BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
Unit 9 ~ Learning Guide
Name: _______________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
9.1 NOTES: CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS
There are approximately _____________________________ recognized by
zoologists.
We are going to spend the remainder of the course looking at the most common animal
phyla. We will start with the simplest phyla and work our way to the most complex.
Below is a list of animals you will learn more about.
Phyla Studied in Biology 11
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
_____________
Sea anemone
______________
Ascaris
Earthworms
10 000
known species
coral
flukes
Calcareous,
glass, coralline,
demosponges
_____________
_____________
______________
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Leeches
_____________
BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
Phyla Studied in Biology 11 Continued
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinoderms
clams, oysters,
mussels
spiders
sea urchin
crab, lobster
sand dollar
insects
sea star
snails,
nudibranchs
chitons
squid, octopus
sea cucumber
How did animals evolve?
Today it is thought that...
The earliest animal probably
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
______________ (700 mya)
Hypothesis: _____________
_______________________
_______________________
and the early animals
populated seas, fresh waters,
and eventually land.
Use the following table to
make comparisons between
phyla as you move through the rest of the course.
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Chorodata
Vertebrates
BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
Characteristics of Animals
Animals are ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________. Animals can be large, have a stable controlled
internal environment and __________________________. Animals
have two unique types of tissues: __________________________
______________ for impulse conduction and _________________
______________for movement (tissue: several cells working
together to do a job; organ: made up of several different tissues).
As we go through this part of the course look for development of
sensory organs and coordination of systems.
What does it mean to be multicellular?






