MIMO MIA!
…or the different faces of MIMO!
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Taking LTE MIMO from
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Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
Agilent LTE Book
www.agilent.com/find/ltebook
www.amazon.com
In print April 16th
The first LTE book dedicated
to design and measurement
30 Authors
460 pages
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Taking LTE MIMO from
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Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
Book overview
Chapter 1 LTE Introduction
Chapter 2 Air Interface Concepts
Chapter 3 Physical Layer
Chapter 4 Upper Layer Signaling
Chapter 5 System Architecture Evolution
Chapter 6 Design and Verification Challenges
Chapter 7 Conformance Test
Chapter 8 Looking Towards 4G: LTE-Advanced
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Basic channel access modes
The Radio
Channel
Transmit
Antennas
Receive
Antennas
SISO
Transmit
Antennas
The Radio
Channel
Receive
Antennas
SIMO
Single Input Single Output
Single Input Multiple Output
(Receive diversity)
MISO
Multiple Input Single Output
(Transmit diversity)
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output
(Multiple data streams)
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MIMO principles
• Transmitting multiple data streams in the same space and
time used to be called interference!
• So how does MIMO work?
1. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial
diversity in the radio channel
2. Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank
(number of simultaneous streams) can be varied
3. The performance can be optimized using precoding
• These three MIMO principles can seem complex to
understand particularly abstract mathematical descriptions
• But we intuitively already know these MIMO principles in the
way they apply to our perception of audio
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through
Audio - Single Stream (Mono)
M
M
SISO
SIMO
MISO
SIMO + MISO
≠ MIMO
Note, the combination of SIMO and MISO further improves
robustness but does not provide any MIMO capacity gain
since there is only one stream of data
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through
Audio - Dual Stream (Stereo)
Interference!
Interference!
Interference!

MIMO!
For MIMO to work:
•
•
•
Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams
Must have spatial separation at both transmit and receive antennas
More transmitters enables beamforming in addition to MIMO
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio
• MIMO Precoding is a pre-emphasis
technique used to improve the separation
of the streams at the receiver due to
unhelpful coupling in the channel
• In audio systems precoding is similar to
stereo “balance”
• If the receiver is not positioned directly
between the speakers the received
streams will be at different levels
• Adjusting the balance at the transmitter
can mitigate the problem
• Balancing requires feedback from the
receiver to the transmitter
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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
Not enough R
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Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio
• The receiver could just amplify the right channel but in the
presence of noise the corrected signal would degrade:
• Precoding the transmission as L, 5R optimizes signal recovery
Solution!

L + NL, 0.2 R + NR
 L + NL, R + 5*NR
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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
L + NL, R + NR
Problem!
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Understanding MIMO Rank adaptation through
Audio
• In good radio conditions an FM stereo receiver will attempt to
decode both the left and right signals (streams)
• When the noise gets too high the receiver switches to mono
and the quality improves although stereo is lost
• This is the audio equivalent of rank adaptation where the
number of streams is reduced under poor conditions
• Transmit matrix encoded FM stereo as L + R, L – R
• Receive (L + R) + N1, (L – R) + N2
• Since N1 and N2 are largely correlated, adding the two
streams (maximum ratio combining) cancels most of the
noise
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The role of channel correlation and noise in
system performance
• In a ideal 2x2 system the potential capacity gain is 2x
• The actual gain depends on how easily the receiver can
descramble the simultaneous transmissions – this depends
on the amount of unwanted correlation and noise
• In audio systems channel correlation and noise also affects
perceived stereo performance
– Spaced living room speakers - lots of correlation degrades stereo,
susceptible to external noise
– Open headphones – zero correlation, good stereo but still
susceptible to noise
– Closed headphones – zero correlation, minimal noise
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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So what makes a good channel for MIMO?
• A perfect MIMO channel is
like the closed headphones:
channels 2 and 3 don’t exist
Channel H
ch1
T0
R0
T1
R1
ch4
1
0
0
1
• By simple observation it follows that R0 = T0 and R1 = T1
• This is the case that creates double the capacity
• But suppose we create a
simple static channel like this:
• How do we know if it will
provide capacity gain?
