PRESENTATION ON THE RESEARCH WORK PUBLISHED AT
IEEE WiMob, OCTOBER 2009, MARRAKECH, MOROCCO
A NOVEL MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE
FOR ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN
HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS
(PAPER ID: #1569229692)
PUBLISHED AND PRESENTED BY:
RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE)
ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED)
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES
INDIA
AGENDA

HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS










IEEE 802.11-BASED WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS
3G CELLULAR NETWORK
MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS
MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
PROPOSED MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN MULTI-HOP B3G
NETWORKS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
COMPARISON OF PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE WITH EXISTING HWN
ARCHITECTURES
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION

IEEE 802.11(b)-based short range Wireless Local Area Networks





Unlicensed frequency: 2.4 GHz
Gross Data Rate: 11 Mbps
Indoor coverage (Theoretical): 250 m
Modes supported: Infrastructure, Ad hoc
3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS)


Licensed Frequency values: 2 GHz (ITU-T) and 900 MHz (Ideal)
Peak Data Rates for Dedicated Channel (dch) 4:



High-speed Data Packet Access Data Rates:



Uplink Data Rate: 384 Kbps
Downlink Data Rate: 2 Mbps
Uplink Data Rate: 2 Mbps
Downlink Data Rate: 7.2 Mbps
Coverage: ~ 20 km per Base Station Transceiver
MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS



HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS (HWN): Integration of
individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of
multiple access techniques
MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS: HWN formed by integration of
IEEE 802.11(b) multi-hop Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) and
infrastructure Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) with 3G cellular
network (such as UMTS)
PURPOSE:



Inter-group communication between nodes of spatially-apart MANETs and
WLANs connected by 3G cellular network as the backbone for anytime,
anywhere data connectivity
Coupling of high data rate (IEEE 802.11b) and wide range of communication
(3G) to facilitate extension of UMTS service over IEEE 802.11(b) networks
Elimination of dead spots in 3G UMTS through extension of coverage by
integrating with MANET/WLAN
MODEL OF A MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK AND
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:




To enable dual-interface of 3G and
IEEE 802.11b networks on Gateway
nodes of MANET/WLAN to
communicate with the backbone 3G
network
To select an optimal Gateway using
related metrics of the MANET nodes
To perform Adaptive Gateway
Migration to sustain end-to-end
connectivity of the integrated HWN
network for data transfer
To provide suitable Gateway
Discovery mechanism suited for
multi-hop packet transfer to the
Gateway
MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH



GATEWAY: Dual-interfaced intermediate node in MANET that enables
data transfer from nodes of the MANET across the external UMTS
network
Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G and IEEE 802.11(b)
in the Gateway for hybrid interfacing with UMTS and MANET
Research Issues in Gateway Management:




Interfacing Gateway nodes dually with MANET and UMTS network
interfaces, which exist in two different spectrum regions
Choosing an Optimal Gateway Selection Mechanism to select a MANET
Gateway to serve as a liaison with the external 3G backbone network
Gateway-centric issues such as Mobility and Depletion factors of the Gateway
Choosing an Optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism (Pro-active, Reactive,
Hybrid)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

« Simulation-based analysis of TCP over beyond 3G Cellular Multi-hop Networks »,
Anthony Lo et al. [1]:



« A Unified Cellular and Ad-hoc Network Architecture », Ramachandran Ramjee et al. [2]:


MANET – deployed as a proxy network between cellular network and mobile clients to provide
high data rate services.
« Issues in integrating Cellular Networks, WLANs and MANETs: A Futuristic
Heterogeneous Approach », Dave Cavalcanti et al. [3]:



Devised the protocol stack for IEEE 802.11(b)- and UMTS-interfaced Gateway node.
A single static Gateway node without issues of mobility and depletion
Issues on integrating individual networks in Physical, MAC, Data Link, Network, Transport and
Application layers
Detailed Comparative study of existing HWN architectures
« An architecture for connecting ad hoc networks with IPv6 backbone using a wireless
Gateway », Nico Bayer et al. [4]:


