An Introduction
to the
IMS Course Overview
1. Introduction to the IMS Course
2. Introduction to the IMS & the
Incident Commander
11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment
12. Salvage
13. Overhaul
3. The Command Structure
4. Risk Management
5. Apparatus Placement
6. Water Supply
14.
15.
16.
17.
7. Forcible Entry
8. Ventilation
9. Rescue
18. Personnel Accountability Reports
19. Evacuation & R.I.T.
20. Fire Ground Scenarios
Size-Up & Exposure Protection
Accountability & Entry Control
Rehabilitation
Post Incident Analysis & Review
10. Victim Stabilization & Removal
Appendices & Miscellaneous
Ice Breakers!
Exit
End of Section Mouse Warning!
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the slideshow.
1. Introduction to the IMS Course
Introductions
End of Section
2. Introduction to the IMS & the Incident Commander(LG-3)
Prior to the Incident Command and the IMS
fire departments had a LOT of good luck.
Examples… (flipchart)
Why do we have an IMS?
1. One person command
• Too many cooks spoil the broth!
• IC’s may change, but always, only ONE person in
charge
2. Ensures that a strong command is visible
• Lawsuits often center around this
3. Establishes an effective organization
• Effectiveness & efficiency are operative words
4. Provides a system for processing information
• IC, even at a simple house fire, can be overloaded
with information
5. Allows for an orderly Transfer of Command
• A formal process (will be dealt with later)
6. Ensures the maximum level of firefighter safety
• We are NUMBER 1
The Incident Commander
What are the traits of a good Incident Commander?
(Flipchart)
Let’s now take a look at the profile of a good IC…
Profile of an Effective IC

Implements effective action/continual focus on
standard outcomes

Technically competent/street smart

Disciplined and consistent/flexible and responsive

High consciousness and awareness level/good
intuition

Strong tactical focus/manages distractions and
stress effectively
Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)





Psychologically stable/cool head
Risk/safety manager -- always reflects concern for
personnel & customers
Information manager/quick decider/organized and
logical thinker
Straight forward communicator – talks clearly &
listens critically
Command competent: system activator – SOP
manager
Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)





