Chapter III
Terrestrial Wireless
Nyoman Suryadipta, ST, CCNA, CCNP
Definition
Terestrial (terrestrial) berarti terkait dengan tanah atau
permukaan tanah (terra, tanah).
(Wikipedia)
Secara umum terestrial wireless mengacu pada sistem
Transmisi nirkabel Gelombang elektromagnetik melalui
jaringan transmisi berbasis darat (land-based
transmitter)
Wireless Terestrial = Wireless MAN (Metro Area
Network)
Global Wireless Standards
WAN
IEEE 802.16
WirelessMAN
IEEE 802.11
WirelessLAN
IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth
MAN
LAN
3GPP, EDGE
(GSM)
HiperMAN &
HiperAccess
ETSI
BRAN
HiperLAN/2
PAN
ETSI BRAN : European Telecommunications Standards Institute – Broadband Radio Access Network
GSC-9, Seoul
IEEE 802 Standard
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
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802.3 : CSMA/CD (Ehernet)
802.4 : Token Bus
802.5 : Token Ring
802.6 : MAN
802.11 : Wireless LAN
802.12 : Gigabit LAN
802.16 : Fixed Broadband Wireless
Access System
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Very high
frequency
Ultra high
frequency
Super high
frequency
VHF
UHF
SHF
8
FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to30–300
aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. Land
MHz
Mobile and Maritime Mobile communications,
10 m – 1 m
amateur radio, weather radio
9
300–3000
MHz
1m–
100 mm
Television broadcasts, microwave ovens, microwave
devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile
phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee,GPS and
two-way radios such as Land
Mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio
10
3–30 GHz
100 mm –
10 mm
radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications,
wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications
satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS,
amateur radio
Fixed Terestrial Wireless
(Fixed Broadband Wireless Access)
• WLL
• BWA
• Radio Link (Backhaul)
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
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Konfigurasi Point to Point atau Point to Multipoint
Frekuensi kerja 3,5 GHz
Kapasitas sistem (Bandwidth)
Base Station
Kapasitas Base Station : Max. 64 x E-1 (Sektorial 180°)
Interface to backhaul : N x E-1
Remote
Kapasitas Remote Station : 64 Kbps s/d 256 Kbps
Interface to user : 1 serial (V.35) & 1 Eth. 10/100 BaseT
Misal : Merk AS 4000 (Serial) dan AS 4020 (IP Based)
BWA (Broadband Wireless Access)
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Misal : Walkair-SIEMENS
Konfigurasi Point to Multipoint
Frekuensi kerja 3,5 GHz dan 10,5 GHz
Kapasitas sistem (Bandwidth)
- Base Station
1 Sektor 1 IF-MUX (Maks. 8 BS-BU) (90°)
Tiap BS-BU menempati kanal 1.75 MHz bandwidth per 1 Carrier:
- 2 * E1 (4 Mbps) net payload
- Max 16 Terminal Stations
Jumlah kanal (carriers) per sector :
- 3.5GHz: Max. 8 carriers per Sector (14 MHz) atau :
16xE1(32 Mbps)
- 10.5GHz: Max. 8 carriers per Sector (14 MHz) atau :
16xE1(32 Mbps)
Kapasitas sistem (Bandwidth)
- Remote
Kapasitas Remote Station : 64 Kbps s/d N x E-1
Maks. Bandwidth : 4 E1/BS-BU
Interface to user : 1 E1, 1 serial (V.35) & 1 Eth. 10/100 BaseT
Alvarion
Aperto
Airspan
Redline
Axxcelera
SR Telecom
Siemens
Telsima
BWA3 Redline
Radio Link
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Frekuensi kerja 8 GHz dan 13 GHz
Konfigurasi Point to Point
Miniwave ODU
15/23/26/38GHz
1E1 2FSK Modulation
2E1 4-FSK Modulation
Single “multiway” connector
Indoor AC or DC supply
G.703, or V.36 Interface
Outdoor passive or active
DC Only
Misal : Nokia (4 x E1, Eth. 10/100 Base-T), Fresnel (4 x E1, Eth. 10/100 Base-T, E3),
Harris Truepoint 5000 (STM-1), Ceragon (STM-1)
Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) Architecture
Base station (AP) serves up to
256 terminals (AT) per sector,
using capacity sharing
methods (multiplex gain)
AP
AP connected to
public network
AT
SME
custome r
AT
AT
SOHO
custome r
Node B
AT
Multidwelling
AT
Residenti al
custome r
ATs access to the core
network at high data
rates with high QoS
Mobile
terminal
AT
HM or WLAN
base station
Other architectures:
- Point-to-Point (PTP)
- Multipoint-to-Multipoint (Mesh)
GSC-9, Seoul
HiperAccess Details (1 of 4)
Network Topology Model
AT
AP
(Access Terminal)
Node B
(Access Point)
AT 1
ca rrier
Node B
- one APT per carrier
- one APC per cell
- several sectors per cell
- several carriers per sector
- overlapping cells (separated
by frequency or polarization)
APT
AT n
Core
Network
APC
Node B
Node B
AT 1
ca rrier
AT m
se ctor
UNI
RNC
APT
AT
APT = Access Point Transceiver
APC = Access Point Con troller
geogra phica l
ce ll
AP
Sector
SNI
Air-Inte rfa ce
HiperAccess Sy stem
Cell with four sectors
UMTS backhauling
(HA AT is co-located with node B, HA AP is connected to RNC)
GSC-9, Seoul
PENGKANALAN PITA 10.5 GHz
10154
fc (DL)
fc (UL)
10161
10185.5
10192.5
kanal 1
2
3
4
5
6
10507.5
10514.5
10521.5
10528.5
10535.5
10542.5
10511
10518
10525
10532
10210
10217
10574
10294
10238
10203
10199.5
10539
8
10549.5
10546
10556.5
10553
10504
8 x 7 MHz (UpLink)
10252
10266
10280
10259
10273
10287
2
3
4
5
6
10581
10595
10609
10623
10637
10616
10630
10644
6 x 14 MHz (UpLink)
10650
GuardBand
6 MHz
10294
10245
10602
10560
10560
10231
10588
10210
10206.5
7
6 x 14 MHz (DownLink)
10224
10567
10560
10196
10178.5
kanal 1
fc (UL)
10189
10171.5
8 x 7 MHz (DownLink)
10210
fc (DL)
10182
10164.5