___________________________________________________
usually have different cell types
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ that benefits the whole animal
cells work together by forming tissues ______________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ (group
of different types of cells working together to perform a common function - ex.
heart is formed of muscle and nerve tissue working together).
Having many cells allows ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________. Because of cell
specialization the animal can be large. They can also move. This size allow
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
stabilization of the animal's internal environment and relative independence from
a harsh environment.
What does it mean to be heterotrophic?
Heterotrophs must ingest other
organisms or organic material that is
decomposing.
Heterotrophic
organisms
obtain
organic
molecules by consuming other
living things. This is the opposite of
autotrophic organisms that make their own organic molecule.
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Animal Development
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________ In most species, small flagellated
sperm fertilizes larger non-motile eggs. The zygote goes through mitotic cell divisions
and _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
During gastrulation, ____________________________________________________
______________________ (a small dent). ________________________________
______________________________. The __________________ as the inner layer
and the _______________________ as the outer layer.
After gastrulation there are two patterns of development:
1. __________________________ - the blastopore develops into the.
___________
2. __________________________ - the blastopore develops into the ___________
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
Classifying Animals
Animals, being such a diverse kingdom, are classified into phyla based on a variety of
characteristics. Those characteristics include:
1. ___________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
***THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT: AS YOU LEARN ABOUT THE VARIOUS
PHYLA YOU WILL BE ASKED TO COMPARE THEM BASED ON THE
ABOVE CHARACTERISTICS. ***
Levels of Organization, Body Cavity, and Body Plan
Levels
of
organization
from
simplest
to
most
complex
is
____________________________________________________________________.
Although
many
animals
have
the
highest
level
of
organization,
______________________________________, some are only organized at the
_____________________________.
This
means
that
_____________
____________________________________________. Those that do have tissues
can
be
distinguished
from
those
with
organs
____________________________________________________________________.
If an animal develops with________________________________________________
___________________________________________________. If an organism has
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.
_______________________________________________________. Not all animals
have all ____________________________________________________. There are
three possibilities given below:
1. __________________________________
___________________- body plan is a blind
sac or _________________________. With
this type of body plan food goes in the same
opening waste comes out of. Examples of
acoelomates are Cnidarians (ex. Jellyfish)
and Platyhelminthes (flatworms).
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2. _______________________________________________
________________________________ - body plan is
a __________________________________.
A tube-within-a-tube has a separate
digestive system (inside tube) surrounded by
the body (outside tube). This allows for more
specialization of tissues as different sections
of
the
tube
develop
to
perform
different
roles.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________. An example of a
pseudocoelomates are _____________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________
_________________________ or body cavity
- body plan is a _____________________
__________, but ____________________
__________________________________
__________________. These organisms
often have ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________. Coelomates include
__________________________________, Mollusca (mollusks), Echinodermata
(ex. sea star).
YOU SHOULD COMPLETE THE ORGANIZATION PRACTICE
EXERCISES BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Types of Symmetry and Segmentation
Symmetry describes ___________________________________________________
_________________________. Animals can be asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, or
bilaterally symmetrical.
_________________________________________________________________. No
matter how you slice it both sides will be of a different shape. These animals are often
sessile or non-motile.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________.
These animals can be
compared to round objects
such as bowls, tires, or
wheels. These animals are
often, but not always
sedentary.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
_____________________.
They can only be cut one
way to produce two equal
halves. These animals are ________________________________________________
_________________________________________. The word cephalization comes
from the root word cephalon which _____________________________. Although not
all
animals
with
cephalization
have
a
distinct
head,
they
will
have_________________________________________________________________
______________________. This nervous tissue is found only in animals.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
The ____________________________________________ is referred to as
segmentation. This _________________________________________________
_____________________________ as different segments can specialize for different
roles.
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9.1 PRACTICE: CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS
1. What are the earliest animals hypothesized to have evolved from? (1 mark)
2. What are 4 key characteristics of all animals? ( marks)
3. Define multicellular and explain how it may provide animals with a selective
advantage. (3 marks)
4. Define heterotrophic. (1 mark)
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5. Compare and contrast development in animals that are protostomes and those
that are deuterostome. Your answer should include the terms gastrulation,
blastopore, mouth and anus. (3 marks)
6. Most animals have three germ layers that give rise to all other tissues. What are
these three layers called? (3 marks)
7. Label each diagram below using the terms coelomate, pseudocoelomate, and
acoelomate. (3 marks)
a. _____________
b. _____________
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c. _____________
BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
8. Label each diagram below using the terms asymmetry, radial symmetry, and
bilateral symmetry. (3 marks)
a. _____________
b. _____________
c. _____________
9.2 NOTES: PORIFERA
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE PORIFERA INTRODUCTION
VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Introduction to Phylum Porifera
¨…the
subject
is
actually repulsive in its difficulties''
- Carter (1875) on the study of sponges
Phylum Porifera
The simplicity of this group led to the frustration of scientists such
as
Carter
for
many
years.
Being
_______________________________
and
_______________________________________________
_____________________________ are _____________________
_____________________________________________________.
For these reasons they were often classified as plants. However,
upon examination of their ________________________________
______________________ was determined that ______________
_____________________________________.
The term______________________________________________________________.
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The ¨pore bearers¨ are the sponges and are thought to be one of the oldest multicellular
species. Fossils of sponge spicules have been found in the pre-Cambrian era rock
layers dating to 600 million years ago.
It is the sponges with a spongin skeleton that are dried and used commercially. The
skeleton of these animals was used as a washing sponge before synthetic sponges
became common. They can still sometimes be purchased as a ¨sea sponge¨ for sponge
painting or you may find that the sponge that you have been bathing with is really an
animal. Did you know that the bath sponge actually received its name from the animal
and not the other way around?
There are about 9000 different species of Sponges.
SIZE
Sponges range in size from as small as 0.5 cm tall to as large as 2 meters tall.
HABITAT
mostly warm marine waters ____________________________________
__________________________________________ do exist. Example: Grantia
BODY ORGANIZATION
Sponges have _________________________________________________________
__________________
because
they
have
no
true
mesoderm.
____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________. In addition, they _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
Sponges have many pores on their surface that are both ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
These multicellular sponges ________________________________________.
1. Endoderm – inside skin.
2. Ectoderm – outside skin, protective.
The “middle area” contains ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
___________________________________________________________ in the middle
layer ________________________________________________________________
(hence the name). _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________. They also carry oxygen to other
cells, dispose of waste products, and maintain the structure of the sponge.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
MOVEMENT
The _____________________________________ (moving) and can swim. The
__________________________________________ (non-moving). Adults are attached
to substrate such as rocks.
.
CLASSES OF SPONGES

Demospongea
o _________________________________________

Hexactinellida
o _________________________________________
_________________________________________