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
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The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal
• If all four channels are the
same the original signal cannot
be recovered since R0 = R1
Channel H
ch1
T0
R0
1
1
T1
R1
1
1
ch4
R0 = T0 + T1 and R1 = T0 + T1
• But put in a phase inversion e.g. on ch3 we get:
R0 = T0 + T1 and R1 = T1 – T0
thus T0 = (R0 - R1)/2 and T1 = (R0 + R1)/2
Channel H
1
1
-1
1
• The original signal is completely recovered even though the
apparently unwanted ch2 and ch3 exist
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal
• So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
Channel H
R1 = 0.2 T0 - 0.9 T1
0.8 0.2
Giving:
0.3 -0.9
T0 = 1.15 R0 + 0.39 R1
T1 = 0.26 R0 - 1.03 R1
• We can recover the original signal
• In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be
resolved PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise!
• So what kinds of channels are robust to noise?
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal
• The receiver can untangle the two signals because it knows
the coupling coefficients, based on the reference signals, but
reference estimation is susceptible to noise
• But pilot estimation is susceptible to noise
• If the estimate is wrong the recovered signal is impaired
• Consider these equations for T0 from different channels:
T0 = 1.15 (R0 + N0) + 0.39 (R1 + N1)
T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)
• Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in the
coefficients or large coefficients amplifying noise N0 and N1
• It is possible to analyze the matrix H to predict the impact of
noise on signal recovery
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Condition Number Measures the short term
MIMO channel performance
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = -0.9 T1 + 0.2 T0
К = Condition number
0.957 / 0.815 = 1.17
The condition number is the ratio of the singular values of HHT
Channel H
Channel HT
0.8 0.2
0.8 0.3
0.3 -0.9
0.2 -0.9
Channel HTH
Eigenvalues
Singular values
0.73 -0.11
0.914
0.957
-0.11 0.85
0.666
0.815
The dB value of К approximates the increase in SNR required
to recover the signal
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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MIMO needs better SNR than SISO
High К increases SNR requirements further
The extra SNR required to achieve the same recovered signal
quality as SISO rises as the condition number rises
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Ped. A Channel Condition Number vs. Freq.
Condition number and channel response across 10 MHz, 10 ms
0 dB
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Impact of condition number frequency
dependency
• The previous example of how the condition number varies
across the channel during one 10 ms frame and how the
pattern varies a few frames later depending on speed
• This variability is both a challenge and an opportunity
• OFDMA systems can transmit at different frequencies within
the channel to target that part of the channel offering the
best MIMO gains
• CDMA systems cannot do this and have to accept the
average performance across the channel
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Antenna influence on performance
• The dynamic condition number example did not isolate
effects from different components, including the antenna
• In real life, the instantaneous channel matrix H is made up
from the interaction of three components:
• The static 3D antenna pattern of the transmitter
• The dynamic multipath and Doppler characteristics of the radio
channel
• The static 3D antenna pattern of the receiver
• The overall antenna contribution is the product of the
transmit and receive antennas known as the channel
correlation matrix
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Antenna correlation
• The correlation between antennas is a primarily a function of
distance and polarization
• For non polarized antennas the correlation decreases with
larger separation in the y axis - usually expressed in terms of
wavelength λ
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Examples of low and high antenna correlation
Spaced non polarized:
High correlation
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Compound spaced and
cross polarized:
Low correlation
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Antenna correlation by type
AS =
Azimuth
Spread
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Generating the overall channel correlation
matrix
Transmit antenna correlation
Receive antenna correlation
The α and β terms are complex and will vary by frequency
The correlation matrix Rs is the Kronecker product RBS  RMS
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Example channel correlation matrices
Cross polarized, UE (0, 90) BS (-45, 45), -8dB XPR ratio
Channels
balanced
Diagonal = 1
Cross polarized, UE (-10, 80) BS (-30, 60), -8dB XPR ratio
Channels
unbalanced
Not ideal
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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Computing the instantaneous channel
The complex instantaneous channel coefficients are obtained
by applying each path of the desired fading profile to each
