Broadband/Wireless for Peadar
Transmission Theory
• What happens between the time that a signal
begins to propagate down a wire and the time
that it reaches its destination
• Digital Transmission Speed
– “How fast is your internet connection?”
– www.bandwidthplace.com/speedtest
• Bit Rate
– Bits per second
– Number of information bits which can be transferred in
a single second
– Information bit being a 1 or 0
Transmission Theory
• Messaging through closed medium
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Copper wire
• RJ-45 Jacks
• Optical Fibre
– Uses light rather voltage to send 1 & 0
Modems
• Ordinary telephone lines
– Very useful for low-speed data transmission
– Most homes already have a phoneline, thus no need for
IT investment
– Analog transmission
– Computers work with digital transmission
• Modem transforms digital computer signals into
an analog form and back into digital signals
• Internal, External, PCI Card (Laptop)
Modem Standards
• Speed Standards
– V.90 allows modem to receive at 56kbps &
send at 33.6
– V.34 -> 33.6kbps
– V.32 -> 14.4kbps
• Error Correction and Data Compression
Standards
– V.42 allows retransmitting information that
was garbled during transmission
Modem Alternatives
• Speed Problem
– Analog phone line has a max of 33kbps for
transmission
– Higher Speed Connections needed which are
called broadband access services
• Alternatives to Modems
– Broadband
– ISDN, DSL, ADSL, Cable, Satellite etc.
Broadband
Infrastructure
• What is broadband?
– High-speed internet access which allows clients to connect to
the Internet up to 30 times faster than using a dial-up (DSL)
– Any “always on, high speed connection” to the Internet
– Increased business usage of Internet resources
• File sharing
• File downloading and uploading
• Web Surfing
• Broadband Information Web Site
– www.broadband.gov.ie
Broadband
Infrastructure
• Broadband Technologies
– ADSL
– CABLE
– Fixed Wireless Broadband
– Satellite
• Cost
– PC, Modem, Monthly Connection
Cost
How to define
broadband?
• Narrowband
– Up to 2 ISDN at 128k in both directions
• Midband
– Up to 512K download and 256k upload
• Broadband
– Above 512k download and 256k upload
Broadband
Infrastructure
• Contention
– Most broadband access services share a single connection
path between many customers - this is referred to as
contention. A contention ratio of 40:1 means that up to 40
customers are sharing the same connection.
– Low usage -> contention does not pose a problem
– High usage -> the quality of the connection can deteriorate
if many customers use the connection at the same time.
Most of the time, you should be able to connect to 75% 90% of the top speed available at your location
ISDN
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• ISDN is a purely digital system
• ISDN is a dial-up system (not always
“on”)
• Installation and usage dependend on
Telecoms
• ISDN modem needed
• Multiplexing
• Cost of running ISDN
DSL
• Digital Subsriber Line (DSL) Modems
• Entirely digital service offered by
Telecoms
• Faster than ISDN, offering transmission
speeds of 384 kbps to several megabits
per second
• ADSL – Asymmetric DSL
– High downstream speed, lower upstream
speed
– Suitable for www surfing @ home
Why Broadband?
•Fast
Up to 40 times faster than traditional dial-up internet
access.
•Always-On
No dial-up, no time restrictions, no cut-offs.
•Convenient
Access the internet and talk on the telephone at the
same time.
•Entertainment
Experience smooth digital video and CD quality music
•Value
One flat fee per month with no additional internet call
charges
The Knowledge Society
???
While the industrial age was primarily driven by
productivity increases due to greater power (Electric)
Economic progress in the 21st century will be driven
primarily by productivity increases
due to greater knowledge –
the ability to access quickly large amounts of information,
to process it in concert with others
and
to use it to produce and consume more efficiently.
IP TRAFFIC GROWTH
Terabits of IP traffic per year (with a % break-down of that traffic for
the years 1999 and 2005)
Tbps
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
21%
45%
3%
24%
20%
24%
43%
10%
Rich Media &
Streaming
Peer to Peer
Server to Server
1999 2000
2001
2002 2003
2004 2005
Web Pages
Example of Capacity
Requirement
• 2-hour movie with mpeg-1 compression – File Size 2 GB.
• Video-on-demand - download times must be shorter than
the play time.
