Course RF100
Wireless CDMA RF
Engineering: Week 1
December, 1998
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Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training
Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues
Monday
•Wireless Industry Intro.
•Modulation Techniques
•Mult. Access Methods
•Wireless system
Architectures
•RF Propagation
•Physics
•Mechanisms
•Models
•Link Budgets
•Margins
•Pred. Tools
•Meas. Tools
Tuesday
•Wireless Antennas
•Intro: Principles
•Families/Types
•Choosing the right
antenna
•Selecting ants.
•Other devices
•Tests/Problems
•Traffic Engineering
•Units, principles
•Traffic tables
•Wireless appls.
Wednesday
Thursday
•Introduction to CDMA
•Spread Sp. Principles
•CDMA’s Codes
•Fwd & Rev Channels
•System Architecture
•Power Control
•Phone Architecture
•Handoff Process
•Ec/Io, Eb/No
•phone’s limitations
•Call Processing
•CDMA Messages
•CDMA Flow Examples
•Critical CDMA Issues
•Interference control
•Managing Soft HO%
•Capacity constraints
•Forward big picture
•Reverse big picture
•Sys Architecture details
•Lucent
•Nortel
•Motorola
Friday
•System Growth Mgt.
•Stopgap measures
•Longterm strategies
•Multiple carriers
•Intercarrier Handoff
•Intro to Optimization
•Perspectives
•Bottom-up: mobile
•Top-down: OMs
•Survey of Tools
•Performance Goals
•Design Implications
Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises
Day 1
•Optimization Overview
•RF100 Fast Review
•General Q&A
•Meet the CDMA
performance indicators
•Signatures of CDMA
transmission problems
•The classic CDMA
death scenario
•Introduction to
Performance Data
•System-side tools and
their implications
December, 1998
Day 2
Day 3
•Intro to Mobile Tools
•Collection Tools
•Grayson, LCC, HP
•PN Scanners
•HP, Grayson,
Berkeley
•Post-processing
•Analyzer, DeskCat
•Drive-test Demo files
•Grayson
•LCC
•Intro to Post-Processing
•Analyzer, DeskCat
•Handsets as test tools
•Drive-Test Demo Lab
•RSAT/Collect 2000!
•Grayson Inspector
•Data Analysis and PostProcessing
•Analyzer, DeskCat
•what events did you
see?
•Identifying root
causes
•Parameter &
configuration changes
Day 4
•Operators’ Corporate
RF Benchmarking
Overview
•PN Scanner Lab
•HP, Grayson,
Berkeley
•Gathering data,
interpreting problems
•Applied Optimization
•common scenarios
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RF100 Chapter 1
Wireless Systems:
How did we get here? What’s it all about?
MTS,
IMTS
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Radio Hasn’t Been Around Long!
Days before radio.....
• 1680 Newton first suggested
concept of spectrum, but for
visible light only
N
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR
S
U
UV XRAY
• 1831 Faraday demonstrated that
light, electricity, and magnetism
are related
• 1864 Maxwell’s Equations:
spectrum includes more than light
• 1890’s First successful demos of
radio transmission
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First Wired Communication: Telegraphy
 Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea
cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and
In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he
patented in 1837.
 Derivatives of Morse’ binary code are still in use today
 The US Congress funded a demonstration line from
Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.
 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming
into use. The railroads soon were using them for train
dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle
Samuel F. B. Morse
time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide
at the peak of his career
 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed
Submarine Cable Installation
news sketch from the 1850’s
December, 1998
Field Telegraphy
during the US Civil War, 1860’s
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Wired Communication for Everyone:
Telephony
 By the 1870’s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for
granted by the public, government, and business.
 In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying
actual voices over wires.
 Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late
1890’s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA
Alexander Graham Bell and his phone
from 1876 demonstration
December, 1998
Telephone Line Installation Crew
1880’s
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Radio Milestones
 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of
existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies
 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio
telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy
 1897: the British fund Marconi’s development of reliable radio
telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM
 1902: Marconi’s successful trans-Atlantic demonstration
 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio
Guglielmo Marconi
 1906: Lee De Forest invents “audion”, triode vacuum tube radio pioneer, 1895
• feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals
MTS,
IMTS
 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I
 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting
 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of
incoming German planes during WW II
 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony MTS, Mobile Telephone System
 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical
 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service
Lee De Forest
 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs vacuum tube inventor
 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems
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Overview of the Radio Spectrum
Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems
AM
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
LORAN
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
Marine
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.4
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur
3
4
5
6
VHF LOW Band
30
40
7
8
9
VHF TV 2-6
50
60
70
10
12
FM
80 90 100
CB
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
30,000,000 i.e., 3x107 Hz
VHF VHF TV 7-13
120 140 160 180 200
240
300 MHz
2.4
3.0 GHz
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz
DCS, PCS
Cellular
UHF
3.0 MHz
3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz
UHF TV 14-69
GPS
0.3
0.4
0.5
0/6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
3
4
5
6
7
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
Broadcasting
December, 1998
8
9
10
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz
30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x1010 Hz
Land-Mobile
Aeronautical Mobile Telephony
Terrestrial Microwave Satellite
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Development of North American Cellular
 In the late 1970’s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission)
allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile
telephony.