Dual-interface of Gateway with MANET and WLAN Access Point
Wired infrastructure IPv6 backbone network connected to WLAN AP
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

« An Optimum Multi-metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured
Networks Integration », Fudhiyanto Pranata Setiawan et al. [6]:




« Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks », Usman
Javaid et al. [7]:



Gateway selection on basis of metrics such as residual energy, number of hops from source and
mobility speed – Limited significance to infrastructured backbone network
Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method called Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) to
outrank the optimum node
MANET nodes can communicate with external network using different Gateways, one for each
MANET node
Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms
Describes configuration of advertisement interval and zone, corresponding to number of hops
« A Module-based Wireless Node for Multi-Channel and Multi-interface support in ns2 –
Notes and Documentation », Laurent Paquereau et al. [9]:


Configuration of a node with dual interfaces of different networks
Support for Base and Portal node configuration of IEEE 802.11 networks.
PROPOSED MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
RNC
SGSN
WLAN
GGSN
UMTS BST
3G ACTIVE
REGION
IP NETWORK
NODE B
MANET
(MULTIHOP)
Gateway Candidates
MANET Gateway
WLAN Access Point
MANET/WLAN
Active Source nodes
HOST
MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE

Individual networks in the proposed Multi-hop B3G Architecture:





IEEE 802.11(b) infrastructure-less Multi-hop MANET
IEEE 802.11(b) infrastructure single-hop WLAN
3G UMTS Cellular backbone network
Support of peer-to-peer communication in MANET and support of
communication via Access Point in WLAN
Components of UMTS Core Network:





Mobile Station (MS)
Base Station Transceiver (BST) : UTRAN interface
Radio Network Controller (RNC) : Co-ordinates radio resources for BST
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) : Routing within core components
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) : Communication with external
network and performs packet-switching within UMTS
3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES






3G ACTIVE REGION: Region within MANET where 3G signal
strength is profound/intense
GATEWAY CANDIDATES: Nodes of MANET lying within or
migrating to 3G Active Region
Configuration of IEEE 802.11b and 3G UMTS Network interfaces,
but enabling of only IEEE 802.11b network interface on all nodes
Additional enabling of 3G UMTS Network interface only on
GATEWAY CANDIDATES
Activation of IEEE 802.11b and 3G Network interfaces only on the
node selected as the GATEWAY at that instance
Employment of Gateway Selection Mechanism to select a single
Gateway from the Gateway Candidates
DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE
GATEWAY
MANET
MN
UTRAN interface
MN
3G UMTS INTERFACE
MANET GATEWAY BANDWIDTH
384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE)
NODE B
(UMTS)
2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE)
IEEE 802.11 (b) INTERFACE
11 Mbps BANDWIDTH
1 Mbps BASIC RATE
2.4Ghz FREQUENCY
0.1Mbps BASIC RATE
900 Mhz FREQUENCY
DEDICATED CHANNEL-IV
ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT
MECHANISM

MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION MECHANISM:

GATEWAY CANDIDATE METRICS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION:




ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MIGRATION MECHANISM:



RESIDUAL ENERGY (POSITIVE CRITERION)
3G SIGNAL STRENGTH (POSITIVE CRITERION)
MOBILITY SPEED (NEGATIVE CRITERION)
ENERGY-EFFICIENT GATEWAY MIGRATION
MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY MIGRATION
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS:



PRO-ACTIVE
REACTIVE
HYBRID
MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM
(MGSA)SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING





1. Broadcast GWSOL to all nodes of MANET by a random ACTIVE_SOURCE
2. If (NODE_TYPE = GATEWAY_CANDIDATE) Then
2.1 Reply with metric information of RESIDUAL_ENERGY, UMTS_RSS,
MOBILITY_SPEED via a HELLO packet
3. Else

3.1 Relay GWSOL to all MANET nodes, in the next hop and so on, till the last hop

4. End If
5. For each GATEWAY_CANDIDATEx where 1<x<m and m is the total number
of GATEWAY_CANDIDATES do


5.1 For each metric Xi where 1<i<3 do

5.1.1 If(Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then
Xi – Xmin
Yi =
Xmax - Xmin
MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM
(MGSA)...(Contd)