Calcerea
o _________________________________________
_________________________________________
Sponge Reefs were thought to be abundant during the Jurassic
period 200 million years ago. These reefs were thought to be
extinct until 4 reefs were found in the early 1990s. Sponge reefs
are restricted to temperate Pacific coastal waters. Such reefs
exist in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound
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Feeding in Sponges
A sponge that is 10cm tall must filter more then 100L of water a day to stay alive!!
In feeding, _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________. The sponge is a _____________
______________________ and ____________________________________________
_______________________________________. The food particles are then either
digested by the collar cell or passed to an amoeboid-like cell for digestion and
circulation.
YOU SHOULD WATCH THE PORIFERA FEEDING
VIDEOS BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Review of Feeding in Porifera (Sponges)





not a true digestive system
_______________________________ – food enters with water
water enters via tiny pores (ostia) = incurrent.
water exits via massive pore (osculum) = excurrent
collar cells (choanocytes) engulf and digest food
Reproduction in Sponges
Both _______________________________________________________ occur in
sponges. ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________. In __________________________, a piece
breaks off and forms a separate animal. In _________________________, the animal
reproduces by growing a second sponge from the side of the parent that eventually
detaches. During sexual reproduction, an egg and sperm combine to form a flagellated
zygote which can swim to a new location.
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM



not a true reproductive system.
Again we see sperm and eggs are specialized cells
Sponges are monoecious meaning a single sponge can make both egg and
sperm.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM




not a true system
____________________________________________________________ (O2
diffuses into and CO2 out of cells)
water enters via tiny pores (ostia) = incurrent
water exits via massive pore (osculum) = excurrent
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM


not a true system
specialized cells = ___________________________ to other cells in the sponge.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM




not a true system
specialized cells = ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Water enter via ostia = incurrent.
Water exits via osculum = excurrent.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 NONE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 NONE
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
 NONE
Economic Importance of Porifera
Sponges are used for____________________
(spicules of spongin). They have the ability to
hold large amounts of water. Sponges have
now been replaced with synthetic materials for
cleaning.
Natural sponges are still harvested from the
Gulf of Mexico. _________________________
_____________________________________
9.2 PRACTICE: PORIFERA
1. Despite being simple animals, Porifera can be quite complex to understand as
they tend to lack some of the characteristics often associated with animals.
a. What two characteristics do they lack that make Porifera an unusual
animal? (2 marks)
b. What 2 main characteristics were observed to help classify Porifera as
animals? (2 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
2. While Porifera have specialized cells, they lack any sort of _________________
(group of similar cells working together to perform a common function) or true
body plan. (1 mark)
3. Porifera have several specialized cell types including:
a. ________________________ which are mobile cells that help distribute
nutrients throughout the sponge. (1 mark)
b. ________________________ which help provide structure and are used
to help classify Porifera. (1 mark)
c. ________________________ (also known as choanocytes) which have
flagella and create currents to help in filter-feeding and waste removal. (1
mark)
4. The larvae stage of Porifera is ______________________ (moving) while the
adult stage is ________________________ (non-moving). (2 marks)
5. Water enters the Porifera via its _____________________ and exits via its
____________________. (2 marks)
6. Identify and describe three different ways that Porifera can reproduce. (3 marks)
7. Porifera are said to be __________________________ as a single specimen is
capable of producing both egg and sperm. (1 mark)
8. Porifera _______________ a true respiratory system, rather they simply
exchange gasses directly between their cells and the water via
___________________________. (2 marks)
9. Porifera _______________ a true circulatory system, rather they rely on
________________________ cells to distribute nutrients to their cells. (1 mark)
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10. Porifera _______________ a true excretory system, rather their cells
______________________ release waste into the water or they rely on
________________________ cells to help collect and remove waste. (3 marks)
11. Porifera do not have any form of a ____________________ system,
____________________ system or a _______________________ system. (3
marks)
12. Identify three characteristics of the Phylum Porifera that give them a selective
advantage (i.e., characteristics that have helped them survive the 600 million
plus years that they have inhabited the Earth). Explain how these characteristics
may have helped their survival. (6 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
9.3 NOTES: CNIDARIA
Introduction to Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria includes animals such as____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
Cnidae refers to the creatures’ _______________________________ and they are
commonly called ¨sea nettles¨. Nettles are a stinging plant.
Cnidarians
are
further
up
the
“evolution
ladder”
meaning
______________________________________________________________(sponges)
There is estimated to be approximately 10 000 species of Cnidarians.
The habitat for most cnidarians is__________________________ (marine = salt water)
but some species live in _________________________.
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________.
The
medusa form (bell-shaped) __________________ (moving)
while the ___________________________________________
________________ (non-moving). Some cnidarians exist in
both forms throughout their life cycle showing an
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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The size of cnidarians ranges from as small as a 0.5 cm tall bell up to a 2.4 m diameter
with tentacles ranging upwards of 50 meters.
FACT: Cnidarians have a single external opening that serves as both the mouth and the
anus!
Characteristics of Cnidarians
Cnidarians are a _____________________________________ animal. They can be
__________________________________ and some species will have life cycle stages
of both polyp and medusa.
They have an _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________. These ____________________________
lead to a tissue level of organization. __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________. The
gastrodermis surrounds the center of the body which is called the
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________. That is, food enters the same opening that
waste is excreted through. Tentacles are arranged to surround the mouth.
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ are examples of polyps. The difference
being that corals have a calcium carbonate skeleton while sea anemones
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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Stinging Cells
For capturing prey and for defense
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
which contains a coiled hollow thread.
These nematocysts are triggered to
discharge by direct contact or other
external stimulus. The thread will uncoil
when the cnidarian is touched and spear
the prey or predator. The spines help
anchor the stinging thread into the prey.
In some species these threads _____________________________________________
____________________________________________. This is why handling jellyfish
can cause the skin to numb or in more severe cases cause muscle paralysis and heart
failure. In some areas of the globe large numbers of jellyfish cause beach closures. The
sting of a Box jellyfish may cause death in as little as 3 to 20 minutes.
CLASSES OF CNIDARIA
There are 4 classes of Cnidaria
 Class Hydrozoa
o Example: _________________________________________

