
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
Vertebrates: Reptiles
 Characteristics
 Dry, scaly skin

body function





lungs for gas exchange
three-chambered heart/2 loops (except crocodilians)
ectotherms
excrete URIC ACID
reproduction
 INTERNAL fertilization
 external development- AMNIOTIC egg
leathery embryo
shell
amnio
chorion
AP Biology
allantois
yolk sac
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT
AMNIOTIC EGGreptiles didn’t have to return to water to lay eggs
amnion -bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals,
which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
Vertebrates: Birds
 Characteristics

body structure
 feathers & wings
 thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton

body function





very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart/2 loops
endotherms
excrete URIC ACID
reproduction
trachea
lung
anterior
air sacs
 INTERNAL fertilization
 external development in AMNIOTIC egg
posterior
air sacs
AP Biology
220 mya / 65 mya
Vertebrates: Mammals
 Characteristics

mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
body structure
 hair
 specialized teeth

body function
muscles
contract
 lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
 four-chambered heart/2 loops
 endotherms

reproduction
 internal fertilization
 internal development in uterus
 nourishment through placenta
 birth live young
 mammary glands make milk
AP Biology
diaphragm
contracts
Vertebrates: Mammals
 Sub-groups

monotremes
 egg-laying mammals
 duckbilled platypus, echidna

marsupials
 pouched mammals
 short-lived placenta
 koala, kangaroo, opossum

placental
 true placenta
 shrews, bats, whales, humans
AP Biology
Vertebrate quick check…





Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are
endothermic?
 Why must amphibians live near water?
 What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful?
 What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups
of mammals?
AP Biology