Instructor Nancy Carty
Visual Art III Honors
Spring Exam Review 2013
The earliest form of making multiple images took place in the form of
Rubbings.
In China rice paper was laid out over a stone or wood relief image
200 AD – 800 AD until the present
IN England Parchment or thin tissue paper was used
Wax Bars in various colors are rubbed over the surface to produce the image
1300- present in England and various parts of Europe
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The themes of religion and symbolism have played
a profound role in Chinese art for thousands of
years, and since the Song dynasty <em>(9601279)</em>, scholar-gentlemen have utilized many
of these images in their artistic endeavors. The
pieces on display here reflect this type of art, but
were produced during the Qing dynasty
<em>(1644-1911)</em
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These rubbings were done from brass plates which
commemorate the lives of the individuals around
1400 – 1450 in England
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In Europe the artist Albrecht Durer became famous
for his work as an engraver working on both
woodblocks and metal plates
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Durer was responsible for bringing the
accomplishments of the Italian Renaissance to
Northern Europe in the 1500’s
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His emphasis on drawing from observation,
intense realism as well as anatomy and
perspective helped to change the course of art in
Germany.
Artist: Albrecht Durer
Title: Four Horseman of the
Apocalypse
Knight, Devil and Death
Date : 1513
Engraving
Northern Renaissance - Germany
This image relies heavily on
the medieval use of symbolism
The Knight represents a
Christian soldier marching into
A battle with evil
The middle class in Germany
Could afford to buy prints
And they had the advantage of
Being portable
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Engraving can be done on both wood and metal surfaces.
In both instance a stylus or needle like drawing tool is used
to scratch lines in the surface of the plate. Once the image is
drawn on the surface, ink
is wiped into the lines so that the ink stays down in the
Small grooves of the design
The paper is then placed on top of the plate and a press
Is used to force the ink into the paper
This type of printing is also called INTAGLIO as the ink is
located down in the lines of the design.
Another famous engraving by Durer
Depicts St Jerome in his study
‘transcribing Biblical literature
Most of Europe was illiterate
So this image refers to St
Jerome as a Renaissance
Man with references to
His knowledge of Math,
History , Music, and the
World
Northern Renaissance , Germany
The skull represents death
The lion represents courage
Here you see the artist’s mastery of
persective, realism and lighting with
incredible detail.
Knowledge from Italy and the Italian
Renaissance displayed here
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The Baroque took place in the second half of the
17th century- 1630-1700 in most of Europe. Catholic
France , Italy , Spain and Flanders led the way in
New dramatic , bold dynamic imagery, Stong
dramatic lighting was key and the focus was on
dramtatizing an event.
France favored a more calm classical style ( George
de la Tour and the roots of the Baroque began in
Italy under the master of Carravaggio.
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Carravaggio – the founder of this style
The Calling of St Mathew
Oil on Canvas
Early 1600’s
Note the dark
Dramatic
Lighting, Dark
Background
Focus on Emotion
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George de La Tour
Mary Madeline
Pregnant /Religious
Note the dramatic
Lighting of the candle
Symbolism of
The skull ( vanitas)
How death is around
The corner
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Artist Claude Lorraine-Style set by the French
Academy- under the direction of Louis XVI
Focus on a calm serene almost
Imaginary landscape
Homage to older
Classical themes of
Ancient Greece
Biblical Themes
The artist did not
Enjoy painting figures
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The Prodigal Son Changes Clothes (L'Enfant prodigue
change de vêtements) Religion and Classical Style
Artist :Abraham Bosse (French, Tours 1602–1676 Paris)
Publisher: Published by Jean I Leblond (French, died Paris,
1666 ) Date: ca. 1636 Medium: Etching Dimensions: sheet:
10 3/16 x 12 13/16 in. (25.8 x 32.5 cm)
Artist Abraham
Bosse
French Baroque
Influence of
Classical Style
Religious Subject’
Matter
The Prodigal Son
Changes Clothes
The Protestant Reformation emphasized the word of
God without decorum so the churches in Holland
were without major adorment, Artists no longer had
The patron of the church so they were forces to create
Works of art in demand by a rising middle class who
Wanted to purchase art – The schools of Landscape,
Still Life and Portraiture were now born, Religious
subject matter was still very important and many
artists used printmaking as way to allow more
patrons to buy art affordable, Prints were also more
portable .