Class Scyphozoa
o Example:_________________________________________

Class Cubuzoa
o Example:_________________________________________

Class Anthozoa
o Example:_________________________________________
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Class Hydrozoa
This class of cnidarian includes approximately 3,700
species. Most live in colonial organizations in the oceans.
Example: Physalia - ______________________________
________________________________________. Its gas
filled float keeps the colony at the surface of ocean.
Tentacles can be up to 20m long and the nematocysts
poison can be fatal
More on the Hydra
As previously stated, ___________________________________________________
__________________________ in most lakes and ponds. _______________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________ During development the endoderm and
ectoderm produce different tissues. ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________. Tentacles are used for prey capture and are
controlled by muscle fibers and a ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Hydra _________________________________________________ by producing testis
or ovaries in the body wall, but do not enter a life cycle with a medusa. Instead, the
sperm
and
egg
will
combine
and
grow
to
form
a
polyp.
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
YOU SHOULD COMPLETE THE LABEL THE HYDRA ACTIVITY
BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!
Class Scyphozoa
This class of Cnidarians are referred to as "cup" animals. This
shape describes the ___________________ form. There are
more than 200 species known commonly as jellyfish. They can
have
tentacles
up
to
7m
long.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

Life Cycle of a Jelly Fish
To reproduce the _______________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
___________________________. A zygote is
formed followed by a blastula which leads to a
planula (ciliated larva) and finally a new polyp.
Class Anthozoa
The term Anthozoa means __________________________________. There are
approximately 6,100 marine species.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014

Examples are: ____________________________________________________.
___________________________________________________. When they die
their hardened skeletons remain and over time build up into ________________
_____________________. Coral reefs are restricted within 30 degrees north or
south of the equator as they require sunlight. Corals get the majority of their food
energy from photosynthetic algae.
Some sea anemones have a symbiotic relationship with clown fish
Phylum Cnetophora
There are approximately 100 species of Ctenophora. The
term
_____________________
refers
to
the
_____________________________________________
______________________________________________
that run along the outside. Unlike jelly fish ___________
_____________________________________________.
They are the largest organism to move this way.
Ctenophora resemble jellyfish and are called _________
______________. Comb jellies have _______________________________________.
They_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
Colloblasts
are
normally
located
on
2
tentacles.
They
also
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________. The most striking of these species
are bio-luminescent so can produce light.
Cnidaria Body Systems
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 not a true system.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014




