Content Standard 4.3
Living organisms have
the capacity to produce
populations of infinite size,
but environments and
resources limit
population size.
Biomass is the weight
of all the living
matter in a
particular
area.
Any level of a pyramid
has more biomass
than the
level
above it.
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Biomass - 1 min
1
Everything is
connected to
everything else.
2
Everything must
go somewhere.
3
Nature knows best.
4
There is no such thing
as a free lunch.
The rate at which solar
energy is converted into
organic compounds.
The units of productivity
are kilocalories per
square meter per year.
Total amount of energy
produced, including the
energy used by plants
for their own respiration.
Rate at which plants store
energy that is NOT used
in plant respiration.
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Producers - 9 min
The number of organisms
in an area is directly
related to the
productivity
of the area.
What can be said about
the productivity of the area?
What can be said about
the productivity of the area?
A population is all the
members of a species
living in the same area.
Biotic potential is the rate
at which a population will
grow if ...
all individuals survive
and reproduce at their
maximum capacity.
Biotic potential is a
theoretical number that
is NEVER realized in nature.
A population growing
at such a rate will
produce
exponential
growth.
Before a population could
reach its biotic potential,
resources will
give out and
the population
will CRASH.
Population density refers to
the number of individuals in
a population in a given area
at a given time.
Carrying capacity is the
maximum number of
individuals that an ecosystem
is capable of supporting.
Environmental factors
limiting population growth
are: food, water, oxygen,
and living space.
Rate of
Population = natality - mortality
(birth rate) (death rate)
Growth
Rate of
Population = natality - mortality
(birth rate) (death rate)
Growth
Rate of
Population = natality - mortality
(birth rate) (death rate)
Growth
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At some point in your life,
do you want to have kids?
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What are your reasons?
Human population growth is
NOT a biological imperative,
but is culturally determined.
60,000 BP: 1 million
40,000 BP: 2.5 million
10,000 BP: 10 million
2,000 BP: 250 million
1850: 1 Billion
1930: 2 Billion
1960: 3 Billion
1974: 4 Billion
1986: 5 Billion
1999: 6 Billion
60,000 BP: 1 million
264 million 40,000 BP: 2.5 million
years
10,000 BP: 10 million
2,000 BP: 250 million
1850:
1
Billion
80 years
1930: 2 Billion
30 years
1960: 3 Billion
14 years
1974: 4 Billion
12 years
1986: 5 Billion
1999: 6 Billion
13 years
In the last 50 years, we have
consumed more of Earth's
resources than in all of
previous history combined!
World population
today is 6.5 Billion.
World population
is predicted to
reach 7 Billion on
October 18, 2012.
World population is
predicted to reach
9 Billion by 2050.
What type of growth
does this graph show?
What happens to a
population experiencing
exponential growth?
CRASH
It is estimated that
humanity is currently
consuming earth's
resources 20% faster than
they can be sustained.
China has
the largest
population
today.
India's population
is predicted to
pass China's
in 2025.
The natural carrying
capacity of the
planet is roughly
10 million people.
How is the Earth
supporting 6.5 billion
people today?
Earth's carrying capacity was
artificially increased by the
introduction of agriculture
roughly 10,000 years ago.
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Pollution
impurities
that produce
undesirable
changes in an
ecosystem.
There are two
basic types of
pollutants:
Biodegradable Pollutants
are subject
to decay by
microorganisms.
Biodegradable Pollutants
These pollutants
will eventually
be recycled by
the ecosystem.
Non-biodegradable Pollutants
cannot be
decomposed by
microorganisms.
Non-biodegradable Pollutants
These pollutants
will NEVER
be recycled
by natural
processes.
Three Basic Sources
of Pollution
• Domestic
• Agriculture
• Industrial
Domestic sources
include:
paints, oils,
garbage, and
trash.
Agricultural sources
include:
fertilizer,
pesticides,
and animal
wastes.
Industrial sources
include:
acids, oils,
heavy metals,
and other
chemicals.
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Everything must go somewhere.
Domestic Trash
Paper and Cardboard
18%
4 kg of paper
per household
per week
Kitchen Waste
18%
Dense Plastic 4%
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Plastic film 3%
Glass 7%
Garden Waste
21%
3%
Metal Packaging
Which one makes the
most recycle sense?
Paper and Cardboard
18%
4 kg of paper
per household
per week
Kitchen Waste
18%
Dense Plastic 4%
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Plastic film 3%
Glass 7%
Garden Waste
21%
3%
Metal Packaging
Which one is
most recycled?