CONNECTION
Dial-up 14.4 kbps
Dial-up 56.6 kbps
DSL/Cable
Modem at 640
kbps
T1 at 1.5 Mbps
5 Mbps connection
10 Mbps
connection
100 Mbps
connection
DOWNLOAD
TIME
over 14 days, 12
hours
over 3 days, 5
hours
over 6 hours
2 hours, 45
minutes
43 minutes
21 minutes
2 minutes
Download of “The Matrix”
DVD
Broadband Stats
• www.oecd.org (June 2005)
• 137m broadband connections (OECD
countries), up 18m compared to
January 2005
• DSL:60%
• Cable:32%
• Other:8% (Fixed wireless, fibre, LAN)
Source: OECD
Ne Ko
th re
er a
la
De nds
nm
a
Sw Ic e rk
i tz land
er
la
Ca nd
na
Fi da
nl
a
Be nd
lg
No iu m
rw
Sw ay
ed
Un J en
Un i ted apa
i te St n
a
d
Ki te s
ng
d
Fr om
an
c
A
Lu u e
s
x e tr
m ia
b
Au ourg
st
G rali
er a
m
an
y
Ita
Po l y
rtu
ga
Ne
w Spa l
Ze in
al
Hu and
ng
a
Ire ry
la
Cz
e c Po n d
Sl h R l an
ov ep d
ak u
Re bli c
pu
b
Tu lic
rk
M ey
ex
G ic o
re
ec
e
Broadband Penetration
(June 2005)
OECD Broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants, by technology, June 2005
30
DSL
10
Cable
Other
25
20
15
OECD average
5
0
Case Study: Singapore
• Singapore was the first country in the
world to deploy ADSL commercially
when SingTel launched its Magix
service in November 1997
– 2003 Summary Report
• “Intelligent Nation 2015”
– www.in2015.sg
Case Study: SEISS
• Broadband Infrastructure Case
Study:
– SEISS
– South East Information Society
Strategy (Ireland)
South East Regional
Authority Area
SEISS ICT Strategy & Action
Plan
Programme Elements
Integrated Approach to Regional ICT Development
Regional Municipal
Broadband
Fibre Optic Network
Phase 1
Municipal Fibre Optic
Networks
Phase 2
Regional Interconnectivity
Telco Provider
POPs
Typical Municipal Fibre
Optic
Town/City Network
Fas Centre
Institute of Technology
Fas Centre
Govmnt. Dept.
Railway Station
ESAT
School
Local Authority
Industrial Park
Health Board
Industrial Park
Bank
Library Enterprise Centre
School
Tele
Hub
School
Industry
Industry
Eircom Exchange
Hospital
Switched SDH Unit, Waterford
Network Services & Management
Ethernet Connectivity for SMEs
ESBi
Transformer Station
MAN Project
• So, what’s the big deal in getting
there????
• ….and where do we lay the cable?
– Highways
– Water
– Gas
Typical Municipal Fibre
Optic
Town/City Network
MAN – Civil Works
MAN - Traditional
Utility Trenching
• Conventional
Open Cut Dig
MAN
• Conventional Open Cut Dig
MAN
Cable
Installation
Co-Location Build
Internet by Satellite
• Internet -> Location doesn’t matter
– Not for infrastructure
– Rural areas still have a “infrastructural” disadvantage
– Use satelite broadband access to overcome this issue
• 2004 (USA)
– 3.9m homes will have high-speed service via satellite
– 9.6m homes with cable modems
– 7m homes with digital lines (DSL & ADSL)
Internet by Satellite
• Worldwide, data over cable exceeds wireless
delivery of broadband Internet access
• Satellite Access Options
– One way
• Uplink is negotiated through traditional phone modem
• Used mainly for downloading
• Not good for web browsing or online gaming
– Two way
• 2 Mbps uplink & 38 Mbps downlink
Satellite Broadband
Infrastructure
• Costs?
€ 1 = 2.04 SGD
(November 2005)
– Ireland: Once off installation € 125 + €270/quarter
• From €1205 to €6300 (2MB per second)
– Satelite broadband access
• SOHO Bandwidth costs € 49.99 per month for 500 MB
download, € 0.10 per MB thereafter.
USB Satellite Receiver Purchase € 290.00
• Enterprise Hardware Rental € 285.00 per month, Bandwidth
costs € 500.00 per month for 1 GB upload/download, € 0.21
per MB thereafter
M-Commerce & Wireless
Communications
• Introduction
• How is wireless technology used?
• Wireless Applications
• Advantages & Disadvantages
Introduction
• Mobile users connected world-wide (Dataquest)
– 1998: 200m
– 2000: 400m
– 2003: 900m
• Mobile penetration in Europe (Dataquest)
– 1999: 50%
– 2000: 55%
– 2003: 65%
• Mobile connections outline fixed lines (2005)
– Phone land lines -> 1.900.000
– Mobiles
-> 3.800.000
Bluetooth
• Bluethooth
– Cable Nightmare
– Solution?