Food enters __________________________________________ mouth.
___________________________________ (enzymes secreted into cavity).
Cells lining the cavity absorb digested nutrient and smaller food particles.
The relationship between structure and function is clearly seen in the way
cnidarians feed. The tentacles capture small animals with their nematocysts and
paralyze them by injecting poison. The tentacles then push the prey into their
gastrovascular cavity through the mouth. Once in the mouth enzymes found here
break up the prey and the cells lining the cavity absorb the nutrients.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 not a true system.
 nutrients and gasses _____________________ directly across the thin cell
layers
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 not a true system.
 Gas exchange directly between cells and water by __________________ (O2
diffuses into and CO2 out of cells) both across epidermis and gastrovascular
tissues.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
 not a true system.
 Waste diffuses from cells into gastrovascular cavity and is then released through
the mouth.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 NONE.
 No muscle cells but some cells can contract and relax (e.g. in the tentacles).
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 NONE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 a basic system.
 A ______________________________________ that react to presence of food
and danger for the purposes of feeding and protection.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Many cnidarians alternate between _______________________________
________________ forms in their life cycle. _____________________________
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014

_______________________________________________________________.
9.3 PRACTICE: CNIDARIA
1. Phylum Cnidaria derives its name from cnidae which refers to this phylum's
characteristic ____________________ cells. (1mark)
2. Correctly label each diagram below using the terms polyp, medusa, sessile and
motile. (4 marks)
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
d. _____________________
3. Cnidaria have ____________________________ symmetry. (1 mark)
4. Cnidaria have ______ germ layers and specialized cells that form true
_________________________. (2 marks)
5. The stinging cell of a Cnidaria is called a ____________________ which
contains a special capsule called a ________________________ which can be
discharged in response to stimuli. (2 marks)
6. The Hydrozoan class of Cnidaria include Hydra's whose adult form is a sessile
_____________________.
The hydra is capable of reproducing both
______________________ and _________________________. (3 marks)
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7. Label the diagram below with the following terms. Please provide a brief
explanation the function of each structure. Please be neat. (12 marks)
o nerve net
o gastrodermis
o gastrovascular cavity
o tentacles
o mesoglea
o epidermis
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8. Jelly
fish
belong
to
Phylum
___________________. (2 marks)
__________________,
9. ____________________
and
corals
belong
to
__________________,
Class
____________________
____________________________. (4 marks)
the
which
Class
Phylum
means
10. Comb
jellies
belong
to
the
Phylum
_______________,
Class
_________________ and move through the water by beating their
_________________________. (3 marks)
11. While Cnidarians lack a true digestive system they do have a single opening that
serves as both ______________ and ________________ for entry of food and
exit of waste. As well their _____________________________________ allows
for extracellular digestion of food followed by its absorption into cells across the
_________________________________. (4 marks)
12. Cnidarians also lack a true circulatory system which is not required as nutrients
can simply ______________________ directly across their thin cell layers via the
gastrodermis. (1 mark)
13. Cnidarians also lack a true respiratory system which is not required as gasses
can simply ______________________ directly across their thin cell layers via the
gastrodermis and epidermis. (1 mark)
14. Cnidarians also lack a true excretory system which is not required as wastes
diffuse
directly
across
the
gastrodermis
into
the
__________________________________________________ before exiting the
"mouth". (1 mark)
15. While Cnidarians lack a muscular system they do have some cells that are able
to _______________________ and ______________________ within their
tentacles. (2 marks)
16. Cnidarians have a basic nervous system that includes a ___________________
_____________________________ that allow them to react to the presence of
food and danger. (1 mark)
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17. Many Cnidarians are capable of reproducing both ______________________
and _________________________. (2 marks)
18. Phylum Cnidaria are considered "further up the evolutionary ladder" than
Phylum Porifera in that Cnidarians are more complex.
a. Identify three "evolutionary advances" that Cnidarians have compared to
Porifera and explain how these "advances" may help the Cnidarians to
survive (i.e., provide a selective advantage). (6 marks)
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b. Although Cnidarians may be considered more complex, Porifera have
survived on the Earth longer suggesting that they are well adapted to
survive in their habitat. Identify one characteristic unique to Porifera
compared to Cnidarians that may help them to survive and explain how it
may do so. (2 marks)