Paper and Cardboard
18%
4 kg of paper
per household
per week
Kitchen Waste
18%
Dense Plastic 4%
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Plastic film 3%
Glass 7%
Garden Waste
21%
3%
Metal Packaging
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In 2003, 54 billion cans were
recycled, saving the energy
equivalent of 15 million barrels
of crude oil -
America's entire
gas consumption
for one day.
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It costs
MORE
to use
recycled
paper than
process
wood into
paper!
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There are 20 plastic
containers on the
lab bench.
Put them in their
proper plastic group.
Plastic
Resin
Codes
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Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Use: Soft drink and mouthwash bottles.
Recycle: Soft drink and soap bottles,
paint brushes, tennis balls,
carpets, egg cartons,
and boats.
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High Density
Polyethylene
Use: Milk, water, and juice jugs,
liquid detergent bottles,
some toys, and some grocery bags.
Recycle: Soft drink bottle base cups,
stadium seats, trash cans,
traffic cones, and toys.
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Polyvinyl Chloride
or just "Vinyl"
Use: Clear food packaging and
shampoo bottles.
Recycle: Floor mats, pipes, and
hose.
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Low Density
Polyethylene
Use: Bread bags, grocery bags,
and frozen food bags.
Recycle: Trash can liners and
grocery bags.
Polypropylene
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Use: Ketchup bottles, yogurt cups,
margarine tubs, and medicine
bottles.
Recycle: Paint buckets, cassette cases,
ice scrapers, lawnmower
wheels, and auto battery cases.
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Polystyrene
Use: CD jackets, coffee cups, knives,
forks, spoons, food trays,
fast foot sandwich containers.
Recycle: Desk-top accessories, file
folders, food trays, flower pots,
trash cans, cassette holders.
Other
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This code indicates that the
object is made with a resin
other than the normal 6, or
is made of a combination of
resins in a multi-layer
combination.
Recycle: Bottles, plastic lumber
applications.
Acid rain is produced
by burning fossil fuels
that have a high
sulfur content.
While all fossil fuels
contain some sulfur,
coal has the most.
Acid rain not only harms
plants and animals, it also
corrodes construction
materials, such as
metal and stone.
The chemistry involved
in forming acid rain is
quite complex, involving
several steps:
1
Fuels containing sulfur
burn to produce
sulfur dioxide
SO2
2
Sulfur dioxide combines with
oxygen in the air to produce
sulfur trioxide
SO3
3
Sulfur trioxide combines with
water in the air to produce
sulfuric acid
H2SO4
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1880 - 2000
Earth's Average Temperature
1880 - 2000
1/
2
degree rise
in average temp
Earth's Average Temperature
Temperature Change (oC)
2
Earth's Average
Temperature
0
-2
-4
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Thousands of Years (B.P.)
2
0
The USA has only
4% of the world
population,
but produces
25% of the world
greenhouse gasses
During October, the trees removed
the greatest amount of
A. ozone
B. particulates
C. NO2
D. SO2
The graph covers
A. one month
B. ten months
C. one year
D. ten years
Which group on the pyramid has
the largest biomass?
A. Bass
B. Minnows
C. Copepods
D. Algae
Which group on the pyramid has
the largest population?
A. Bass
B. Minnows
C. Copepods
D. Algae
Which of the following best explains
the results on the graph since 1991.
A. the deer population increased
B. the farmer bought a tractor
C. the farmer began fertilizing his fields
D. the cotton rat
population
decreased
The carrying capacity of the
ecosystem on WallaWalla Island is
A. 100 deer
B. 80 deer
C. 60 deer
D. 20 deer
Which population is the predator?
A. population A
B. population B
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
This pyramid is based on the number
of individuals in a given ecosystem.
Which of these best describes the
ecosystem represented by the pyramid?
• a freshwater pond
B. an open prairie field
C. an oak tree
D. a backyard garden
A poor corn harvest in which of
these countries would have the
greatest affect on world corn prices?
A. Brazil
B. China
C. Argentina
D. South
Africa
Which of the graphs below represents
exponential population growth?
Which of these best describes the data
shown on the graph?
A. Most people use natural gas to
heat their homes in the winter.
B. Most people use natural gas to
cool their homes in the summer.
C. More natural gas is used in the
summer than in the winter.
D. Natural gas consumption
increases during
warm months.