Rembrandt Van Rijn is one of the
Most famous Dutch Baroque artists
And was a very famous painter
And printmaker
He was able to provide a sizable
Income working with portraiture
The Protestant Reformation had
Forced many artists to seek work
Beyond the church
A rising middle class that could afford
Art gave rise to the traditions of
Landscape, still life and portraiture
The portrait on the left reveals a youthful Rembrandt and his choice
To use the two gold chains points to his wealth and status as a
Painter. What does the portrait on the right say about his life?
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Rembrandt was also a masterful printmaker and
his clients could well afford a print
He created many prints using the Bible as a literary
source of inspiration
He also chose to create a version of St Jerome
In the Wilderness and depicts the theme of a lion
as a symbol of courage and faith in
St. Jerome’s trust in God
This image is an engraving created on metal
plates. Rembrandt was a master of light and
shadow and movement in his prints.
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This etching, created by
Rembrandt is perhaps
the best self portrait of
all time.
This man looks very
surprised, as if he had
just been caught doing
something he didn’t
necessarily want others
to know about. The
etching also has a really
great sense of motion. It
looks as the man is in
the middle of lifting up
his head, both his brows
and his mouth seem to
be in the middle of
forming some
expression, but not
quite there yet.
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Rembrandt
1653
Etching
St Jerome in the
Wilderness in
an Italian Landscape
Etching and Drypoint
Etching involves the use of metal
Plates which are covered with a
Soft wax ground
A design is then scratched into
The surface to make the design
The plates are then dropped in
Acid baths to deepen the lines
Into several values
The plate is inked, and run through
A press
This process is called INTAGLIO
How does this theme differ from
that of Durer?
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Both prints use the INTAGLIO printing process
Both are done on metal plates with a stylus
Both artists were able to sell their work to an affluent
middle class in Northern Europe
Both arist’s rely on the use of symbolism
Durer is more focused on scientific realism and spreading
knowledge of technical skills he has gained
Rembrandt is more interested in depicting a spiritual
expression of the Bible
In both cases many people could not read
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The Baroque paintings and sculptures and prints in
Catholic Europe revolved around religious themes
Artists often had patrons associated with the church
or the artistocracy –ruling class
However with the Protestant Reformation in the
North – Holland the rise of a dominant middle class
gave way to Still Life, Landscape and Portrait
painting
Artists in the North had to create their own future as
a result of selling their art work
Religion still plays a dominant theme in the subject
matter.
Nightwatch
1662
Oil Painting on Canvas
Why was this painting so
Controversial ?
What made this painting so successful ?
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Emphasis on dramatic lighting and composition
In the North the artists broke away from the
church as a patron and concentrated on
The development of portraiture, landscape and
still life as a way of earning income
The last group portrait commission that
Rembrandt created was very well received as
each individual felt that they were honored in
the painting by being represented equally
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The Romantic Period in Art History
incorporated some of the following themes
Artists reacted against the strict rules of the
Classical and Neo Classical periods
The new style emphasized individual emotions
and expressions
Romantic artists dealt with themes of social
injustice, and the inhumanities of man in war,
and society
Nature and mysticism is revered
Page 390 Discover Art History
Appointed court painter to King Charles the IV of
Spain
Initially his style was conservative but in 1792
after a severe illness he became DEAF
The dark side of the civil war between Spain and
France left strong impressions on the horrors of
war
His print the Sleep of Reason Produces monsters
speaks to the horrors he experienced
The Sleep of Reason
Fransisco Goya
Etching ( Intaglio)
1794-1799
The theme here addresses the
Nightmares that Goya is having
From experiencing the horrors
Of war
Etching is produced by engraving
On metal plates which are then
Dropped in to acid baths
The shading is called aquatint
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Printmaking was not just one of Goya's principal activities. The subjects
of his celebrated Caprichos were inspired by popular imagery, sayings
and concerns that had never before reached the level of “high” art. In the
Tauromaquia, bullfights became a pretext for upending traditional formal
values, and later, a touchstone for artists from Manet to Picasso. His
Disasters of War stripped any veneer or comfort from the typical heroic
renderings of historical events. His late works plumbed the imagination
beyond rational limit, predicting Symbolism and Surrealism. In many
senses, and more than his paintings, Goya's prints represent the dawn of
modern art.