Focus on function/strong ego control
Strong delegator (continually assists/coaches
subordinates)
Develops, uses and escalates organizational
elements to fit situation
Invents creative and innovative solutions
Maintains effective command presence
Primary Responsibilities
What is the primary responsibility of the IC?
(Flipchart)
1. To ensure that the Tactical Priorities are met.
What are the Tactical Priorities?
(Flipchart)
1. Rescue
2. Stabilize the scene i.e. extinguishment etc.
3. Property Conservation
4. Firefighter Safety – CORE VALUE!
Is Firefighter Safety a “priority” or a “core value?”
FIREFIGHTER SAFETY AS A
CORE VALUE
 Every decision is filtered through the
following question:
– What affect will this have on firefighter
safety?
– If the action enhances or has no affect,
continue
– If the action puts the firefighters in more
jeopardy, apply the risk benefit analysis
Risk/Benefit Analysis
 Is there a worthwhile benefit to be gained?
 Is it likely to succeed?
 How can the risk be minimized?
– Fewest possible firefighters exposed
– Limit exposure
– Rescue plan for firefighters
– Back-up rescue plan for firefighters
Reporting Benchmarks
It is critical to understand the use and importance of
“Benchmarks” in the Incident Management System. We
may accomplish the tactical priorities out of order but that
doesn’t change the way we rank their importance. As a
result, the following benchmarks are always reported in the
following order:
•
Primary Search – All Clear
•
Under Control (meaning, fire)
•
Secondary Search – All Clear
•
Loss Stopped (meaning, no more damage)
Functions of Command
What does the IC have to do on arrival & while on scene?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assume command and announce it!!!
Do an initial size-up
Set up a Command Post and announce it!!!
Initiate and control communications
Determine strategy and develop the Action Plan
• assign companies
6. Develop an effective Incident Management organization
7. Provide the Tactical Priorities
8. Provide continuity in Transfer and Termination of
Command
Who Takes Initial Command?
Usually the first arriving Officer (follow SOG’s)
- this may not be an Officer in a volunteer dept.
Whoever it is it is imperative that communications knows
who and where
Radio Reports: (to be discussed later)
Time for Quiz #1!
(Page 7)
End of Section
3. The Command Structure
The beauty of an IMS is that it is versatile:
anything from a dumpster fire to a complex fire in
a high rise can be handled.
Each incident should be approached in a
systematic, effective manner.
The term “Command Structure” simply means how
we set up a command system at a fire that suits
the size and complexity of the incident.
(LG-8)
Levels of Command
Whatever the incident, there are always
3 levels of command…
1. Strategic
2. Tactical
3. Task
Strategic
What does the term “strategy” mean to you?
According to the Oxford Dictionary “strategy” means…
Generalship, the art of war, management of an army or
armies in a campaign, art of so moving or disposing
troops or ships or aircraft as to impose upon the enemy
the place and time and conditions for fighting preferred by
oneself; instance of or plan formed to according to; this,
hence - Generalship
This is where the “Big Plan” is put together…
Strategic Approaches
At the Strategic level, there are 3 terms that are indicative
of the IC’s overall approach to the incident. They are…
Offensive –
Aggressive, usually interior, fire attack that is intended to stop
the fire at its current location. As a general rule, the IC should extend an
offensive attack only where and when conditions permit, and adequate
resources are available.
Defensive –
Exterior fire attack with emphasis on exposure protection. The
commitment of a fire department’s resources to protect exposures when the fire
has progressed to a point where an offensive attack is not effective.
Marginal –
Many times offensive/defensive conditions are clear cut and
Command can quickly determine the appropriate strategy. In other cases, the
situation is MARGINAL and Command must initiate an offensive interior attack,
while setting up defensive positions on the exterior.
Source: http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html
Strategic Integration
The 3 terms discussed in the previous slide – Offensive,
Defensive & Marginal are reflective of a “risk/benefit”
analysis that ultimately drives the incident Action Plan.
This Action Plan must be formulated within a structured
risk management plan.
Source: http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html
Tactical
What does the term “tactical” mean to you?
Operational objectives are assigned at this level.
Objectives have to accomplish the Strategy.
Task
What does the term “task” mean to you?
This is where the job or work gets done.
Now, let’s look at some of the
responsibilities we could find at each level…
Responsibilities at Each Level of a Scene
Pump 3
2 Story Detached
Dwelling
Garage
Pump 1
Rescue 1
Pump 2
D/Chief
This incident can be divided into the Three Levels of
Command. An Action Plan can be developed that
includes strategic and tactical objectives along with
support activities that bring this incident to a
successful completion.
Chief
Strategic Responsibilities
Pump 3
2 Story Detached
Dwelling
Garage
Pump 1
Rescue 1
Pump 2
D/Chief
Chief
Strategic Level
Develop Action Plan: determine strategy & overall incident
objectives; set priorities; obtain & assign resources; predict
outcomes and planning; assign specific objectives to the
Tactical Level
Tactical Responsibilities
Pump 3
2 Story Detached
Dwelling
Garage
Pump 1
Rescue 1
Pump 2
D/Chief
Chief
Tactical Level
Direct activities toward specific objectives: responsible for
geographic “areas” or functions; has responsibility & authority
to meet strategic goals
Task Responsibilities
Pump 3
2 Story Detached
Dwelling
Garage
Pump 1
Rescue 1
Pump 2
D/Chief
Chief
Task Level
Individual companies – “where the rubber meets the road”:
usually commanded by a company Officer; goal is to
accomplish tactical objectives
Any Questions to this Point???
Sectoring
What does the term “sectoring” mean to you?
Why would we use sectoring and what are the
types?
Types:
Geographical
Function
Geographical Sectoring
Often used in conjunction with locations
around a structure.
Alfa – Bravo – Charlie – Delta
If the Alpha side is not readily apparent, the IC
must designate. E.g. a building has addresses
on two streets.
OH#1
GEOGRAPHIC SECTORING
C (3)
B (2)
HOUSE
GARAGE
A (1)
STREET
D (4)
Function Sectoring
Identities are assigned based on the task.
Can be termed as follows:
Search & Rescue Team 1
Suppression Team 1
Ventilation 1
Water Supply
What are some advantages or disadvantages
of geographical or functional sectoring?
Command Organization
How does all of this look organizationally?
Should there not be differences between
small, medium and large scale incidents?
“Span of Control” criterion: once over 3-5 FF’s
In fact, there are differences…but, some
important similarities as well.
(See page 11 of the Learner Guide… and the
next slide…)
OH #2
LEVELS OF COMMAND
IN ALL THREE EXAMPLES WHO IS STRATEGIC, TACTICAL AND TASK OFFICER?
EXAMPLE #1
P1
P1
EXAMPLE #2
CO
CO
P2
R1
EXAMPLE #3
IC
DISTRICT CHIEF
CO’S
CO
CHIEF
DISTRICT CHIEF
VENTILATION SECTOR
R1
CO
P2
FIRE CONTROL SECTOR
P3
CO’S
A1
Establishing Command
Usually the first arriving Officer stays in
Command until a transfer or the scene is
stabilized.
Question… (hmmm…)
The first on-scene Officer has been in control
of an incident since the start. He/she is doing
a good job. A more senior Officer arrives at
the scene but chooses not to assume
Command because the first Officer is doing
well. Who is responsible for the fire?
What are your thoughts?
Remember, You can share
authority, NOT responsibility!
Initial Radio Reports
The initial radio report is very important. It starts the
incident off on the right foot.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vehicle designation – “P-31 Arrived”
Address – “20 Spruce St.”
Building type – “2-story residential brick structure”
Obvious conditions – “smoke showing at front”
Initial actions taken – “have established water
supply and beginning primary search”
Declaration of Strategy “commencing Offensive
Attack”
Obvious safety concerns – “heavy traffic, need police”
Assume command & give location – “Capt. Sparky
establishing Command, Alfa-Delta side”
Request or release resources – “Control, Spruce
Command. Dispatch EMS to this location”
Command Modes
There are 3 possible Command Modes upon arrival:
1. Nothing Showing Mode
2. Fast Attack Mode
3. Command Mode
Nothing Showing Mode
… also known as “Investigative Mode”
What are some features of this mode?
•
Take crew, portable radio and check
out the situation
•
Stage additional arriving apparatus
Fast Attack Mode
“What you do in the first 5 minutes often determines what
you will be doing for the next 5 hours.” - Brunacini
What are some features of this mode?
•
Situations where immediate action is required
•
Retain radio and maintain Command
•
Should not last longer than a few minutes –
you cannot maintain Command from inside a
structure
When do we use Fast Attack Mode?
•
•
•
•
Critical life safety situations… rescue
Offensive attack in “marginal” situations
Any incident where FF safety or welfare are of
concern
Obvious working situations that require further
investigation by the Officer
When does Fast Attack Mode end?
• Situation is stabilized
• The situation is NOT stabilized and the IC must
withdraw to establish a Command Post, crew may
be withdrawn also, especially if they have no
radios
• Command is transferred to a more senior Officer
Command Mode
What kind of incidents would require establishing
Command Mode immediately?
•
Situations that are obviously large from the
outset
•
IC establishes a Command Post immediately
•
A “Tactical Worksheet” is activated at this point!
Look at the OFM TACTICAL WORKSHEET found