channel of the correlation matrix
Ch 1
ch1
T0
T1
R0
ch4
R1
Ch 2
Ch 3
Ch 4
Ch 1
Ch 2
Ch 3
Ch 4
The received signals and condition number are dynamic
in both the time and frequency domains according to the
chosen fading profile
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Real life performance
Variation due to
instantaneous
correlation
Variation in the
frequency
domain not
shown
Most macrocell
activity takes
place in this
region
Variation due to fading and variable interference
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Precoding example for condition number 20 dB
Second stream is noise limited
No precoding
Channel quality
is unbalanced
Precoded with
1,1,-1,1 for
equal EVM
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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LTE downlink transmission modes
3GPP TS 36.213 subclause 7.1
LTE has seven different downlink transmission modes:
1.Single-antenna port; port 0
SISO
2.Transmit diversity
MISO
3.Open-loop spatial multiplexing
MIMO – no precoding
4.Closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO - precoding
5.Multi-user MIMO
MIMO -separate UE
6.Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding MISO - beamsteering
7.Single-antenna port; port 5
MISO – beamsteering
Each mode is suited to different channel and noise conditions
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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The LTE MIMO toolset
• The LTE standard recognizes the complexity of the MIMO
channel and has developed a very flexible air interface
• OFDMA allows for frequency-selective scheduling with 180
kHz and 1 ms granularity (one resource block)
• Comprehensive channel state information
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) –
• Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) – codebook based
• Rank Indication (RI)
• Subband reporting for CQI & PMI, RI is wideband only
• Highly configurable reporting mechanisms to account for
different scenarios
• The UE can select what subbands to report on
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
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CQI definition
3GPP TS 36.213 Table 7.2.3-1
For each CQI reporting
period the UE is required
to return the highest CQI
index that would have
resulted in an error
probability of less than
10% for a single transport
block transmitted using
the reported modulation
and code rate.
Subband CQI reporting
can be configured down
to the resource block level
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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CQI index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
code rate x 1024
out of range
78
120
193
308
449
602
378
490
616
466
567
666
772
873
948
efficiency
0.1523
0.2344
0.3770
0.6016
0.8770
1.1758
1.4766
1.9141
2.4063
2.7305
3.3223
3.9023
4.5234
5.1152
5.5547
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PMI definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1
For single stream
transmission the
precoding produces
beamsteering
For the 4 layer case
there are 16 entries
Subband PMI reporting
can be configured down
to the resource block
level
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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LTE MIMO conformance testing
• The performance requirements for LTE are based on a
number of simplifications to real world operation
• This often involves a modular approach of doing open loop
testing of parts of the functionality rather than a more end-toend approach
• This is a bit like measuring engine performance and other
components rather than going for a test drive or a real track
• The modular approach is useful and separates the test
equipment from the DUT but does not tell the whole story
• The consequence is that conformance test results cannot be
easily mapped to real life conditions to predict typical
performance
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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MIMO conformance testing vs. real world
Attribute
Conformance testing
Real world operation
Correlation matrix
High, medium and zero not linked to reference
antenna design
Real correlation based on
actual antenna pattern
Fading channel
Extended PA, VA, TU
Channels with dynamic taps
Adaptive Modulation &
coding
Off – UE becomes fading
channel discriminator
On – coding aims for constant
symbol to noise at UE receiver
CQI, PMI, RI
Separate open loop tests
Included as part of throughput
Cell-edge Interference
signal
Static wideband
Gaussian
Narrowband frequencyselective based on loading
Live antenna testing
Developing open loop
Over The Air proposals
Closed loop Real loading due
to body/hand effects
Scheduling
None, Single UE
Multiple UE, real scheduler with
frequency selectivity base on
subband CQI/PMI
Transmission mode
Fixed
Variable based on prevailing
conditions
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Testing MIMO in the real world
• Most of the simplifications in conformance testing can be
overcome with alternative test methods to get closer to real
world performance
• We will now look at a few of the possibilities