• Bluetooth
– …open standard for short range voice and data
communication
– …short-range radio connection between devices
– …wireless comunication with a difference
– …name was chosen to hightlight potential of this
technology to unify the telecommunications and computing
industries
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth Device
– Communication via radio transceivers/radio
modules
– Link manager (software) identifies other
Bluetooth devices, creates the link, and
sends/receives data
– 10 meter range, up to 1Mbps transmission rate
– Transmission through physical barriers, like
walls to one or many devices at the same time
– 1500+ difference vendors have agreed to
distribute Bluetooth enabled devices
Bluetooth products
Piconet
Every Bluetooth device can
simultaneously maintain up to
7 connections, but only one
active connection at the time.
These groups (maximum of 8
devices: 1 host and 7 slaves)
are called Piconets
Piconet Connectivity
Bluetooth
• 1994
– Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel hit
upon the idea of bluetooth
• 1998
– Special Interest Group officially launched,
couple of hundred members
• 2000
– SIG has over 2000 signed up members
• http://www.bluetooth.com
Wireless Network Overview
802.11
Wireless LANs
• The Big Thing in local area
networking today
• Gives mobility to users within the
corporate premises
• Not a competitor for the main wired
Ethernet LAN today; extends the
wired LAN’s resources to mobile users
Wireless LAN (WLAN)
Access Point
Large Wired LAN
Ethernet Switch
Access
Point
UTP
Router
Control
Message
Radio
Transmission
Laptop
Mobile Client
Access point controls
wireless stations
(transmission power, etc.)
Server
Internet
Typical 802.11 Wireless
LAN Operation with
Access Points
Ethernet
Switch
802.3 Frame
UTP
802.3 Frame
Client PC
Server
Large Wired LAN
802.11 Frame
Radio
Access Transmission
Point A
Laptop
Access point bridges
the networks (translates
between the 802.11
wireless frame and the
Ethernet 802.3 frame
used within the LAN)
Wireless Access Point and
Wireless PC Card NIC.
Access Point
Wireless
NIC
WLAN
• 802.11b
– 112 meter range
– Up to 11Mbps
• New Version 802.11a
– 90 meter range
– Up to 54Mbps
• 802.11g
– Added Security
802.11 Security
• Automated Drive-By Hacking
– Can read traffic from outside the corporate
walls
– Can also send malicious traffic into the
network
802.11 Security
• No Security by Default
– In older products, the installation default
was to have no security at all
No
Security
No
Security
802.11 Security
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
– Initial flawed security method for 802.11
devices
– All stations share the same encryption key
with the access point
– This key is rarely changed because of the
difficulty of coordinating the many users
sharing it
802.11 Security
• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
– Shared static keys means that a large volume
of traffic is encrypted with the same key
– With so much traffic generated with one
unchanging key, cryptanalysts to crack the
key by collecting data for a few days
– Once the key is cracked, the attacker can
read all messages and send attack messages
into the network without going through a
firewall filter
802.11 Security
• Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP)
– Software that automates the
hacking process is widely
available
• Locate vulnerable access points
by driving around (war driving)
• Collecting traffic and cracking the
key.
Fixed Broadband
Wireless
• Wireless transmission for data
communications
– Antenna on roof of each building
which is connected
– 56 KM range
– Up to 1Gbps (1 billion bits per second)
download
– Up to 512Kbps upload
Wireless Applications
• Education
• Military
• Business
• Entertainment
• Travel
• Other
Wireless Applications
• Education
– Ideal for colleges & schools
– No need to plug & unplug
– Flexibility
– Bluetooth -> Real-time information
exchange
– Costs savings for college
• Installation & maintenance costs
• Installation & maintenance of computer
labs
Wireless Applications
• Business
– Real-time data access in meetings
which can be held anywhere 
– Savings
• Network Installation & Maintenance
– Police Services
– News & Media
– Property Agencies & Car Sales
– Retailing
RFID
• Radio Frequency Identification
• Advanced Barcode (1970s) technology
– ~ €0.50 per chip
• RFID are intelligent bar codes that can
communicate with other devices on the
same network
–
–
–
–
“Contact” or “Line of Sight” is not necessary
Doesn’t need to be scanned physically
Transmits up to 30 meters
Reader can read up to 40 RFID tags per second
RFID
• RFID Components
– TAG
• Chip (up to 128 bites), Radio
Transmitter
– READER
• Reads data from tags
– HOST
• Application’s “nerve centre”
• Uses data received from and sent to RFID for logistics and commercial
management
• Where could RFID be implemented and used?
