The Early Beginnings:
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Many illness and ailments were treated with plant sources.
Digitalis comes from the foxglove plant
Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree.
Belladonna and Atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant.
Morphine is made from the opium poppy.
The Ancient Times:
• Hippocrates based his knowledge of anatomy and physiology on his
observation of the human body. Hippocrates also wrote the standard of
ethics; which is still the oath that Physicians take.
• The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records.
• The Ancient Greeks were the first to study the causes of disease.
• The Romans learned from the Greeks and developed sanitation systems,
• and the Romans were the first to organize medical care
The Dark Ages:
• When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, the study of
medical science stopped, and for about 1,000 years medicine was
only practiced by convents and monasteries.
• Epidemic outbreaks of disease caused millions of deaths
– The Bubonic Plague killed 60 million people
– Small Pox, Diphtheria, Syphilis, and Tuberculosis were ramped
The Renaissance Period:
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• The rebirth of learning and the study of medicine were responsible
for many new developments.
• The building of universities and medical schools
• The acceptance of dissection of the body for the purpose of study
• The development of the printing press and the publishing of books
The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries:
• Several scientists added new knowledge and
discoveries.
• Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the human
body
• William Harvey studied physiology and the circulation
of blood
• Gabriele Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes in the
female anatomy
• Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading
from the ear to the throat (Eustachian Tube)
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
The Eighteenth Century:
• Students attended lectures in the classroom and they
observed patients at bedside, and when a patient died,
they dissected the body to study the cause of death.
• Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope
• Joseph Priestley discovered the element of oxygen
• Edward Jenner discovered a method of vaccination for
small pox
• Benjamin Franklin developed bi-focal glasses, and
discovered that colds could be passed from person to
person
The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries:
• The advancement of organized medical science and the
development of medical technology began to unfold.
• Ignaz Semmelweis identifies the cause of childhood fever
(Puerperal Fever)
• Louis Pasteur discovered that tiny microorganisms were
everywhere
• Joseph Lister developed antiseptics for surgery
• Ernst von Bergmann developed Asepsis (sterile surgical procedures)
• Robert Koch discovered many disease causing organisms
• William Roentgen discovered X-rays
• Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing
microorganisms
• Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfonamide compounds
• Dimitri Ivanovski discovered that some organisms that caused
disease were a virus, and they could not be seen with a microscope
– Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Measles, Influenza, Chicken Pox, Herpes,
Mumps, German Measles
• Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of
the mind and developed psychoanalysis
• Alexander Fleming discovered that penicillin killed bacteria
• Ernst Chain and Howard Florey develop penicillin and antibiotics
• Jonas Salk discovered that the dead polio virus would cause
immunity to poliomyelitis
• Albert Sabin used the live polio virus to develop a more effective
vaccine against poliomyelitis
• The process of transplanting organs is further developed
• The use of computers to diagnose medical conditions
• The development of noninvasive techniques for surgery
• The advancement of prenatal care for the fetus
• The further development of the treatments for Cancers and other
chronic diseases
Complementary and Alternative Therapies:
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Acupressure:
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Acupuncture: the insertion of very thin needles into specific points along
the meridians in the body to stimulate and balance the flow
of energy
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Antioxidants: nutritional therapy that encourages the use of substances that
prevent or inhibit oxidation and neutralize free radicals in the body
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Aromatherapy: the use of selected fragrances to alter mood and restore the
body, mind, and spirit
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Biofeedback:
pressure applied with the fingers, palms, thumbs, or elbows to
specific pressure points on the body
relaxation technique that uses monitoring devices to provide
information about reaction to stress by showing heart
rate, respiration, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin
temperature
• Herbal Medicine:
– medicine derived from herbs, plant extracts, roots, stems, seeds,
flowers, and leaves
• Hydrotherapy:
– use of water to massage and soaking in hot springs or tubs to relax
the muscle tissue
• Tai Chi:
– ancient theory that states health is harmony with nature and
the universe and a balanced state of yin (cold) and yang (heat)
• Yoga:
– Hindu discipline that uses concentration, body positions, andritual
movements to maintain the balance and flow of energy
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Birth of Hippocrates; the “Father of Medicine”
Birth of Galen; accomplished Roman Medical Researcher
The Black Plague wipes out major populations of Europe
Gabrielle Fallopio invents the Linen Condom
Ambrose Pare develops the Cauterizing Technique
Gabrielle Fallopio discovers the Fallopian Tubes
Zacharias Janssen invents the Compound Microscope