 FCC adopted Bell Lab’s AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone System) standard, creating
cellular as we know it today
• The USA was divided into 333 MSAs
(Metropolitan Service Areas) and over
300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas)
 In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz. of “expanded spectrum”
 By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at
least one system operating.
 In the 1990’s, additional technologies were developed for cellular
• TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)
• CDMA (IS-95)
 US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees
(typically $10,000’s) were charged to cover license administrative cost
333 MSAs
300+ RSAs
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North American Cellular Spectrum
Uplink Frequencies
(“Reverse Path”)
824
835
A
Downlink Frequencies
(“Forward Path”)
845
849
B
825
Frequency, MHz
870
A
Paging, ESMR, etc.
846.5
Ownership and
Licensing
890
880
B
869
891.5
Frequencies used by “A” Cellular Operator
Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies
Frequencies used by “B” Cellular Operator
Initial ownership by Wireline companies
 In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted
• “A” licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only
• “B” licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only
• subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation
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Development of North America PCS
 By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously
overloaded and looking for capacity relief
• The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum
around 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephony
known as PCS (Personal Communications
Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services
• allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year
licenses were auctioned to highest bidders
 PCS Licensing and Auction Details
• A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas )
• Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995)
• C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)
• C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996)
• Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology
• About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These
openings will be reauctioned in early 1999
51 MTAs
493 BTAs
PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA
A
D
B
E F
C
15
5
15
5
15
1850
MHz.
December, 1998
5
unlic. unlic.
data voice
1910
MHz.
A
D
B
E F
C
15
5
15
5
15
5
1930
MHz.
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MHz.
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Major PCS Auction Winners
Sprint PCS
CDMA
AT&T Wireless
IS-136
Primeco
CDMA
Western
Wireless
Pacific
Bell
Aerial
OmniPoint
GSM
BellSouth
Powertel
December, 1998
The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies
 Sprint PCS
• Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable
• Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks
• Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets
• CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola
 AT&T Wireless Systems
• Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks
• will combine and integrate service between its new
PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular
800 MHz. properties
• IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment
 Other CDMA Operators
• Primeco: partnership of various operators
• GTE, others
 GSM Operators
• Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE,
Powertel, Pacific Bell
• Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks
 For auction details, check www.fcc.gov
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Progress in Radio Technology Development
Systems, Signals, & Devices
Radio Communication Systems
HFAmateur
VHFLand Mobile
Mobile Telephony30-50MHz
Marine
Military
Microwave
Microwave
Satellite
RADAR Point-to-Point
AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz
VHF-TV Bcst
UHF-TV Bcst
150MHz
450MHz
800MHz
1900MHz
Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK
Devices
Spark Vacuum
Discrete MSI
VLSI,
Tubes
Transistors
LSI ASICS
1910
December, 1998
1920
1930
1940
1950 1960
Time
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1980
1990 2000
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Evolution of Wireless Telephony
Standards, Technologies, & Capacity
Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz
IMTS150MHz
AMPS800MHz
N_AMPS
D-AMPS
CDMA
450MHz
Technology Evolution
Analog
AM, FM
Vacuum Tubes
PCS1900MHz
GSM
CDMA
AMPS, etc
ESMR800MHz
Digital Modulation
Access Strategies
DQPSK
GMSK
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Discrete Transistors
MSI
LSI
VLSI, ASICs
System Capacity Evolution - Users
Dozens
Hundreds
100,000’s
1960
1990
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System
N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola)
D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA)
ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
December, 1998
1,000,000’s
PCS-1900 =
FDMA =
TDMA =
CDMA =
Personal Communication Systems
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
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Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics
Trends in Radio Communications
Technology:
Analog
System
Organization:
Centralized
Digital
Distributed
Cost per Subscriber
System Capacity
System Complexity
Radio Frequencies Used
Time
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End of Section
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