under Appendix “F” in your Learner manual.
Command Options for the IC
What are some of the options available to the IC at the
point Command Mode is established?
•
Assign the remainder of the crew to carry out
tasks – appoint one of the crew as the acting
Company Officer – provide the crew with radios
•
Assign the crew to work under the supervision
of another arriving Company Officer
•
Assign the crew to staff positions to assist
Command
Passing Command
What is passing Command?
•
A system to assign the command responsibility
to another Company Officer
Why do we pass Command?
• The initial Company Officer may be in Fast Attack
Mode and it is taking longer than expected
• You CAN’T command from inside the structure!
How do we pass Command?
• The initial Company Officer radios from inside to
the next arriving Officer
• The Officer to whom Command is being given
should be on scene and not enroute!
Transferring Command
What is Transferring Command?
•
A more formal method than “passing” Command
•
Should be included in Department SOG’s
•
Happens at larger incidents when a more senior
Officer arrives and wants to assume Command
•
Face-to-face is best but can be done via radio
•
Important: the new IC must receive all the “relevant”
information from the outgoing IC
Question: What kind of information is relevant?
Additional Fire Ground Components
1. Incident Safety Officer (ISO)
• Risk management consultant
• Advisor to IC re: risks
• Provides situation overview & its risks
• Dept. OG’s should include ISO
2. Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.)
• A standby team for FF rescue
• Specially trained
• Excused from normal fire ground duties & tasks
3. Entry Control (part of Accountability)
• Keeps track of FF’s in the Danger Zone
(continued….)
Additional Fire Ground Components
4. Rehab
• Rest, hydration, cool-off (e.g. forearm immersion)
• Sector Officers monitor FF’s and send to Rehab
5. Staging
• Is a Sector – may have Officer assigned to Staging
• Additional apparatus, equipment & manpower
• Reports to IC
• Also a part of Accountability
6. Fire Ground Incident Technician (F.I.T.)
• This is an “assistant” or a “scribe” to work with the
IC
• Can be a VALUABLE helper for the IC!
So what does all this look like organizationally?
OH #3
FIRE GROUND SCHEMATIC
STRATEGIC
INCIDENT
COMMANDER
ISO
RIT
OUTSIDE
AGENCIES
STAGING
ENTRY
CONTROL
REHAB
TACTICAL
RESCUE SECTOR
P1
R1
FIRE CONTROL SECTOR
A1
P2
TASK
Command Structure Quiz
Time for Quiz #2!
(Page 18)
End of Section
4. Risk Management
Some questions to ponder… (hmmm…)
How much risk is acceptable?
Who decides what amount of risk is acceptable?
What is a risk assessment based on?
Who determines what risks are present?
What is the role of the ISO in risk assessment?
What is the role of the Officers in risk assessment?
What is the role of the firefighters in risk assessment?
Why is a proper risk assessment necessary?
(LG-21)
About Risk
There will always be risk in the job we do.
However, needless risk is unacceptable
as it both injures and kills firefighters.
Who is responsible for assessing risk at an emergency scene?
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
First arriving Officer
ISO
All firefighters and Officers
Ultimately, the IC
About Risk
What is risk assessment?
It is NOT: guesswork or something we do only sometimes.
It is on-going.
What it is:
• assessing risk at each call and basing decisions on
that assessment
•
primary search at one incident may not have the
same risk factors associated with another call; e.g.
primary search above the fire
•
must be a part of the department “culture”
•
must be outlined in departmental OG’s
Operating Procedures vs. Operating Guidelines
What is the difference between these two concepts?
•
Procedures can potentially be limiting
•
Guidelines give Officers and firefighters more
space to move in
Acceptable Risk
Who determines the level of acceptable risk?
•
•
The IC has to determine the level of acceptable
risk based on an on-going size-up
He must ensure that acceptable levels are NOT
exceeded
What is an “acceptable” level of risk?
•
Significant calculated risk to save a life
•
Some risk to save property
•
NO RISK to save something that can’t be saved
The IC and Risk Management: Questions to Ask
1. Does the size, location and size of the fire warrant an
offensive fire attack?
2. Do I have enough resources to carry out an offensive plan
of attack? (human, physical – i.e. equipment/apparatus)
3. Is there rescue to perform? (rescue risks higher
acceptability than suppression risks)
4. Should attack be delayed pending additional manpower?
(If the answer is yes then all activities must be limited to
the exterior)
5. What are the risks currently present? (based on initial
size-up)
The IC and Risk Management: Key Points
•
Remember: Initial actions are based on limited
information
•
An IC must base actions on KNOWN factors and avoid
assuming other factors.
IC Responsibilities
1. Conduct a thorough size-up. (What are some ways to
do this?)
2. Establish a command structure to supervise the
incident. (What’s the primary reason for doing this?)
3. Determine strategic and tactical objectives. (What’s the
difference between “strategy” and “tactics?” Click
HERE for the definitions.)
4. Determine initial attack. (Offensive or defensive)
(continued…)
IC Responsibilities
(cont’d)
5. Establish the “Accountability and Entry Control” sector.
6. Determine other sectors.
7. Develop an Action Plan.
The Action Plan
•
Driven by Risk Management
• IC must weigh the danger or risks against the
expected results
•
Contains Strategic and Tactical Objectives
•
Must be flexible and changeable based on changing
conditions
•
Must have identifiable benchmarks or objectives
Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other
levels of Command
1. Sector Officers
• Supervise tactical operations based on risk in
their sector
• Decisions based on IC’s strategy
• Keep IC informed of conditions
2. Company Officers
• Supervise task operations based on their risk
assessment
• Keep sector Officers informed of conditions
(continued…)
Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other
levels of Command (cont’d)
3. Firefighters
• May have to make risk assessments and decision
when no Officer present
4. Incident Safety Officer (ISO)
• Risk management consultant and adviser to the IC
• Standard system required to select ISO’s
• Perform a 360o for IC
• Advises IC as to risks, unsafe conditions, hazards,
inconsistent observations etc.
•
NB: the ISO, under some conditions, may stop an
activity if it is deemed to be unsafe. However, he
must inform the IC immediately.
Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other
levels of Command (cont’d)
Two Perspectives
IC: How do I get the job done and work safely?
ISO: How do I work safely and get the job done?
Time for Quiz #3!
(Page 25)
End of Section
5. Apparatus Placement
How important is initial placement of
apparatus?
What could be the effects of poor
initial placement?
Your thoughts??
(LG-27)
Apparatus Placement
The importance of initial placement cannot be
overemphasized.
Brunacini: 1st 5 minutes = Next 5 hrs.
Too close? - scorching, collapse etc.
Moving trucks? - affects time and fire attack
Departmental OG’s & Pre-plans must be
current!
Apparatus Placement Exercise
Maple Lane
Spruce St.
Okay, let’s give it a try…
You have…
IC CP Vehicle
Fire
Warehouse
2 Pumpers
1 Rescue
Goose St.
1 Aerial
In your team, place your vehicles and be prepared
to defend your placements…
Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene
i.
Responding
• FF safety utmost; many FF’s are killed responding
• Damage to apparatus; “Highway Traffic Act!”
ii. Staged
• First arriving on scene (OG’s); other apparatus a
block away until they’re need: NO CONGESTION!
• Consider a “Staging Officer” for a large scene
• Allows the IC to assign apparatus in an orderly
fashion
(continued…)
Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene
(cont’d)
iii. Operating
• Place to best utilize
• Placement is determined by function i.e. water
supply etc.
• Improper placement can cause major delays if an
apparatus must be moved
iv. Parked
• Vehicles used for taxi service
• Park in a manner that is easy to commit the vehicle
to action
v. Returning to Station
• Crews and apparatus placed back in service by IC
Specific Apparatus Placement
i.
Forward Engine Companies
• Placed for attack – pre-connects
• Can cover exposures
ii. Support Engines
• Placed at key water supplies
• Large diameter hose for supply
• Close enough that additional attack lines can be
used
iii. Elevating Devices
• Place for rescue when required
• Placement depends on ladder length
• When not required for rescue place for exposure
protection
(continued…)
Specific Apparatus Placement (cont’d)
iii. Rescue Trucks
• Close to scene for quick entry and access to
specialized equipment
iv. Command Vehicle
• Safe location with best view of the incident
• Larger incidents = farther away
APPARATUS PLACEMENT
OH #4
1.
WHAT IS THE EXTENET OF THE FIRE?
2.
NOTHING SHOWING? – CLOSE SO CAN BE
DEPLOYED QUICKLY
3.
OVERHEAD WIRES?
4.
PLACE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
5.
FREE OF COLLAPSE AND SCORCHING?
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
Apparatus Placement Quiz
Time for Quiz #4!
(Page 29)
End of Section
6. Water Supply
•
Critical element of fire ground operations
•
Whether from hydrants or portable water supplies in
more rural locations, it must be reliable!
•
FF’s doing interior attack: their lives depend on
water supply
•
IC ultimately responsible – can appoint a Water
Supply Sector Officer
•
Interruption of water supply: must be able to notify
interior crews to withdraw e.g. 3 blasts of air horn
(LG-30)
WATER SUPPLY
OH #5
1.
WHAT DOES THE PRE-PLAN INDICATE?
2.
HOW MUCH DO I NEED?
3.
IS MORE APPARATUS REQUIRED?
4.
FAST ATTACK?
5.
WATER SUPPLY SECTOR
6.
BIG FIRE = BIG WATER