10154
GuardBand
4 MHz
10175
10157.5
10504
10150
10168
10644
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Link Budget Tools REDLINE
Parameter yang
dimasukkan
Parameter RSSI
yang dilihat
RF Signal Strength
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
Advantages of Fixed Wireless
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High Speed
High Reliability “Five 99999”
Long Range
Rapid Deployment
Low Operating Cost
No Cables to Trench / Maintain
Minimal right of way issues
Weather-proof (below 10 GHz)
The Fixed Wireless Space
• Above 11 GHz
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LMDS Systems
Limited Range (Rain equates to < 5 km)
Although high speed, overall cost of ownership extremely high
 RADIOS ARE EXPENSIVE, MULTIPLE REPEATERS OFTEN
REQUIRED, LICENSED BANDS
• Below 11 GHz
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Licensed-Exempt vs Licensed
Lower Frequency = longer range
1st Gen (Spread Spectrum) vs 2nd Gen (OFDM etc)
WLAN based versus BFW Designed
Common Fixed Wireless Applications
• Backhaul
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Telecom / Carriers
Wireless Internet Service Providers
Mobile Wireless Backhaul
Hotspot
• Public Access
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Multi Tenant Units / Multi Dwelling Units
Small, Medium, Large Enterprises
Residential
• Private Networks
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Schools, Government, Utilities, Hospitals
Manufacturing, Oil Rigs, SCADA
Video Surveillance
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
Common Applications
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
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Common Applications:
Mobility Backhaul
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Common Applications:
Multi Tenant / Multi Dwelling
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Common Applications:
Telephony
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Common Applications
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
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Common Applications: Private Networks:
Schools / Hospitals / Government
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Common Applications:
Oil Rigs
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Radio Propagation
Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves when they are transmitted,
or propagated from one point on the Earth to another, or into various parts of
the atmosphere.
As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are
affected by the phenomena of :
reflection, diffraction, absorption
and scattering.
Radio Propagation
• Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788–
1827), was a French engineer
who contributed significantly
to the establishment of the
theory of wave optics. Fresnel
studied the behaviour of light
both theoretically and
experimentally.
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Fresnel zone: D is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver; r is the
radius of the first Fresnel zone (n=1) at point P. P is d1 away from the transmitter,
and d2 away from the receiver.
The concept of Fresnel zone clearance may be used to
analyze interference by obstacles near the path of a radio beam
The general equation for calculating the Fresnel zone radius at any
point P in between the endpoints of the link
where,
Fn = The Fresnel Zone radius in metres
d1 = The distance of P from one end in metres
d2 = The distance of P from the other end in metres
= The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres
Where
r = radius in metres
D = total distance in kilometres
f = frequency transmitted in gigahertz.
Fresnel Zone
… from buildings
Direct
…and trees
Multipath
… gives rise to multipath and diffractive effects creating inter-symbol interference (ISI) and
severe signal fluctuations….
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Antenna Systems
Omni Directional Antenna System
Type: Mutually Coupled Dual Omni Antennas
Construction: Stacked Dipoles
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Directional / Sectorised Antenna System
Type: Dual Directional Antennas
Construction: Microstrip
Omni Directional Antenna Systems
o Dual Omnis for Monopole Towers
Directional / Sectorised Antenna Systems
o Directional Antenna for wall and side-of-tower mounts
o Sectored Antenna Configurations (constructed from 6 Antenna Systems)
Rain Fade
• Rain fade refers primarily to the absorption of
a microwave radio frequency (RF) signal by
atmospheric rain, snow or ice, and losses are
especially prevalent at frequencies above 11 GHz.
Throughput
Path Profile
BPSK 1/2
QPSK 1/2
QPSK 3/4
16 QAM 1/2
16 QAM 3/4
64 QAM 2/3 64 QAM 3/4
Line of Sight
45.77 km
37.78 km
30.72 km
13.72 km
10.90 km
6.13 km
4.87 km
NLOS Rural
10.18 km
7.29 km
6.38 km
4.00 km
3.50 km
2.51 km
2.19 km
NLOS
Suburban
5.03 km
3.68 km
3.25 km
2.10 km
1.85 km
1.36 km
1.20 km
NLOS Urban
3.25 km
2.46 km
2.20 km
1.50 km
1.34 km
1.01 km
0.91 km
SNR Downlink
4.0 dB
6.5 dB
9.0 dB
12.0 dB
15.5 dB
19.50 dB
21 dB
SNR Uplink
3.0 dB
7.0 dB
9.0 dB
14.0 dB
16.0 dB
19.0 dB
21 dB
RSSI Downlink
-99.0 dB
-96.5 dB
-94.0 dB
-91.0 dB
-83.5 dB
-83.5 dB
-82 dB
RSSI Uplink
-99.0 dB
-95.0 dB
-93.0 dB
-88.0 dB
-83 dB
-83.0 dB
-81 dB
System
Throughput
1.45 Mbps
2.91 Mbps
4.36 Mbps
5.82 Mbps
8.73 Mbps
11.64 Mbps
13 Mbps