~ END OF BIOLOGY 11 UNIT 9 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
UNIT 9 ANSWER KEY
9.1 PRACTICE: CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS
1. What are the earliest animals hypothesized to have evolved from? (1 mark)
-
from a flagellated, colonial protist about 700 million years ago
2. What are 4 key characteristics of all animals? ( marks)
-
multicellular (with most animals being made up of a variety of specialized cells)
-
eukaryotic cells that contain membrane-bound organelles but lack a cell wall
-
motile = can move at some point during life cycle
-
heterotrophic = cannot produce own organic compounds from solar energy, must
eat other living (or once-living) organisms
3. Define multicellular and explain how it may provide animals with a selective advantage. (3
marks)
-
being composed of multiple cells that work together to make a functional whole
-
advantage = various cells can specialize and thus, be very efficient at a
particular task while relying on other cells to perform tasks that they are less
efficient at
4. Define heterotrophic. (1 mark)
-
must consume other living or once-living organisms to obtain organic molecules
and energy (aka consumers)
5. Compare and contrast development in animals that are protostomes and those that are
deuterostome. Your answer should include the terms gastrulation, blastopore, mouth and anus.
(3 marks)
-
both protostomes and deuterostomes form a complete digestive tract that by
definition has two openings…a mouth and an anus
-
protostome = blastopore will develop into mouth
-
deuterostome = blastopore will develop into anus
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
6. Most animals have three germ layers that give rise to all other tissues. What are these three
layers called? (3 marks)
-
ectoderm (outer layer), mesoderm (middle layer) and endoderm (inner layer)
7. Label each diagram below using the terms coelomate, pseudocoelomate, and acoelomate. (3
marks)
a. _____________
b. _____________
c. _____________
8. Label each diagram below using the terms asymmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.
(3 marks)
a. _____________
b. _____________
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c. _____________
BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
9.2 PRACTICE: PORIFERA
1. Despite being simple animals, Porifera can be quite complex to understand as they tend to lack
some of the characteristics often associated with animals.
a. What two characteristics do they lack that make Porifera an unusual animal? (2 marks)
- sessile
-
lack true tissues
b. What 2 main characteristics were observed to help classify Porifera as animals? (2
marks)
-
feeding habits (heterotrophic)
-
pattern of embryo development
2. While Porifera have specialized cells, they lack any sort of _________________ (group of similar
cells working together to perform a common function) or true body plan. (1 mark)
3. Porifera have several specialized cell types including:
a. ________________________ which are mobile cells that help distribute nutrients
throughout the sponge. (1 mark)
b. ________________________ which help provide structure and are used to help classify
Porifera. (1 mark)
c. ________________________ (also known as choanocytes) which have flagella and
create currents to help in filter-feeding and waste removal. (1 mark)
4. The larvae stage of Porifera is ______________________ (moving) while the adult stage is
________________________ (non-moving). (2 marks)
5. Water enters the Porifera via
____________________. (2 marks)
its
_____________________
and
exits
via
its
6. Identify and describe three different ways that Porifera can reproduce. (3 marks)
- asexual…budding
-
asexual…fragmentation
-
sexual
7. Porifera are said to be __________________________ as a single specimen is capable of
producing both egg and sperm. (1 mark)
8. Porifera _______________ a true respiratory system, rather they simply exchange gasses
directly between their cells and the water via ___________________________. (2 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
9. Porifera
_______________
a
true
circulatory
system,
rather
they
________________________ cells to distribute nutrients to their cells. (1 mark)
rely
on
10. Porifera _______________ a true excretory system, rather their cells ______________________
release waste into the water or they rely on ________________________ cells to help collect
and remove waste. (3 marks)
11. Porifera do not have any form of a ____________________ system, ____________________
system or a _______________________ system. (3 marks)
12. Identify three characteristics of the Phylum Porifera that give them a selective advantage (i.e.,
characteristics that have helped them survive the 600 million plus years that they have inhabited
the Earth). Explain how these characteristics may have helped their survival. (6 marks)
-
answers may vary but may include:
o
being able to reproduce in multiple ways…sexually provides greater
diversity and therefore greater chance of surviving natural selection as
a species whereas asexually provides opportunities to continue species
even when populations/mate availability is scarce
o
spicules help to provide protection against predators as they are rough
and difficult to digest
o
even though Porifera lack true tissues they are multicellular with
specialized cells that work together to increase efficiency of life
processes and thus, increase the chance of survival
9.3 PRACTICE: CNIDARIA
19. Phylum Cnidaria derives its name from cnidae which refers to this phylum's characteristic
____________________ cells. (1mark)
20. Correctly label each diagram below using the terms polyp, medusa, sessile and motile. (4 marks)