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
IC Responsibilities re: Water Supply
1. Identify adequate supply for the size of the situation
• PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!!
2. Identify whether or not to start the attack from an
on-board tank or wait for a permanent supply
•
•
•
Fast attack = small volume
Slower attack = larger volume
Big fire = Big water
Water Sector Officer Responsibilities
1. Ensure a continuous supply
2. Refer to pre-plans and maps
3. Search out an alternative source for back-up
4. Keep IC informed
Time for Quiz #5!
(Page 30)
End of Section
7. Forcible Entry
Why?
•
To provide a means of entry for fire
teams
•
To remove barriers to operations
(LG-31)
FORCIBLE ENTRY
OH #6
1.
TRY BEFORE YOU PRY
2.
IS THERE ENOUGH TIME TO GET THE KEY
HOLDER?
3.
GREATER THE FIRE DAMAGE – THE LESS
IMPORTANT SECONDARY DAMAGE
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
IC Considerations re: Forcible Entry
•
Must balance secondary damage against
fire damage
•
“Try before you Pry!”
•
If time allows (nothing showing) call for the
key-holder
•
The more severe the fire the less the
importance of forcible entry damage
Remember: Excessive effort causes
excessive secondary damage!
Forcible Entry Quiz
Time for Quiz #6!
(Page 31)
End of Section
8. Ventilation
•
In the past ventilation was always sort of an
afterthought
•
Modern technology and information has
changed the way we think
•
Good ventilation practices helps the
firefighter do a more efficient and effective
job
(LG-32)
OH #7
VENTILATION
1.
A TACTIC TO SUPPORT OTHER TACTICAL OPERATIONS
2.
PLANNED AND CONTROLLED
3.
BASED ON A) EXPOSURES, B) EXTENT AND LOCATION OF
FIRE C) WIND DIRECTION D)TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
4.
PRIORITIES FOR SMOKE AND HEAT REMOVAL:
i) AWAY FROM VICTIMS
ii) AWAY FROM STAIRS
iii) AWAY FROM HALLS AND CORRIDORS
iv) OVER FIRE
5.
CHOOSE THE METHOD AND TYPE
6.
HAZARDS TO BE AWARE OF:
i) OPENING BELOW THE FIRE,
ii) OPENING TOO SOON,
iii) OPENING IN THE WRONG PLACE,
iv) INSUFFICIENT OPENINGS,
v) ENDANGERING OCCUPANTS
vi) TOO LONG A DELAY
Ventilation: Definition
What is it?
•
Planned and controlled
•
Redirects or removes heat, smoke and
gases
•
Controlled replacement
Ventilation: Key Points
Remember…
•
The decision to ventilate, where, when and
how is the IC’s call
•
Ventilation is part of the attack and action
plan
Reasons for Ventilation
i.
Supports Tactical Operations
• Where to ventilate is determined by the operation
being supported
ii. Firefighter and Victim Safety
• Can direct heat and smoke away from the victim to
allow rescue
iii. Incident Stabilization
• Allows FF’s quicker entry for their assigned task –
i.e.: to locate and extinguish the fire
• Ventilation rationale based on: exposures, extent &
location of fire, wind direction, construction type
(continued…)
Reasons for Ventilation (cont’d)
iv. Property Conservation
• Channels heat and smoke away from undamaged
property
• Consider venting behind the fire
Where to Ventilate?
Depends on…
1. Location of victims
2. Type, age, structural integrity of the building and
type and style of roof
3. Must consider rate of burning and possible paths for
fire spread, safe routes of travel and escape routes
and available resources
Venting Smoke and Heat Priorities
Your thoughts?
1. Away from victims
2. Away from stairways
3. Away from halls and corridors
4. Over the fire
PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!!!
Ventilation Tactics
The type of ventilation chosen should match the…
•
Fire and smoke conditions
•
Construction and condition of
structure
•
Weather
•
Available resources
Ventilation Types
What are the two major types of ventilation?
•
Vertical
•
Horizontal
Ventilation Methods
What are the two major methods of ventilation?
•
Natural
• Can be the safest sometimes
•
Mechanical
• Negative pressure (ejectors)
• Positive pressure (PPV) (injectors)
•
•
•
•
Water Fog
•
•
Done from outside
Ideal in most house fires
MUST be coordinated!
Expulsion, expansion, syphon
HVAC (Building air handling) (when
possible)
Ventilation Hazards
What are some potential hazards related to ventilation?
1. Opening below the fire
2. Opening too soon – increases fire spread/damage
3. Opening in the wrong place
4. Opening into a blind attic
5. Insufficient openings
6. Openings that endanger exposures
7. Openings delayed too long – fire extinguishment
more difficult
Ventilation Coordination Priorities
Why is coordination important?
1. Coordinating ventilation with rescue is #1
• e.g. keeping heat, smoke etc. away from
FF’s and victim
2. Coordinating ventilation with entry and fire attack
• e.g. backdraft potential
End of Section
9. Rescue
(LG-34)
A bit of reading…important reading…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rescue is the #1 tactical priority
But, it can be the most dangerous thing we do e.g.
searching above a fire
IC must assess the risk and take whatever measures
to allow this priority (Rescue) to be accomplished
Remember: to save a life we will take a big,
calculated risk
The IC will NOT send FF’s to certain failure
On the contrary, measures should be taken
(ventilation, fire confinement etc.) that will facilitate
rescue
These measures are ONLY meant to help in rescue
attempts
Primary & Secondary Search
Primary Search
•
Should be done at most, not all, fires (e.g. Defensive
attacks would preclude Primary Searches)
Risks/benefits should be considered
Rapid search
Various methods e.g. Hose team to search fire area,
second team enters 2nd floor by ladder
BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR”
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Secondary Search
Thorough search by a different team than the primary
Done after fire control and ventilation
Can be combined with overhaul
May involve body removal (evidence considerations)
BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR”
Primary & Secondary Search
(cont’d)
Remember: it may not be possible to conduct a Primary Search at
the outset of a fire (Defensive Attack). Also, even if a Primary Search
has been started, it may not be possible to complete this Primary
Search if the conditions of the building deteriorate to the extent that
Withdrawal is necessary. Should this situation occur, the IC should
radio that indicates the reasons for not initiating or completing the
search. This demonstrates and records the IC’s commitment to
rescue, and explains the circumstances for its abandonment.
Secondary searches must always be conducted. However, they may
be delayed by the IC due to the condition of the building. Still, a radio
announcement will record the reasons for doing so.
RESCUE OPERATIONS
OH #8
DO I HAVE
ENOUGH
RESOURCES?
1.
PRIMARY SEARCH – ALL CLEAR
- RAPID SEARCH
- “ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK
2.
SECONDARY SEARCH
-THOROUGH – DONE BY A DIFFERENT TEAM
-OFTEN DONE DURING OVERHAUL
- “ ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK
3.
SUPPORT ACTIVITIES REQUIRED?
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
Rescue Size-up Questions for the IC
•
•
•
Stage of Fire?
Affects your approach
Can be simple at small fires or major at large fires
There is NO search when operations are DEFENSIVE
Number, location and affect of fire on victims?
• Order of search: usually the fire floor, floor above the
fire and then the rest of the building
•
Resources available?
Success depends on numbers and equipment
Your thoughts: What would you do on arrival at a house
fire when there are only two FF’s initially on scene?
Rescue Support Activities
Question: What is meant by the term “rescue support activities?”
Activities that facilitate rescue attempts
Remember: many support activities cause
the structure to be opened up which can
make fire matters worse.
“Coordination is the Key!”
(continued…)
Rescue Support Activities (cont’d)
1. Rapid Entry
• When fire cuts off victims from escape
• Most victims are found in normal exit routes
2. Hose Lines
• Separate victims from the fire
• Protect FF’s
• Act as a lifeline as well
3. Ventilation
• Allows entry, should be done before search starts
• Visibility, safer interior operations
• MUST be coordinated with search and attack lines
4. Ladders
• Secondary exit for FF’s & victim removal
Rescue Coordination Issues
•
Teamwork, coordination and
communication vital
•
Entry ASAP
•
Hose lines to separate
victims and fire
Time for Quiz #7!
(Pages 36 & 37)
End of Section
10. Victim Stabilization & Removal
So, now that the victim has been located what
are the issues surrounding stabilization and
removal?
There is a sequence of IC decisions and
actions that must be taken to facilitate victim
rescue, stabilization and removal. Let’s look
at this flow.
(LG-38)
Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions
1. IC assumes Command
• Announce it!
• Give report on initial actions
2. Interior attack to support rescue attempt
• Attack crews must protect stairs and halls etc.
• Must be viewed as a support activity
• ALL CREWS MUST KNOW WHEN PRIMARY
SEARCH IS COMPLETED: HOW?
3. Extend Primary Search
• Fire floor
• Floor above etc.
• More than one crew
(continued…)
Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions (cont’d)
4. Locate, protect and remove victims
• Remove the victim from the fire?
• Remove the fire from the victim?
• Combination of both?
• Use primary exits etc. (better than secondary)
• Move victims to triage area & EMS personnel
• Allow for victim warmth etc.
5. Treat victims and transport to hospital
6. Stop Re-entry
Victim Stabilization and Removal: Summary
The IC must ensure the following…
•
•
•
•
•
Safety for fire ground personnel
Quick removal of victims
Occupants are moved away from direct fire ground
Victims are cared for
No occupants re-enter the building
Time for Quiz #8!
(Pages 39 & 40)
End of Section
11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment
The goal of the fire ground IC is ultimately to
put the fire out. This is not always possible in