–
–
–
–
Pay by weight management systems
Tolling System “Eazy Pass” is based on RFID
Inventory Management, Retailing
“Precise and current data – Anytime and anywhere” from
manufacturer til Point-of-Sale destination (Producer to
Customer)
RFID – Case Study
• Metro Group’s “Future Store” – A
platform for future retailing
– www.metrogroup.de
– 3rd biggest European Retailer, 5th worldwide
– 240.000 employees in 30 countries, €56b
Revenue
– Metro Cash&Carry, MediaMarkt
(Electronics), Praktiker (DIY)
RFID – Case Study
– Rheinberg, Germany, Opened April 2003
– RFID system implemented for both “backend” and
“frontend” usage
• PSA (Personal Shopping Assistant) – Touchscreen on shopping
trolley
• “Intelligent System” reacts to customer need
• Intelligent Scales
• Store-wide navigation System
• Information Terminals & “Everywhere Display” (ISW)
• Check-out options
– RFID in shopping trolley: The more in use the more
checkout staff
– RFID on products: Inventory control
• Smart Shelf & Intelligent Store Management
– www.future-store.org
RFID – Case Study
• Benefits
– Optimised inventory control
– Reduced operating costs
– Increased customer satisfaction
– Increased efficiency of Supply Chain
Management. Parties have access to
information via RFID management system
• Manufacturer, Data Warehouse, Distributor
• Fully Automised system
RFID – Case Study
RFID – Case Study
Let’s sit back and watch a movie
1) RFID Innovations
2) The “Future Store”
RFID – Privacy
Concerns
• RFID smartcards usually hold information about product,
however, can be linked to personal information
– Purchase can be linked to client (CC, Loyalty scheme)
– Gillette and Tesco (UK) used spychip technology
• Everyone buying Gillette Mach3 razor blades at Tesco’s Cambridge store
had his or her picture taken. “Picked-up” product triggers hidden
camera at shelf and check-out.
• www.spychips.org
• Video
RFID – The Future
• RFID market valued at US$1.1b by 2007
– Germany and UK will account for around 40% of European
Market
• Smart Fridge
– Scans its content and sends information via Internet to retailer’s
customer “Internet Shopping List”
• RFID Check Out
– Fully automated
– Money is debited from clients account
• Radar Golfballs
– BPS (Ball Positioning System)
– US$250 per set, first shipment in June 2005
• RFID tags in clothes
– Tesco, WalMart, Metro
– 140 pieces/hour (worker) vs 4000-8000 pieces/hour (RFID)
• RFID based passpords containing biometric data
– Currently tested by US Government, introduced by Q4 2005
RFID – The Future
Case Study:
Superquinn
• SuperScan Initiative www.superquinn.ie
– Traditional: Products scanned at check-out, time-wasting
– Now: “Scan as you shop” using hand-held scanner
• Client always gets the total amount of shopping displayed on
scanner
– Take device and scan your superclub loyalty scheme card
– “Scan as you shop” using barcode technology
– Return scanner and take superscan slip, proceed to
checkout and pay
• Products which couldn’t be scanned will be scanned at
checkout manually
Wireless
Applications
• Entertainment
– Event Management
– Lost, stolen, or counterfeited tickets
– Real-time game statistics to PDA or
other wireless devices
– FIFA Worldcup 2006 (Germany)
Wireless Applications
• Travel & Tourism industry
– Wireless global positioning systems
(GPS) & emergency roadside
assistance
– Wireless Internet Access @ airports
(Changi, Copenhagen)
– Airplanes (SIA)
– Hotels (Raffles Singapore)
Wireless Applications
• Travel Case Study
– Connexion by BoeingSM gives you
access to high-speed Internet while in
flight. With Connexion by Boeing, you
can check email, browse the Internet,
corporate Intranet, Inflight News and
other travel services, such as
connection flights etc.
Wireless Applications
Wireless
Applications
• Who is using it?
– BA, Lufthansa
– SIA, SAS, JAL will all connect soon
• Cheap service and high satisfaction rate
– Internet Flight
• US$13 for flights < 3 hours
• US$20 for flights >3 & <6 hours
• US$30 for flights > 6 hours
– Internet Minutes
• US$8 for 30minutes & flights < 3 hours
• US$10 for 30 minutes & flights > 3 hours
• US$0.25 per additional minute
• http://www.connexionbyboeing.com
Wireless Applications
• Other
– Health Care
• Hospitals & Global treatment of diseases and
injuries
• Eliminate the “Expert Problem”
• Emergency Services
• Prescriptions & Pharmacy integration
– Home Usage
• Intelligent Fridge
• Wireless Home Network (SWAP)
• Wireless ISP
• New Business Opportunities
Aussie Hair Products Screensaver &
Wallpaper
• Proctor and Gamble
wanted to promote the
Aussie hair care range
to a youthful audience
by allowing them` to
download a free mobile
wallpaper and screen
saver to their phone
iTV2 Supernatural Launch Reminder
•
Supernatural allowed
iTV2 to promoted it’s
new series on Yahoo!
with SMS enabled
banners to remind
viewers to watch the
show on the launch day.
Orange Catwoman film launch
Citröen test drive
 15 second clip from Citröen
advert
 Get viewers to book a test
drive
 Delivery can be triggered
from Website, inbound text
message or web banner