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
d. _____________________
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
21. Cnidaria have ____________________________ symmetry. (1 mark)
22. Cnidaria
have
______
germ
layers
_________________________. (2 marks)
and
specialized
cells
that
form
true
23. The stinging cell of a Cnidaria is called a ____________________ which contains a special
capsule called a ________________________ which can be discharged in response to stimuli. (2
marks)
24. The Hydrozoan class of Cnidaria include Hydra's whose adult form is a sessile
_____________________.
The
hydra
is
capable
of
reproducing
both
______________________ and _________________________. (3 marks)
25. Label the diagram below with the following terms. Please provide a brief explanation the
function of each structure. Please be neat. (12 marks)
o nerve net
o gastrodermis
o gastrovascular cavity
o tentacles
o mesoglea
o epidermis
Nerve net…detect and
respond to environment
gastrovascular cavity…site of
extracellular digestion of food
mesoglea…jelly-like layer that
helps support hydra
gastrodermis…site
of
gas,
nutrient and waste exchange
tentacles…sting for protection
and capture food
epidermis…protective
outer
layer capable of gas exchange
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
26. Jelly fish belong to Phylum __________________, Class ___________________. (2 marks)
27. ____________________ and corals belong to the Phylum __________________, Class
____________________ which means ____________________________. (4 marks)
28. Comb jellies belong to the Phylum _______________, Class _________________ and move
through the water by beating their _________________________. (3 marks)
29. While Cnidarians lack a true digestive system they do have a single opening that serves as both
______________ and ________________ for entry of food and exit of waste. As well their
_____________________________________ allows for extracellular digestion of food followed
by its absorption into cells across the _________________________________. (4 marks)
30. Cnidarians also lack a true circulatory system which is not required as nutrients can simply
______________________ directly across their thin cell layers via the gastrodermis. (1 mark)
31. Cnidarians also lack a true respiratory system which is not required as gasses can simply
______________________ directly across their thin cell layers via the gastrodermis and
epidermis. (1 mark)
32. Cnidarians also lack a true excretory system which is not required as wastes diffuse directly
across the gastrodermis into the __________________________________________________
before exiting the "mouth". (1 mark)
33. While Cnidarians lack a muscular system they do have some cells that are able to
_______________________ and ______________________ within their tentacles. (2 marks)
34. Cnidarians have a basic nervous system that includes a ___________________
_____________________________ that allow them to react to the presence of food and danger.
(1 mark)
35. Many Cnidarians are capable of reproducing
_________________________. (2 marks)
both
______________________
and
36. Phylum Cnidaria are considered "further up the evolutionary ladder" than Phylum Porifera in that
Cnidarians are more complex.
a. Identify three "evolutionary advances" that Cnidarians have compared to Porifera and
explain how these "advances" may help the Cnidarians to survive (i.e., provide a
selective advantage). (6 marks)
-
Answers may vary but may include:
o
Nerve net that enables cnidarian to detectand respond to environment
including
sensing
and
responding
to
the
presence
of
food
or
danger…being able to feed and protect oneself = greater chance of
survival
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BCLN BIOLOGY 11 – Rev July 2014
o
Presence of stinging cells to neutralize food and to harm predator =
greater chance of survival
o
Gastrovascular cavity allows for efficient extracellular digestion of food
before uptake into cells as compared to the continual flow of food
particles through the central cavity…more efficient nutrient uptake =
greater chance of survival
o
Motility allows species to disperse which can increase survival by
decreasing competition amongst individuals and increasing the various
environments that the species are exposed such that it may find a
better "fit" with respect to natural selection
b. Although Cnidarians may be considered more complex, Porifera have survived on the
Earth longer suggesting that they are well adapted to survive in their habitat. Identify one
characteristic unique to Porifera compared to Cnidarians that may help them to survive
and explain how it may do so. (2 marks)
-
Answers may vary but may include:
o
Porifera have three methods of reproduction (budding, fragmentation
and sexual) whereas cnidarian have two methods of reproduction
(budding and sexual)…the ability to reproduce by fragmentation means
that if a part of the Porifera is accidently broken off or disturbed, the
Porifera is not necessarily destroyed but rather both fragments may
grow and thus, increase the Porifera population
o
the ability to filter feed enables the Porifera to actively draw hundreds
of liters of water with potential food towards itself compared to the
polyp forms of Cnidaria which must passively rely on food to enter its
space before it can capture it
o
regardless, each phylum has, through random mutation and natural
selection, evolved adaptations that enable them to best survive in a
particular niche or niches within their environments
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