the short term. Hose lines could be used in a
“holding pattern.” There IS a difference
between Confinement and Extinguishment.
Question: What IS this difference?
(LG-41)
OH #9
FIRE CONFINEMENT AND EXTINGUISHMENT
1.
CONFINE OR EXTINGUISH?
2.
SIZE-UP CONSIDERATIONS
- WHERE IS IT GOING?
- WHO OR WHAT IS IN THE WAY?
- TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
- REQUIRED FLOW? VOLUME x 2 = L/MIN.
- UNDER CONTROL
- LOSS STOPPED
“BENCHMARKS”
WHERE?
WHAT?
HOW?
Confinement vs. Extinguishment
Confinement:
Actions taken to stop the spread of fire.
(When would we do this?)
Extinguishment:
Actions taken after confinement to extinguish the
fire.
(When would we do this?)
Size-up Considerations: Confinement
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location and extent of fire
Where is it going?
Who or what are in the way?
Type of construction
Required water flow*
Length and size of hose required
•
MUST be coordinated with other
tactical operations e.g. search,
ventilation, forcible entry etc.
How do we KNOW
required flow?
PRE-PLAN!!
Size-up Considerations: Extinguishment
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location and extent of fire
Where is fire now and where is it going?
Risk/benefit for FF’s – the greater the risk the more
need for the management of safety e.g. back-up
line(s)
Evaluate areas of access and egress
Hose size and length
Building construction & classification – consider
structural deficiencies
Required fire flow
• Volume of involved area = (m3) x 2 = LPM
• Room = 4m x 5m x 3m
= 60m3 x 2 = 120 LPM
Hose Placement
•
Depends on function… confinement or
extinguishment
•
Initial line between fire and victims
•
Frontal assault only when no other option is possible
•
Use with second line to push fire back to place of
origin
Benchmarks
“Under Control”
“Loss Stopped”
OH #10
THE BENCHMARKS IN REVIEW
1) PRIMARY SEARCH
=
“ALL CLEAR”
2) FIRE EXTINGUISHED
=
“UNDER CONTROL”
3) SECONDARY SEARCH
=
“ALL CLEAR”
4) FIRE EXTINGUISHED AND
OVERHAUL COMPLETED
=
“LOSS STOPPED”
Fire Confinement and Extinguishment Quiz
Time for Quiz #9!
(Pages 42 & 43)
End of Section
12. Salvage
Why bother with salvage operations?
Your thoughts?
•
Excellent PR with citizens
•
Prevents smoke and fire damage
•
Prevents water damage due to fire streams
•
Prevents structural damage due to weight of
water
(LG-44)
What Contributes to Salvage?
1. Salvage size-up
2. Ventilation
3. Rapid extinguishment
4. Conservation of water from attack lines
What are some things the IC has to consider?
SALVAGE
OH #11
1.
WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT TO SAVE?
2.
HOW CAN WE PROTECT ITEMS BEING
REMOVED FROM THE BUILDING?
3.
WHAT SALVAGE TACTICS ARE MOST
APPROPRIATE?
4.
IS ANY SUPPORT REQUIRED?
5.
WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS
REQUIRED?
6.
WHAT SAFETY CONCERNS EXIST?
WHERE?
WHAT?
HOW?
Tactics for Salvage
1. Determine critical size-up factors
2. Identify and prioritize property to be protected
3. Select appropriate tactics to achieve strategy
4. Identify needed resources
5. Identify support required
6. Determine need for coordination
7. Identify safety concerns
End of Section
13. Overhaul
What does overhaul mean to you?
Your thoughts?
1. To show that complete suppression action was
taken
2. To expose hidden and smouldering fires
3. To complete extinguishment
4. So we don’t get dragged into court!
(LG-45)
OH # 12
OVERHAUL
1.
WHAT IS THE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING?
2.
IS THE AREA SAFE FOR OVERHAUL?
3.
WHAT HIDDEN AREAS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO
FIRE OR HEAT?
4.
ARE THERE ANY SPOT FIRES?
5.
WHAT PROVISION HAS BEEN MADE FOR RELIEF
CREWS?
6.
WILL OVERHAUL INTERFERE WITH ORIGIN/CAUSE
INVESTIGATION?
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
Overhaul Coordination
1. Often coordinated with salvage operations
2. Must take into account the ensuing fire
investigation – DON’T destroy evidence!
Overhaul Action Plan
1. Determine critical size-up factors
2. Identify location of smouldering and potential
hidden fire areas
3. Select appropriate overhaul tactics
4. Identify needed resources
5. Identify support required
6. Determine need for coordination
7. Identify safety concerns
8. Evaluate effectiveness of overhaul operations
Overhaul Support Activities
1. Utility Control / Action Plan
2. Air Supply – at least 2 bottles per firefighter
3. Electricity – generators etc.
4. Rehab & medical support – FF’s need rest!
Time for Quiz #10!
(Pages 47 & 48)
End of Section
14. Size-Up & Exposure Protection
Initial size-ups must be viewed as just that:
initial. It must be an on-going process.
Among the important decisions to be made
relates to protection from exposures. More
troops may be needed!
Question: When does size-up begin?
(LG-49)
Size-Up: An On-going Process
Begins on Receipt of Alarm
1. Time of day or night
2. Weather – wind conditions, humidity etc.
3. Type of occupancy
4. Nature of the emergency i.e. working fire?
5. Other apparatus responding
6. Reports from citizens
Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)
En Route
1. Pre-plan factors
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Size & type of building
Building construction including roof
Water supply
Company assignments
Fire protection system connections
Access points
Normal building population
Fire protection equipment i.e. standpipe etc.
Fire flow required
Question: What other information could be on a pre-plan?
Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)
On Arrival
1. Fire Ground Situational Factors
•
•
•
•
•
Location, stage and extent of fire
Colour of smoke
Obstructions to operations
Apparatus on scene
People trapped?
Question: What other factors could there be?
During Operations
• On-going process – you should see
results from actions
The Initial Size-up
1. Do a 360 if possible
2. Consider all environmental, pre-plan and situational
factors
3. Determine the major factors – forget about things that
aren’t
4. Formulate a strategy and determine tactics
5. Develop an Action Plan
6. Assign tasks
7. Monitor and make adjustments as needed
OH #13
SIZE-UP (RULE OF EIGHT)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
SIZE-UP
CALL FOR HELP
LIFE SAFETY - RESCUE
CONFINEMENT - EXPOSURES
EXTINGUISHMENT
VENTILATION
SALVAGE
OVERHAUL
WHAT?
HOW?
WHERE
?
THE FIRE GROUND
OH #14
HOT
ZONE
FIRE LINE TAPE
C
B
S
STRUCTURE
D
A
T
REHAB
A
G
I
N
G
EMS
POLICE
PRESS
ENTRY
CONTROL
RIT
IC
Questions
How is this fire ground marked?
Who is allowed on the f/g?
Who is outside the hot zone?
Exposures
Definition:
Any part of a structure not yet involved with fire
(Includes adjoined and non-adjoined buildings as
well as the next room)
Who decides what will be protected? The IC.
Question: What do we protect? (Flipchart listing…)
Exposure Protection Tactics
1. Coordinated attack
2. Wash face of exposure (What about a curtain?)
3. Push fire back to original area
4. Reduce intensity of fire in areas where fire spread will
most likely occur
5. Spread lines into exposure
6. Charge sprinkler system in case of breakthrough
What are some tactical size-up considerations for exposure
protection? (next slide…)
EXPOSURES – TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
OH #15
1.
IS SUPPORT NEEDED?
2.
OUTSIDE COLLAPSE ZONE?
3.
FIRE FLOW AVAILABE?
4.
HOSE AND APPLIANCES REQUIRED?
5.
WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS
NEEDED?
6.
SAFETY CONCERNS?
WHERE?
WHAT?
HOW?
Exposure Tactical Action Plan
1. Determine critical size-up factors
2. Identify and prioritize interior and exterior exposures
3. Determine volume of water available for exposure
protection
4. Select exposure protection tactics
5. Identify needed resources, apparatus, personnel and
equipment
6. Determine needed support & coordination
7. Identify safety concerns
Size-up & Exposure Protection Quiz
Time for Quiz #11!
(Pages 51 - 54)
End of Section
15. Accountability & Entry Control
Its primary purpose is FIREFIGHTER SAFETY!
The IC is ultimately responsible for safety. Some
departments have ISO’s and safety MUST be part
of OG’s. All FF’s and Officers must comply with
safety guidelines.
Let’s look at how the “Accountability” and the
“Two Tag System” works…
(LG-62)
How the Accountability System Works
Accountability Officer
• Keeps track of who is at the scene
• Collect first Tag
• Will sometimes be Entry Control
Officer as well
Entry Control Officer
• Records when FF’s enter the danger
zone
• Generally uses a pre-fabricated Entry
Control Board
• Reports to the IC and gives updates or
notifies the IC of any unaccounted for
FF’s
OH #16
ENTRY CONTROL
Sample Accountability & Entry Control Boards (LG-66)
Let’s take a look at Appendix “B” in your
Learner Guide (pg. 66) to view some
sample Accountability and Entry Control
boards
End of Section
16. Rehabilitation
A rehab sector is required for any extended
incidents. The IC is responsible for having
fresh crews when required. Sector officers
should monitor crews because it is an issue
of FF safety!
Question: Any thoughts of factors to consider
regarding rehab? Look at the picture on the
next slide. What do you notice about what is
happening at rehab?
(LG-61)
OH #17
REHAB
Rehabilitation: Factors to Consider
1. Fatigue
• Fatigued FF’s are accidents waiting to happen
• FF’s should be evaluated by EMT’s or paramedics
prior to reassignment
2. Fluids and Food
• Dehydration and hunger must be dealt with
3. Temperature
• Harsh weather (hot, cold, wet, windy) affects the
condition of FF’s
• Forearm Immersion!
4. Stress
• Mental condition of FF’s is critical (C.I.S.)
• These conditions affect: attitudes, attention span,
self-control – errors lead to accidents
Rehabilitation Quiz
Time for Quiz #12!
(Page 61)
End of Section
17. Post Incident Analysis & Review
The purpose is to improve performance and
safety!
Let’s take a closer look at what P.I.A.R.
is all about…
PIAR: Why?
Why do you do Post Incident Analysis?