Galileo Galilei invents the Water Thermometer
Sir John Harrington invents the 1st Water Closet or Toilet
Thomas Lippershey invents the Refracting Telescope
Jean-Babtiste Denys invents the process of Blood Transfusion
William Harvey discovers the Circulation of Blood in the Body
James Gregory invents the Reflecting Telescope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria
Sir Isaac Newton discovers the “Law of Gravity”
Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the Mercury Thermometer
Pierre Fauchard invents the 1st Dental Drill
Anders Celsius develops the “Celsius Scale”
Benjamin Franklin invents the Lightening Rod
James Lind discovers the cure for Scurvy
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Giovanni Morgagni performs the 1st Autopsy
Alexander Cummings invents the 1st Flush Toilet
Benjamin Franklin invents Bifocal Glasses
Stabler-Leadbeater Apothecary Shop opens in Alexandria, Virginia
Edward Jenner discovers the Small Pox Vaccine
Oliver Evans invents the Refrigerator
Rene Laennec invents the Stethoscope
James Blundell performs the 1st Blood Transfusion
Louis Braille develops the “Braaille System” for the Blind
Thomas Hodgkin identifies abnormal cells in the Lymphatic System as Cancer
Crawford Long uses Anesthesia to surgically remove a Tumor
Horace Wells uses Nitrous Oxide as an Anesthetic for Dentistry
William Morton performs the 1st operation using Ether for Anesthetic
Ignaz Semmelweis identifies Hand Washing to prevent disease transmission
Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to earn a Medical Degree
Hermann von Helmholtz invents the Ophthalmoscope
Alexander Wood & Gabriel Pravaz invent the Hypodermic Syringe
John Snow discovers the Cholera Bacteria
Florence Nightingale initiates nursing in hospitals
Joseph Cayetty invents Toilet Paper
Etienne-Jules Marey invents the Sphygmomanometer for Blood Pressure
Louis Pasteur invents Pasteurization
Henri Dunant initiates the development of the “Red Cross”
Joseph Lister develops the “Antiseptic System”
Johann Gregor Mendel discovers Human Genes
Wilhelm Waldeyer identifies abnormal cells as Cancer
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Henri Nestle invents Baby Formula
Jean Martin Charcot discovers Multiple Sclerosis
Robert Koch discovers the Anthrax Bacteria
Robert Koch discovers the Tuberculosis Bacteria
British Perforated Paper Company introduces the Roll of Toilet Paper
Clara Barton initiates the American Red Cross
Carl Koller introduces the Local Anesthetic
William Stewart Halsted develops Rubber Gloves for Surgery
Emil Adolph von Behring develops the Diphtheria Vaccine
Elie Metchnikoff discovers White Blood Cells
Dimitri Ivanotski discovers Viruses
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers the X-Ray
Paul Ehrlich develops Chemotherapy
Ronald Ross proves that Malaria was spread by Mosquitoes
August Bier develops the Spinal Anesthetic
Almroth Wright develops the Typhoid Vaccine
Felix Hoffman and Heinrich Dreser discover Aspirin
Walter Reed proves that Yellow Fever is spread by Mosquitoes
Karl Landsteiner discovers and names the Four Blood Groups; A, B, O, AB
Sir William Maddock Bayliss discovers Hormones
Willem Einthoven invents the Electrocardiograph
Albert Einstein develops the “Theory of Relativity”
Eduard Zirm performs the 1st Successful Cornea Transplant
Paul Erich discovers the cure for Syphilis
Marie Curie isolates Radium
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Casimir Funk develops the Vitamin
John Abel develops the Kidney Dialysis Machine
Sigmund Freud develops Psychoanalysis
Marie Stopes invents the Rubber Cap Diaphragm
Earle Dickson invents the Band-Aid for Johnson & Johnson
Frederick Banting and Charles Best develop Insulin for Diabetics
Hans Berger develops the Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillin
Philip Drinker develops the “Iron Lung Machine” for Polio patients
Ernest Ruska invents the Electron Microscope
William Kouwenhouen develops the first Cardiac Defibrillator
Gerhard Domagk discovers Sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil)
Bernard Fantus starts the first Blood Bank at Cook County Hospital in Chicago
George Papanicolaou develops the “Pap Test” for Cervical Cancer
William Kolff develops the first Kidney Dialysis Machine
Alfred Blalock performs the first Open Heart Surgery
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey develop Penicillin
Gregory Pincus discovers the Birth Control Pill
Marion Donovan invents the Disposable Diaper
Paul Zoll develops the first Cardiac Pacemaker
Jonus Salk develops the first Polio Vaccine
James Watson and Francis Crick discover the structure of the DNA Molecule
Joseph Murray performs the first Kidney Transplant
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Jonus Salk develops the Polio Vaccine for ALL Three Strains
John Enders develops the Measles Vaccine
Frank Pantridge develops the first Portable Defibrillator
Christian Bernard performs the first Heart Transplant
Goedfry Houndsfield develops the CAT Scan
Henry Heimlich develops the “Heimlich Maneuver” for Choking
Choh Hao Li discovers Endorphins in the Brain
Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner
Baruch Blumberg and Irving Millman develop the Hepatitis B Vaccine
William DeVines implants the first Artificial Heart (Jarvik-7)
Don Francis and the CDC discover that AIDS is in Blood
Luc Montaginar & the Pasteur Institute identify HIV; the virus that causes AIDS
Robert Gallo and the NIH develop the first test to diagnose HIV/AIDS
Ben Carson, and a 70-member medical team are the first to Separate Occipital
Craniopagus Twins.
Henry Erlich discovers DNA Identification
David Ho develops Protease Inhibitors “AIDS Cocktails” for AIDS Treatment
Ian Wilmut clones the first animal from a human cell; Dolly the Sheep
Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first Partial Face Transplant
Ian Frazer develops the HPV Vaccine
Laurent Lantieri performs the first Full Face Transplant
Robert Lanza develops Artificial Stem Cells