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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NEW N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
• The flexibility of the PXB can be used to verify MIMO receiver
performance throughout the design cycle, at baseband or RF
Signal Inputs
Signal Creation Tools
Signal Outputs
Analog I/Q
Direct from PXB
Connect to any DUT or RF
vector signal generator with
analog I/Q inputs
Digital I/Q
N5102A
RF
RF
MXA
PXB
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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ESG or MXG
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PXB creates real correlation based on reference
antenna designs
Rx antenna pattern, omni, 3 sector or 6 sector
Rx antenna #1 location
and polarization
Rx antenna #2 location
and polarization
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Flexible Antenna Configuration and Correlation
Path 1
Path 2
In this example, there
are 6 paths, each with
complex cross
coupling coefficients
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Path 6
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PXB customizable fading simulation including
dynamic channel taps
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Flexible MIMO test using SystemVue
• TD-LTE or LTE-FDD MIMO Baseband data is
generated by SystemVue and sent to PXB
• Flexible Fading applied by PXB
• Two phase locked ESGs/MXGs driven by PXB
generate Receiver test signals for the DUT
• Two MXAs capture received signals from DUT
output and send to SystemVue
• SystemVue demodulates and decodes MIMO
signals to measure receiver performance
2xN9020A Signal Analyzer
2xE4438C Signal Gen
SystemVue
N5106A PXB
DUT
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Modeling MIMO crosstalk in SystemVue
Specify LO Phase Noise
dBc/Hz @ Freq. Offset
Specify 1dB
Comp. Pt.
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Measuring impact of crosstalk and phase noise
on demodulated MIMO streams
• These measurement were made using the MIMO features of
the Agilent 89601A Vector Signal Analyzer which fully
integrates with the SystemVue design software
-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
QPSK
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
Page 4747
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-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
64 QAM
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Upcoming TOL webcast
• For further information on SystemVue:
LTE MIMO System-Level Design and Test
5/27/2009
Greg Jue
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Testing closed loop AMC with CQI, PMI and RI
with integral fading
• Open loop testing with no AMC avoids having to define the
reference behaviour of the test equipment
• However, it is still necessary to investigate closed loop
• The E6620A wireless
communications test set is
designed to go beyond basic
conformance to test closed
loop MIMO up to 4x2
• Central to this is the inclusion
of a baseband fading emulator E6620A Wireless Communications Test Set
• This solution is the basis for development of scheduling
algorithms and transmission mode selection criteria
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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Conclusion:
Making MIMO work and testing it is tough!
• The standards are very flexible and complex
• The conformance tests are simple and largely open loop
with corner case SNR and artificial correlation
• Real life is way more complex
•
•
•
•
•
•
Real antennas
Real channels
Real schedulers with multiple UE per cell
Dynamic configuration for CSI reporting
Real TX/RX distortion impacting channel feedback
Non Gaussian frequency-selective cell-edge interference
But Agilent is here to help you clear the way for MIMO
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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LTE VSA SW
LTE Lifecycle
Logic Analyzers
Spectrum and signal
Analyzers, Scopes, LA and
ADS
Signal Studio
Battery Drain
& Scopes
Characterization
Signal
Generators
ADS and
SystemVue
PXB MIMO
Rx Tester
RDX for
DigRF v4
RF Module Development
RF Proto
Design
Simulation
N9912A RF
Analyzer
Spectrum Analyzers
RF Chip/Module
RF and BB
Design
Integration
L1/PHY
BTS and Mobile
BB Chipset Development
L1/PHY
FPGA and ASIC
DigRF v4
System
Design
PreConformance
Validation
System Level
RF Testing
BTS or
Mobile
Conformance
Manufacturing
Protocol Development
L2/L3
Agilent/Anite SAT
Protocol
Development
Toolset
E6620A Wireless
Communications Platform
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
Page 5151
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Network Deployment
Systems for RF and
Protocol Conformance
Drive Test
Distributed Network
Analyzers
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Finding MIMO: Don’t stop now! Learn more at
www.agilent.com/find/MIMO and www.agilent.com/find/lte
LTE Brochure
(5989-7817EN)
The 3GPP MIMO song:
ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_56/Docs/R1-091041.zip
PXB Brochure
(5989-8970EN)
MIMO Poster (5989-9618EN)
Webcasts on
• LTE Concepts
• LTE Uplink
• LTE Design and Simulation
• LTE signaling
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007
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