To give credit where credit is due
To point out concerns to the team
To analyze tactics – good and bad
It’s a good place for “soft intervention”
To obtain feedback from all those involved

Above all: TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE!



PIAR: Who Conducts/Facilitates PIAR?
Who conducts a Post Incident Analysis?




Chief
IC
Safety Officer
Outside Facilitator
PIAR: When?
When do you do a Post Incident Analysis?

As soon as possible after the incident

Time clouds the memory
This is a good reason for all personnel to
take notes

PIAR: Who is Involved?
Everyone involved in the incident, if possible…
This may include…






IC
Firefighters
Police
EMS
Dispatch
etc…
PIAR: How?
A PIAR can be either VERBAL or WRITTEN
It doesn’t matter which, as long as it’s done
PIAR: Where do you do a PIAR?
It can be done in a variety of locations…
This may include…



Back at the hall
On the tailboard at the scene
It can be formal or informal
PIAR: What is the Format?
A PIAR should be comprehensive
according to need. It should include…





An overview of the incident
Positive things that happened
Negative things that occurred
Discuss perspectives of IC, Sector
Officers, firefighters
Don’t forget the input from Dispatch
PIAR: How long should it take?
As long as practicable to ensure performance is
improved.
(The first few PIAR’s a department does may
take a little longer than subsequent PIAR’s.)



People may be reluctant at first
Remind participants that questions should
be posed in a non-accusational manner
It may depend on the “culture” of the
department
PIAR: Most Important Point
The purpose of a PIAR is to
IMPROVE PERFORMANCE and
NOTHING ELSE!
End of Section
18. Personnel Accountability Reports
The purpose is to assist the IC in a person
Inventory Control.
There are 8 appropriate times to call for a PAR…
(LG-63)
PAR: Benchmarks
1. When “Benchmarks” have been achieved



“All Clear” and “Under Control”
Easy reminder for IC
Good delineation of the event
PAR: Time
2. After twenty and forty minutes


30 and 60 minute bottles
Some time to begin rescue if a
firefighter is missing
Note: Some departments require the initial
attack crew entering a building to radio to the IC
or their Dispatch that they are “ON AIR” when
they turn their cylinders on. This is to provide the
IC and the Dispatch the reminder that the “clock
is now ticking” in the countdown to a PAR.
PAR: Change of Command
3. When command is Passed or Transferred

This allows the new IC to be
confident that all crews are
accounted for
PAR: Significant Changes
4. When there is a significant change





Building collapse
Flashover
Backdraft
Rapid smoke build-up
Any other important event
PAR: Evacuation
5. After an ordered evacuation
PAR: Missing Personnel
6. Anytime Personnel go Missing




Activated PASS alarm
From radio report
From other source
Prior to activating RIT
PAR: Rescue of Firefighter
7. After the rescue of a firefighter who was
previously missing

This is a good time to “take stock”
PAR: Offensive to Defensive
8. After a major change of strategy

It’s crucial to know everyone is out
of the building prior to initiating
significant defensive tactics that
affect the internal environment
End of Section
19. Evacuation & R.I.T.
(LG-55)
1. Why Evacuate?
• Sometimes conditions change for the worse
• Changing from offensive to defensive attack
2. How to We Notify Interior FF’s?
• Different OG’s in different depts. Air Horn is
common. Use anything to let FF’s know!
3. How do We Evacuate?
• All personnel back out – with or without hose
depending on situation
(continued…)
Terminology Note: Click Here
Evacuation & R.I.T. (cont’d)
4. What do we do after evacuation?
• Accountability will call for a PAR
• IC will be notified
5. What if there isn’t a PAR?
• Activate MayDay procedures – search with R.I.T.
etc.
6. How do we ensure consistency?
• OG’s OG’s OG’s
Let’s take a closer look at RIT…
RIT: What?

A standby team of firefighters at an incident,
exclusively assigned, to search for and
remove trapped or injured firefighters

These teams will be removed from fireground
activities not specifically related to R.I.T. duties
RIT: Why?

Provide for the safety and welfare for all onscene personnel

Provide a higher level of firefighter safety

Due Diligence
 Ministry of Labour Guidance Note 35
(should be used
 NFPA 1500 6-5.1 (will be used)
RIT: Responsibilities of the IC




Establish at all working fires (as staffing #
allow)
 NFPA 1561-94-1.8 (will provide)
Ensure that the RIT remains updated on fire
ground operations
Upon deployment, establish a backup RIT
Critical Incident Stress Team is utilized, if
required
RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment)


Remain updated on fireground operations
Gather necessary tools, R.I.T. kit

Familiarize team with building layout, points of
egress
Establish secondary escape routes from upper
floors, raise ground ladders where necessary

RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment) (cont’d)



Continually monitor situation in hazard zone
De-brief firefighters leaving the hazard zone
Liaise with I.C. and Entry control to track location
of teams in the hazard zone
RIT: Composition



Minimum 2 firefighters/team
 The use of a 3rd member could be utilized
as the RIT leader
Maximum - as the situation & staffing dictates
As the incident expands in size and
complexity there may be a need to increase
the number of teams to cover various strategic
locations throughout the incident
RIT: Deployment for Rescue



All members will be briefed on the teams
mission (last known location, assignment, how
many personnel are missing, the problem,
how long in an entry point)
The RIT will be monitored by radio
• dedicated radio frequency, if available
The IC will announce that a RIT has been
deployed and the location of missing
personnel (emergency radio traffic only!)
RIT: Staging a RIT



Strategic position that allows for constant
updates and instant deployment
If the Command Post is within easy walking
distance of the incident, it is a logical place for
the team to stage
Proximity to Entry control board also desirable
RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)

Command may choose to have the RIT stage
at a location advantageous for making quick
access into the structures troubled areas;
high-rise - 2 floors below the fire
RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)
RIT: T.E.A.R.
CREW MEMBER 1 (TEAM LEADER)
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES



Radio to communicate with
Command/Operations
Communicates progress and receives
orders from Command
Provides guidance to team members
including the way out to FF’s dragging the
downed FF
RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d)
CREW MEMBER 2 (EXTRICATION)
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES




“Irons” and/or other tools of potential use
Wire cutters
Frees the downed FF from obstructions
and restrictions
Assists with air bottle switchover and FF
removal
RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d)
CREW MEMBER 3 (AIR)
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES



Extra air supply, rack or RIT-Bag
depending on availability
Ensures the downed FF has an adequate
air supply & switches the air supply to the
carried-in supply when needed
Helps remove the downed FF
RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d)
CREW MEMBER 4 (ROPE)
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES



Search rope
Deploys the search rope on the way in
Picks up the search rope on the way out
RIT: Training

Ideally, specially trained dedicated personnel
would form R.I.T. teams at all incidents

Realistically, all firefighters should be trained
to fulfill R.I.T. duties

Additionally, all firefighters should be trained in
self-rescue techniques, and methods to assist
R.I.T. find them if they are lost or trapped
RIT: Training (cont’d)
Firefighter Self-Rescue

Firefighters may be:
• Lost
• Trapped
• Injured or immobilized
• Unconscious
RIT: Training (cont’d)
Firefighter Self-Rescue





Remain calm
Activate PASS alarm
Attempt to get to:
• Path of egress
• Outside wall
• Window
Conserve Air
Turn off Pass alarm when talking on radio
 Never give up!
RIT: Equipment






Pre-plan/schematic diagram of building
Thermal Imaging Camera
Defibrillator
Trauma kit/O2
Ropes for safety lines including pre-tied kit
bags
Fresh hand-lights
RIT: Equipment (cont’d)







Full PPE including SCBA & PASS devices
Portable radios (1 per member)
Extra SCBA for victims
Appropriate forcible entry tools
Webbing
Short personal escape lines
Glow-sticks
RIT: Activation

Only the Incident Commander can activate the
RIT

IC should activate the RIT when firefighters
are reported as being in distress or missing
RIT: Activation (cont’d)
Firefighter rescue is likely to be:
•
•
•
Labour intensive
Physically exhausting
Emotionally draining
•
Time consuming!
RIT: Activation (cont’d)
Priorities for trapped firefighters…




Fresh air supply
Water for protection
Medical Attention
Psychological support
RIT: Activation (cont’d)




Any time it becomes necessary to activate the
R.I.T team more resources will be required on
the scene
Firefighter rescue will dominate the scene
activities
Provision must be made in order to continue
I.C.s action plan
Extra personnel will be needed
RIT: Deployment



R.I.T.s must be put in place at the earliest
opportunity
Early fire ground activities, (primary search, fire
confinement) are evolutions most likely to put
firefighters at risk
R.I.T.s should be among the first assignments
Nothing is more important than firefighter safety!
RIT: Deployment Checklist
Upon receiving a call for help:






Call for radio silence
Have R.I.T. stand-by
Consider evacuation (consult ISO)
Call for additional help
Conduct P.A.R.
Activate R.I.T.
RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)

Switch to alternate radio channel if available




Firefighter(s), ISO, R.I.T., and I.C. should
remain on original working channel
All other activities move to alternate
channel.
R.I.T. channel must use radio air time very
economically.
Periods of complete silence may be
necessary to listen for faint messages.
RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)





Replace R.I.T. (larger team)
Appoint Operations Command Sector
Take control of R.I.T. operations
When rescue complete, call P.A.R.
Provide C.I.S.D. for ALL personnel involved
RIT: Sobering Thoughts
As the result of an incident that
took the life of Phoenix
firefighter Brett Tarver, the
Northern Virginia Community
College Fire Science program
conducted some tests.
Tarver was in a fire in a 25,000m2
supermarket. He lost the hose
line, could not find his way out,
ran out of air, and
subsequently died.
Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003
RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)




The College conducted 200 drills
1,140 firefighters participated
Their activities were monitored and timed
The results were alarming:
Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003
RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)
AVERAGE TIMES





2.50 minutes for R.I.T. to be ready
3.03 minutes from MAYDAY until R.I.T. made
entry
5.82 minutes for R.I.T. to make contact with
downed firefighter
Each team spent 12.33 minute inside the
building
21 minutes to effect rescue
Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003
RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)
CONSISTENT RATIOS REVEALED:



It takes 12 firefighters to rescue one firefighter
20% of the rescuers got into some type of
trouble
A 30 minute bottle has 18.7 minutes of air (
30%)
Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003
RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)
It was suggested that the rescue be performed in
two phases by two teams
 Team 1 enters and locates the downed
firefighter
 Team 2 performs the removal
REMEMBER
It takes on average, 12 firefighters 21 minutes to
rescue one downed firefighter!
Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003
RIT: Websites
 .rapidintervention.com
 .firetactics.com/.RIT
 .firehouse.com/forums
 http://www.opffa.org/s21/gn35.pdf
RIT: Questions?
End of Section
20. Fire Ground Scenarios
(LG-70)
The Fire Ground Scenarios that will make up the
practical portion of this IMS course will largely be
intended to provide each Learner with the opportunity to
command an incident using the principles outlined so far.
They are intended to be a positive learning opportunity
that will strengthen the Learner IC’s organizational and
communication skills. We will be “walking through”
several theoretical scenarios that will allow us to play
various roles that would be typical at a fire ground.
We will learn but we will also have fun too. Your
thoughts and comments about the scenarios will be
important to share so that we can all improve. Enjoy!
IMS Overview of Practical Scenarios
Let’s look at Appendices “C” & “D” to get an
idea as to what will be happening in the
practical sessions coming up…
Also… let’s check out the “Mid-Week
Exercise” as well as outlined in Appendix “I”…
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Slideshow Support Slides
The following slides in this presentation
file are “called” or “referenced” by other
“action buttons” or “hyperlinks” throughout
the slideshow. They should not be altered
without understanding what the hyperlinks
are referencing with respect to returning to
the “calling” slide.
Appendices & Miscellaneous
Credits & References
How to Read Smoke
(slideshow presentation)
(Version of this IMS Slideshow: Version #4…Sept. 2010)
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Strategy vs. Tactics
Strategy:
The science and art of military command as applied
to the overall planning and conduct of large-scale
combat operations.
Tactics:
A procedure or set of maneouvers engaged in to
achieve an end, an aim, or a goal.
Bow String Truss
A Note about Terminology
It’s important to recognize that there may be
differences in terminology that exist between different
fire departments. The term “Evacuate” is used in some
departments as meaning “… to have all firefighters
leave the building in an orderly fashion…”
However, some departments would use the term
“Withdraw” to mean this. “Abandon” is a term used by
some departments to indicate that there is imminent
danger to life of all interior firefighters and that they
must exit immediately.
It is CRITICAL that ALL firefighters in each fire
department know the terminology of their own
department.
Development of the IMS Course
Why has the IMS Course been developed?
 Unfortunate incidents of the past…
 Timmins, Barrie etc. (too many…)
 so, as a result…
 Ministry of Labour has ruled that all officers
must be more qualified
 Liability!
 OUR SAFETY!
Forearm Immersion
“The latest research shows
that extremity immersion is the
most efficient means of
actually cooling the core.”
Source: http://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798
Forearm Immersion
“The latest research shows
that extremity immersion is the
most efficient means of
actually cooling the core.”
Source: http://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798
Ice Breakers!
Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the
mind.” Below are just a few samples…
Who Wants to be an
Incident Commander?
(World’s Easiest Test!)
One way to go hunting
in South River, Ontario
Treadmill
Firefighter
Auction
Reggae
Smoking
Area
Bride
Future
Trunk
Monkey
Tune Out
Good Dog
Couch
Surprise
DeWalt
(Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)
Alternate
meanings for
common words
Ice Breakers!
Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the
mind.” Below are just a few samples…
One way to go hunting
Please… only click
on the
in South
River, Ontario
links.
Treadmill
Who Wants to be an
Incident Commander?
(World’s Easiest Test!)
Thank you!
Firefighter
Auction
Reggae
Smoking
Area
Bride
Future
Trunk
Monkey
Tune Out
Good Dog
Couch
Surprise
DeWalt
(Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)
Alternate
meanings for
common words
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Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Applicant
How long did the Hundred Years
War last?
A. 100 Years!
B. Never happened
C. 116 Years
D. Too long
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Recruit
How long did the Hundred Years
War last?
A. 100 Years!
B. Never happened
C. 116 Years
D. Too long
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Recruit
Which country makes Panama
hats?
A. Mexico
B. Ecuador
C. Bolivia
D. Panama
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Probie
Which country makes Panama
hats?
A. Mexico
B. Ecuador
C. Bolivia
D. Panama
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Probie
From which animal do we get
catgut?
A. Sheep and horses
B. Cats
C. Bulls
D. Dogs
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Firefighter
From which animal do we get
catgut?
A. Sheep and horses
B. Cats
C. Bulls
D. Dogs
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Firefighter
In which month do Russians
celebrate the October Revolution?
A. November
B. They never had one!
C. October
D. Only at THAT time of
the month!
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Lieutenant
In which month do Russians
celebrate the October Revolution?
A. November
B. They never had one!
C. October
D. Only at THAT time of
the month!
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Lieutenant
What is a camel’s hair brush made
of?
A. Camel hair
B. It’s synthetic hair
C. Squirrel fur
D. Penguin droppings
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Captain
What is a camel’s hair brush made
of?
A. Camel hair
B. It’s synthetic hair
C. Squirrel fur
D. Penguin droppings
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Captain
The Canary Islands in the Pacific
are named after what animal?
A. Whales
B. Canaries
C. Apes
D. Dogs
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: District Chief
The Canary Islands in the Pacific
are named after what animal?
A. Whales
B. Canaries
C. Apes
D. Dogs
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: District Chief
What was King George VI’s first
name?
A. George
B. William
C. Albert
D. Mud
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Deputy Chief
What was King George VI’s first
name?
A. George
B. William
C. Albert
D. Mud
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Deputy Chief
What colour is a purple finch?
A. Gray
B. Crimson
C. Blue
D. Purple
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Chief
What colour is a purple finch?
A. Gray
B. Crimson
C. Blue
D. Purple
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Chief
Where are Chinese gooseberries
from?
A. Taiwan
B. China
C. New Zealand
D. Australia
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Fire Marshal
Where are Chinese gooseberries
from?
A. Taiwan
B. China
C. New Zealand
D. Australia
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Fire Marshal
What is the colour of the black box
in a commercial airplane?
A. Orange
B. Black
C. Yellow
D. White
Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
New Rank: Retired!
What is the colour of the black box
in a commercial airplane?
A. Orange
B. Black
C. Yellow
D. White
You’re a Winner!
Thank you for playing the World’s Easiest Test!
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Hunting in South River, Ontario
Apparently, the driver of the vehicle only suffered
a broken wrist… and needed a bath.
More pics on next page…
Hunting in South River, Ontario
The moose was about a year old.
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Alternate Meanings for Common Words
Here are 9 words and their alternate meanings as
submitted by the Washington Post in an annual contest:
Coffee:
- the person upon whom one coughs
Flabbergasted:
- appalled over how much weight you have gained
Abdicate:
- to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach
Negligent:
- describes a condition in which you absentmindedly
answer the door in your nightgown
continued…
Alternate Meanings for Common Words
Lymph:
- to walk with a lisp
Gargoyle:
- olive-flavoured mouthwash
Flatulence:
- emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are
run over by a steamroller
Balderdash:
- rapidly receding hairline
Testicle:
- a humorous question on an exam
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Firefighter Auction
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Treadmill
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Reggae
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Good Dog
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Smoking Area
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Bride Future
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DeWalt
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Trunk Monkey
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Tune Out
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Couch Surprise
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Reading Smoke
Smoke can tell a lot.
Being able to read the
signs and clues it
gives can save our
lives.
Let’s look at how we can
“read” smoke….
Reading Smoke - Density
Smoke Density – (Quality of the Burning Process)
Light or Thin Smoke Density
 Indicates complete burning, ventilation
(incipient burning)
Moderate Smoke Density
 Indicates fire in growth stage with a
thermal balance
High Smoke Density
 Fire in the decay stage, incomplete
burning of fuels
Reading Smoke - Caution
Caution: Smoke that becomes rapidly dense
indicates an imminent flashover