This print ( etching ( intaglio) with aquatint
Is part of series of the Disasters of War
Created by Goya during the Spanish Civil
War – Above Left
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Realism emerges as the third and last movement in
Art history in the early 19th century ( 1800’s)
A main printmaker named Daumier captured the
attention of his French audiences with the use
Of lithography in the daily newspapers
His work was satirical and in many ways an
alleghory for the political times that he depicted
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Study your notes
Know the five types of printmaking
Know the art history periods and how the period of
art impacts the image
Know the subject matter and what is behind the
imagery
Know your slides, dates, artists,
Study folks.
Rue Transnonain, 1834 Paris
Lithography by Daumier
Daumier
The Third Class Carriage
Oil
Here Daumier depicts’
The reality of everyday
Life as it occurs
Life drawing and the
Depiction of the hardship
Of Life for the lower
Class is evident here
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In Japan , the impact of Japanese woodcuts
had an effect on European art in both
Impressionism and Post Impressionism
The Japanese were wonderful and technical
registration and the art form they produced was
Called Ukiyoe or Pictures of the Floating World
Edo later called Tokyo was the center for this
art form and in general prints were produced
on the themes of everyday life, the theatre, and
changing weather conditions
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One of the most famous Japanese printmakers was
called Hokusai and he was famous for showing nature
and changing weather conditions in everyday life
And the transience of everyday life
Rain Shower on Ohashi Bridge
1857
Color Woodblock Print by
Hiroshige
Note the emphasis on the
Flat shapes with the strong
Negative space
Traditional one point
Perspective is not used on
Japanese Printmaking
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Many artists in the movements of
Impressionism and Post Impressionism
were influenced by the importation of
Japanese prints
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Their simplified forms and strong flattened
shapes against a flat background provided
the inspiration for ABSTRACTION in
Modern Art
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Toulouse L’Autrec was a printmaker who worked in
Paris in the late 1800’s . He was part of the Post
Impressionism movement which emphasized color and
expression of a personal style
His subject matter revolved around the night club
scene in Paris and many of his subjects were women
As L’Autrec was a hunchback his pessimistic view of
women was reflected in unusual lighting and strong
dynamic compositions
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Toulouse L’Autrec worked in the medium of
Lithography which translates as stone
printing, Heavy stones are ground to a
smooth finish . A grease crayon or ink is
used to draw on the surface of the stone. A
chemical solution allows the grease to
absorb into the stone . When the stone is
ready for printing it is kept wet with water,
The oil based ink adheres to the grease
only and not the wet watery areas of the
stone. Artists had a new freedom to draw
their designs directly as a print
Toulouse Lautrec
Moulin Rouge
La Goulue
1891
Paris
Lithography
Poster
The new art form was the poster
And L’Autrec was hired to design
Posters for the Moulin Rouge in
Paris
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Kathe Kollewitz was the wife of a German
doctor during WWI and she was very
affected by the loss of life in WWI
As part of her efforts to draw attention to
the large numbers of widows and
orphans she created a series of
lithography posters and drawings that
increased public awareness of the
problems in Germany at that time
Lithography
As
A
Means to
Increase
Social
Awareness
In
‘Society
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The Pop art movement in the 1960 drew
attention to the focus on mass marketing and
mass consumption by the American Public
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Everyday icons like the Campbell Soup Can
became symbols of American life and society
and hence Andy Warhol used this image as an
icon or symbol of an American ideal
The medium he used was silkcreen which was
used to create all the labels for packaging
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In silkscreen the silk fabric is stretched very tightly over
a frame.
Then a stencil is made on the silk out of paper, or glue
or photo sensitive material
A large flat scraper or squeegee is used to pull the ink
across the holes of the screen and the design is
pushed through the holes on to the paper
Silk screen lends itself to fast commercial work and is
used for advertising ,T SHIRTS, bumper stickers and
other commercial venues
Andy Warhol
Soup Can
1962
Silkcreen
Pop Art
1960’s
Silkscreen
Warhol wanted to
Address the
Over use of
The symbol of
Marilyn Monroe
At the expense of
Her personal life
Mass Exploitation
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Printmaking offers a view of how the role of
artists changed over time with respect to
their intentions to make art
In some cases the opportunity that making
multiple prints provided helped to spread
New public awareness on social issues
Unfortunately the mass markets of
advertising use printmaking to market
goods and services