5.1.2 Else If(Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then
Xmax – Xi
Yi =
Xmax - Xmin

5.1.3 End If
5.2 End For
5.3 Calculate weight of GATEWAY_CANDIDATEx as:
3
Wx = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi )
i= 1
6. End For



7. Now select the GATEWAY_CANDIDATE having the maximum Weight (Wx) as
the NEW_GATEWAY
8. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery Mechanism to advertise the GATEWAY
9. Activate UTRAN interface of the selected Gateway to communicate with 3G
ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MIGRATION –
THE PROCESS
S2
S1
METRIC
RESPONSE
METRIC
RESPONSE
GC
NEW GW
GC
GW
METRIC
REQUEST
LOSS OF
OPTIMALITY
METRIC
REQUEST
COMPUTATION OF
WEIGHTS
MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MIGRATION
MECHANISM (MAGMM)

If ((GATEWAY[ENERGY] < THRESHOLD_ENERGY) Or
(GATEWAY[SIGNAL_STRENGTH]<THRESHOLD_SIGNAL_STRENGTH))
Then







Call MGSA to select a new GATEWAY and name it GATEWAY_ELECT
Complete the on-going transmission and forward all new incoming packets to
GATEWAY_ELECT
Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery Mechanism to inform the MANET about
GATEWAY_ELECT
De-activate 3G interface on the GATEWAY and Activate 3G interface on the
GATEWAY_ELECT
GATEWAY_ELECT sends ACK packet to GATEWAY
GATEWAY becomes ACTIVE_SOURCE in MANET and GATEWAY_ELECT
becomes the GATEWAY
End If
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS

PRO-ACTIVE



Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message
by the GATEWAY
Less Delay
More Overhead
GWADV
s
GWADV
G
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd

REACTIVE



On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message
by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer
Less Overhead
More Delay
GWSOL
s
GWSOL
G
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd)

HYBRID





Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms
Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast
of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET
Less Overhead
Less Delay
Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval
s
GWSOL
GWADV
G
HIERARCHICAL ADDRESSING MECHANISM




Integrated Multi-hop B3G Network consists of
individual MANET, UMTS and WLAN sub
networks
Configuration of a specified number of clusters
within the Sub-network
Specific number of nodes within every cluster
Hierarchical Addressing Format:

<domain_address>.<cluster_id>.<node_id>
MAGMM METRICS

3 PHASES:




MAGMM METRICS:






W1 : α = 0.2 ; β = 0.5 ; γ = 0.3
W2 : α = 0.3 ; β = 0.2 ; γ = 0.5
W3 : α = 0.33 ; β = 0.33 ; γ = 0.33
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HWN PARAMETERS






α = Residual Energy
β = UMTS Signal Strength
γ = Mobility Speed
MAGMM WEIGHTING FACTORS:


Energy-efficient Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (EAGMM)
Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (MAGMM)
End-to-end Polymorphic Routing
Transaction Duration (TD)
Data Packet Delivery Ratio (DPDR)
Control Packet Overhead (CPO)
Throughput
Packet Drop Fraction
Evaluation of Energy-efficient and Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration against the number of
sources generating data packets
MANET SIMULATION PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
VALUE
Area
2200m x 500m
Wireless Interface
IEEE 802.11b
Frequency
2.4GHz
Propagation Model
Two Ray Ground
Data Rate
11 Mbps
Initial Energy of MANET Nodes
25J
Number of MANET nodes
50
Mobility Model
Random Way point
Peak Mobility Speed of Gateway Candidates
25 ms-1
Ad hoc Routing
AODV (multi-hop)
Interface Queue Length
50 packets
Advertisement Zone (TTL hop count)
3 hops (Total hops in MANET = 5)
Simulation Time
150s
UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters
Value
Buffer Size
20
Frequency
900Mhz (acc. To 3GPP standards)
Peak Uplink Channel Bit Rate
384 Kbps
Peak Downlink Channel Bit Rate
2 Mbps
Transmission Time Interval
10ms, 20ms
UMTS Node B – RNC Data Rate
622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)
RNC – SGSN Data Rate
622Mbps (TTI: 1 ms)
SGSN – GGSN Data Rate
622 Mbps (TTI: 10 ms)
GGSN – external IP Host Data Rate
10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
IMPROVEMENT = 27.08%
IMPROVEMENT = 31.5%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IMPROVEMENT : 31% (minimum)
IMPROVEMENT : 23.5%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
IMPROVEMENT : 2.4% (Maximum)
IMPROVEMENT : 5%
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING HWN
ARCHITECTURES