Density that rapidly changes from dense to
light indicates flashover just took place

You should see a change in smoke velocity or
that the fire has adequately vented
Reading Smoke - Velocity
Smoke Velocity indicates the rate of heat release

Slow Moving Smoke - slow fire spread

Fast Moving Smoke - rapid fire spread

Smoke that leaves fast then slows or chugs –
potential flashover or backdraft
Reading Smoke – Caution re: Density & Velocity
Caution:
High Density & High Velocity smoke that fills a
door or window indicates a well involved,
extremely hot fire that is capable of a rapid,
room-to-room flashover and full involvement of
the structure (dark gray).
Reading Smoke – Volume
Smoke Volume: the amount of fuels burning

Small volume – small fire or complete burning

Large volume – heavy fuel load
Reading Smoke – Volume Changes
Note: Rapid change in smoke volumes
may indicate fire events

Rapid Decrease – flashover just took place

Rapid Increase – heavy fuel load has just
been added to a hot fire
Reading Smoke – Colour
A uniform colour of smoke can help you
classify the primary fuel

White – often indicates a fire in its incipient
stages… However, NOT necessarily!

Dark Gray – high density & high volume;
typical in structure fires

Black – indicative of petroleum products
Reading Smoke – Colour (cont’d)
A uniform colour of smoke can help you
classify the primary fuel



Brown – generally smoke from
untreated/unfinished wood. What wood in
most residences is untreated?
 Room & contents vs. structure fire
Unusual coloured smoke (e.g. green, red,
orange) – indicative of hazardous materials
Yellowish & Lazy, Dense smoke – Back Draft
potential
Reading Smoke – Nothing Showing Mode
Investigative

ALWAYS suspect the worst

Arguably the most dangerous command mode

Familiarity breeds contempt
Reading Smoke – Fast Attack Mode
Smoke and limited fire showing
 Fire clearly in the room of origin and can
be extinguished quickly with minimal risk
Fast, aggressive interior attack
 Operations remain in rescue mode until the
“All Clear” – (fire control efforts must be
coordinated with rescue operations)
Reading Smoke – Command Mode
Fully developed working fire
 (Flashover is the transition between the
growth and the fully developed stages)
Well Planned Interior Attack
 Fire in the decaying stage: Need to
consider flashover protection
Reading Smoke – Stratification
Stratification Status: smoke evident from floor to
ceiling; little dispersal when door is opened.
Where is the fire likely to be?

The fire is BELOW you!
Reading Smoke – Stratification (cont’d)
Stratification Status: smoke pushing down from
the ceiling; drawn toward you. Where is the
fire likely to be?

You are ON the fire floor
Reading Smoke – Stage & Distance
Light coloured smoke evident as you make entry?



Fire is probably in its incipient stage
Could be heavy fire some distance from where
you are
Smoke absorbs moisture & disperses
hydrocarbons as it moves away from the fire
Risk - Types
Risk is of 2 types: Pure and Speculative

PURE risk exists when there is a chance of
loss but no chance of gain

SPECULATIVE risk exists when there is a
chance of gain as well as loss
Risk Analysis Model
We will risk ourselves a lot, within a structured
action plan, to save a savable life
We will risk ourselves a little, within a structured
action plan, to save savable property
However, we will NOT risk ourselves at all to save
lives or property that are already lost
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Credits & References
O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual
PowerPoint Compilation
(Version #3)
by
Capt. Kerry Johnson
Kingston Fire & Rescue
May 2005
References:
An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident
Management for Fire Department Officers
O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual
January, 2004
An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident
Management for Fire Department Officers
O.F.M. Learner Manual
January, 2004
Internet Sources
http://eaglelink.sas.edu.sg/MiddleSchool/electives/technology/tech8b/bridges//bridgehome.html
http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20205.html
http://www.officerstore.com/store/category.cfm?cID=798
http://phoenix.gov/FIRE/20202b.html
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1. Master Intro Slide
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Information Note: A. Master Normal Slides