Adaptive Gateway Management-based Multi-hop B3G Architecture (AGMMB3G)
Architecture
Network types
considered
Optimization
criteria
Interface
type for the
nodes
Gateway
used
(Yes/No)
And
Discovery
Gateway
Migration
(Yes/No)
Support of
Out-ofcoverage
MNs
A-GSM
Cellular –
MANET
Coverage,
Transmission
power reduction
and capacity
Dual-Mode
Yes; Proactive
No
Yes
ODMA
Cellular –
MANET
Transmission
Power Reduction
and BS Capacity
Dual-Mode
No
No
No
iCAR
Cellular –
MANET
Load Balance
between BSs
Single-mode and
dual-mode
Yes; Proactive (Fixed
one hop
Gateways)
No
No
UCAN
Cellular – WLAN
– MANET
BS/AP Throughput
and user downlink
data rate
Single-mode and
dual-mode
Yes; Proactive or
Reactive
No
No
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING HWN
ARCHITECTURES...(Contd.)
Two-hop Relay
Cellular – WLAN
– MANET
BS/AP Throughput
Single-mode and
dual-mode
Yes; Proactive
No
Yes
One-and two-hop
direct
transmission
WLAN - MANET
Reliability to AP
failures and
handoffs
Single-mode
Yes; Proactive
No
Yes
HWN
WLAN or
Cellular –
MANET
BS or AP
Throughput
Single-mode
No
No
No
MCN
WLAN or
Cellular –
MANET
BS or AP
Throughput
Single-mode
No
No
No
MADF
Cellular –
MANET
BS or AP
Throughput
Single-mode
Yes;
Reactive
No
No
SOPRANO
Cellular –
MANET
Load Balance
between BSs
Single-mode
No
No
No
AGMMB3G
Cellular –
WLAN –
MANET
Gateway
Throughput, 3G
Coverage,
Transaction
Duration, Packet
Delivery Ratio
Single-mode
and dual-mode
Yes; Hybrid
Yes
Yes
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR
FUTURE RESEARCH

CONCLUSION SUMMARY:


Devised a multi-hop B3G Network Architecture
Adaptive Gateway Management







Multi-metric Gateway Selection Algorithm (MGSA)
Energy-efficient Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (EAGMM)
Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (MAGMM)
Hybrid Gateway Discovery
Sustains connectivity of the MANET with the external UMTS for a longer time.
Evaluation of multi-hop B3G in terms of Transaction Duration, Data Packet Delivery
Ratio and Control Packet Overhead
FUTURE WORK:


Proposal of an End-to-end polymorphic routing, integrating multi-hop reactive routing
in MANET, pro-active routing in 3G UMTS, single-hop packet forwarding in WLA for
data transfer in the integrated HWN
Enabling QoS group communication for multicasting in HWN
REFERENCES
[1] Anthony Lo, Jinglong Zhou, Ignas Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over
beyond 3G Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual IEEE
International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
(PIMRC), pp. 1-5, September 2006.
[2] Maiyun Luo, Ramachandran Ramjee, Prasun Sinha, Li(Erran) Li, Songwu Lu, “A Unified
Cellular and Ad-Hoc Network Architecture (UCAN)”, In Proceedings of ACM MOBICOM,
pp. 353-367, September 2003
[3] Dave Cavalcanti, Dharma Agarwal, Carlos Cordeiro, Bin Xie and Anup Kumar, “Issues in
Integrating Cellular Networks, WLANs and MANETs: A Futuristic Heterogeneous
Wireless Network”, In IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, v12 i3. pp.30-41, June
2005.
[4] Nico Bayer, Bangnan Xu and Sven Hische, “An Architecture for connecting Ad hoc
Networks with the IPv6 Backbone (6 Bone) using a wireless Gateway”, In Proceedings of
European Wireless Conference, February 2004.
[5] “Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)”,at
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm
REFERENCES
[6] Fudhiyanto Pranata Setiawan, Safdar Hussain Bouk and Iwao Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple
Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In
Proceedings Of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 2229-2234,
March 2008.
[7] Usman Javaid, Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Sahibzada Ali Mahmud, Toufik Ahmed, “Adaptive
Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proceedings Of IEEE
Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 2735-2740, March 2008.
[8] Fall, K. and Varadhan, K. “The ns Manual”. available at
http://wwwi.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/nsdocumentation.html
[9] Centre for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, “A Module-based Wireless Node for Multi-channel
Multi-interface support in ns2 – Notes and Documentation”, Laurent Paquereau edition, March
2007.
[10] Anthony Lo, Jinglou Zhou, Martin Jacobsson, Ignas Niemegeers, “ns-2 Models for Simulating
a Novel Beyond 3G Cellular Multi-hop Network”, In Proceeding series of ACM International
Conference; Vol. 202, 2006.
REMAINING PORTION OF THE B.Tech PROJECT
WORK – UNCOVERED IN IEEE WiMob 2009
(INDICATED AS FUTURE RESEARCH)
SEAMLESS END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC
ROUTING

SEAMLESS END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING
INTEGRATION OF
 AODV : REACTIVE,
 3G, WIRED : PRO-ACTIVE,
 DUMB AGENT : SINGLE-HOP PACKET FORWARDING
RNC
WLAN
MANET
BST
BST
S
UMTS
GW
AP
D
END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING
ALGORITHM

If (source == MANET_NODE) Then





Else If (source == WLAN_NODE) Then




Select new Gateway by Multi-metric Gateway Selection mechanism or by MAGMM, in
case existing Gateway loses optimality
Identify GATEWAY within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing
mechanism
If Gateway is determined, use reactive routing protocol to route data packets to
GATEWAY
Use pro-active routing to forward data from 3G interface of the GATEWAY to UMTS
BST
Use DUMB_AGENT routing for single-hop packet forwarding from source to AP
Use pro-active routing to forward data from 3G interface of the AP to UMTS BST
End If
Identify RNC in the UMTS sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing
END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING
ALGORITHM



Use 3G Pro-active routing to transfer data packets within UMTS core components
such as SGSN, GGSN and RNC.
Forward data packets from RNC to the BST of the destination network.
If (destination == MANET_NODE) Then




Else If (destination==WLAN_NODE) Then




Use pro-active routing from BST to 3G interface of the GATEWAY
Identify DESTINATION_NODE within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical
Addressing Mechanism
Use reactive routing to route data packets from GATEWAY to DESTINATION_NODE
Forward data packets from BST to 3G interface of the AP
Send BEACON signals and identify DESTINATION_NODE within WLAN using
Hierarchical Addressing mechanism
Use DUMB_AGENT routing to forward packets from AP to DESTINATION_NODE
End If
END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING
ALGORITHM


Forward data packets from RNC to the BST of the destination network.
If (destination == MANET_NODE) Then




Else If (destination==WLAN_NODE) Then




Use pro-active routing from BST to 3G interface of the GATEWAY
Identify DESTINATION_NODE within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical
Addressing Mechanism
Use reactive routing to route data packets from GATEWAY to
DESTINATION_NODE
Forward data packets from BST to 3G interface of the AP
Send BEACON signals and identify DESTINATION_NODE within WLAN using
Hierarchical Addressing mechanism
Use DUMB_AGENT routing to forward packets from AP to
DESTINATION_NODE
End If
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
IMPROVEMENT : 38%
IMPROVEMENT = 73.91%
QUERIES???
THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE)
RECRUITED ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE
TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES
PUDUCHERRY, INDIA