Chapter 21: Economic
Advance & Social Unrest
1830-1850
Barricade on the rue Soufflot 1848
painting by Horace Vernet.
Section 1: Industrial Society in Europe
population and migration – population explosion in Europe
leads more and more people to live in the cities
 life is tough in the city – inadequate housing and sanitation,
disease and crime
 in rural areas serfdom is abolished in Prussia, Austria and
Russia

Railroads




In what ways did railways epitomize the character of the industrial
economy during the second quarter of the 19th century?
railways built in England, Belgium, France, and Germany
easier and faster movement of people and products
birth of even more industrialization (iron and steel industries)
Section 1: Toward an Industrial Society & Irish Potato
Famine

Why was the failure of the potato
crop such a disaster for Ireland?
How did the famine affect the Irish
population?
“Bridgit O’Donnel & her Family”
1849
Section 1: Irish Potato Famine
From
wikipedia.org
Map 21–1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most
extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but rail lines were
expanding rapidly in France, the German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern
Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none.
Section 2: The Labor Force
1.
2.
3.
How did industrialism change European society?
How was the European labor force transformed into a wage
labor force?
What was the first large-scale European working-class
political movement? What were its goals?
Labor


split of work force – some held steady jobs with good wages, others were the
working poor who held jobs with low wages and poor conditions
wage-labor force – proletarianization – workers labor becomes a commodity of
the labor marketplace
the factory owner supplies the materials, while the workers contribute their labor for a wage
 laborers subjected to rules, punishments, and scoldings (lateness, drunkenness etc)



guild system – an association of merchants or craftsmen that offered protection to
its members and set rules for their works and products
confection – goods, such as shoes, are produced in standard sizes rather than
specifically for one customer
led to more division of labor
 sometimes less wages and worker unrest

In the 1830s and 1840s, the Chartists circulated petitions throughout Britain
demanding political reform. Here the petitions are being taken to Parliament in a
vast ceremonious procession.
Museum of London
British Chartism
Chartism – workers in Britain looking for
social reform


Six Points of the Charter:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Universal Male Suffrage
Annual Election of the House of Commons
Secret (Australian) Ballot
Equal Electoral Districts
Abolition of Property Qualification to Vote or
Hold Office
Pay Salaries to Members of the House of
Commons
VI.

– never passed by Parliament

split of Chartists between those who advocated violence
and those who wanted to use peaceful means
movement ends in 1848, when economy improves drastically
in Britain
The Great Chartist Meeting on Kennington Common, London 1848.
Section 3: Family Structure & the Industrial Revolution Early
Factory System and the Family



in the early factory system, roles in the family stayed mainly the same /
fathers employed their wives and children
newer, easier to use machines lead to the employment of unmarried
women and children in the factories
wages for skilled laborers becomes high enough that some children are
able to leave the factory and go to school
Child Labor




The English Factory Act of 1833 – forbade employment of children
under nine and limited work day to nine hours for children between 913.
education requirement (factories had to provide two hours of
education) starts the process of nurturing children from the home to
the classroom
1847 – Parliament passes a ten-hour workday
due to finding wage employment in the same city as their parents,
children remained living at home longer than before
Section 4: Women in the Early Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution / Women’s Roles
could be associated with domestic duties as
housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and
nurturing and household management
 or in unskilled cottage industries (mostly single or
widowed women0

The Industrial Revolution / Opportunities for Women in
Employment


women in the factories – women mostly young, unmarried, or widows
working low-skilled jobs, who would leave of they got married
women at home or on the land
 in France – largest group of women work on the land
 in England – largest group of women work as domestic servants
 many due to low wages turn to prostitution as a second job
The Working Class Marriage
women would leave the workforce to live on her husband’s
earnings once married
 marriage less of an economic partnership
 married women only worked outside the home when forced
to
 women took care of the home, not just for the wage-earning
husband, but the children as well

Classical Economists



Thomas Malthus – contended in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) –
that population would outstrip food supply making conditions of working class worse
David Ricardo – Principles of Political Economy (1817) – saw viscous cycle in which
wages were raised, population would increase, labor market would expand, lowering
wages and producing fewer children.
Jeremy Bentham – believed in utilitarianism – greatest happiness for the greatest
amount of people


Poor Law – set out to make poverty the least desirable of all social situations / reformed
workhouses
repeal of Corn Laws – tariffs in Britain abolished as that would lower food prices and wages at no
real cost to the worker
Section 7: Early Socialism
Count Claude Henri de
Saint-Simon
Robert Owen
Charles Fourier
Section 7: Early Socialism



What were the three sources of
Marxism?
How is Marxism/Communism
more radical than Socialism?
Why did Marx view history as a
class struggle between the
bourgeois & the proletariat? What
did he believe would be the
inevitable result? How did he
believe it could be attained?
Utopian Socialists – often advocated for the creation of ideal
communities and questioned capitalism


Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon –did not want to redistribute wealth, but rather
have it managed by experts – a large group of directors organizing and coordinating
the activity of individuals and groups to achieve social harmony
Robert Owen – saw no incompatibility between a humane industrial environment
and a good profit



envisioned communities where people factory and farm workers lived together and shared their
resources
New Harmony, Indiana – fails due to quarrels amongst workers
Charles Fourier – advocated the construction of phalanxes – agrarian communities
where people did different tasks everyday, instead of the same task over and over
again
Anarchists – rejected both industry and the
dominance of government
Auguste Blanqui – called for the violent overthrow of
capitalism
 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon – peacefully advocated for
mutualism – a system of small businesses would have a
cooperation and exchange of goods based on mutual
recognition of the labor

Karl Marx and Marxism


Karl Marx – believed class conflict will eventually lead to the triumph of the
industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private
property and social class – becomes to be known as Marxism
Friedrich Engels
 published The Condition of the Working Class in England – presented a
devastating picture of working conditions in industrial life
 joined with Marx to write Communist Manifesto – called for more
radical change then socialism – the outright abolition of private property,
rather than just the redistribution
The
Revolutions
Of 1848
“The Springtime of Peoples”
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Horace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
Prince Metternich
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Horace Greeley
HS
Chappaqua,
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1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.
1848
a series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions occur in
response to food shortages, unemployment, and poor
working conditions
 Revolutions occur in France, Austria, Italian and German
states

Revolution in France



liberal revolution – led by Louis Blanc wanted a social and political revolution
 an election of the General Assembly based on universal man suffrage leads to the election of
moderates and conservatives
 revolution is put down by conservative troops, killing nearly 3,500 people
Louis Napoleon – the election of “Little Napoleon” leads to a dictatorship in which Louis is
crowned Emperor Napoleon III.
Frenchwomen (1848) – feminists demand full domestic equality, right to serve in the military
and voting rights, but are defeated, not allowed to participate in politics and the movement is
eradicated by 1852.
The Hapsburg Empire


The Vienna Uprising – the abolishment of serfdom by the Hungarian diet quells the Hungarian
independence movement
The Magyar Revolt
Magyars wanted to establish a separate Hungarian state with local controls, while still under the
emperor
 fails as Romanians, Croatians and Serbs who would have been under Magyar rule, prefer to be with the
Hapsburgs to preserve their national identity



Czech Nationalism – Czech nationalists wanted a unified Slavic state, but their nationalistic efforts
are repressed by the Germans and the middle class
rebellion in Northern Italy – a revolt against Hapsburg domination leads to war in 1848-1849 / In
August 1849 helped by the Russians, the revolt is finally crushed
Italy: Republicanism Defeated


Nationalists wanted a united Italian state under Pope Pius IX
radicals however wanted a republican form of government / radicals
led by
 Giuseppe Mazzini
 Giuseppe Garibaldi


radicals are defeated by the nationalists and by French forces
Pope Pius IX – renounces his liberalism and becomes arch
conservative
Germany: Liberalism Defeated

Revolution in Prussia



Frederick William IV – announces Prussia will help unify Germany, ending the Prussian
monarchy
Frederick and his conservative supporters ignore the liberals and put in three class voting –
based on tax classes - only 5% of the population elected one-third of the Prussian Parliament
The Frankfurt Parliament – intended to write a moderately liberal constitution
for a united Germany



marked a split between German liberals and German working class
wanted a unified Germany, with Prussian leadership
William IV of Prussia rejects German unification and the Parliament dissolves
Not Really: Centers of
Revolution in 1848
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Pojer
Horace Greeley
HS
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FRANCE
Louis Philippe, “The Pear,” 1848
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Horace Greeley
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Louis Blanc


A Social Democrat.
He believed in the
“Right to Work.”
 National


Provide work for the
unemployed.
Financial Crisis
 Flight
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Horace Greeley
HS
Chappaqua,
NY
Workshops.
of capital.
 Stock market
crashes [55%
decline].
 New 45% increase
The “June Days”

Worker groups in Paris rose up in
insurrection.
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 They
said that the government had betrayed
the revolution.

Workers wanted a
redistribution of wealth.
 Barricades


in the streets.
Victor Hugo’s Les
Miserables was based
on this event.
A new liberal-conservative
coalition formed to oppose this lower class
radicalism.
Paris: To the Barricades Again!
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The 2nd French Republic (1848-1852)

General Louis
Cavaignac assumed
dictatorial powers &
crushed the revolt.
 10,000
dead.
 A victory for
conservatives.

The Republic
by
Jean-Leon Gerome
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Horace Greeley
HS
Chappaqua,
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Nov., 1848  a new
constitution provided for:
 An
elected President.
 A one-house legislature.
President Louis Napoleon

The December election:
 The “law and order” candidate,
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,
defeated Cavaignac.
 This was a big shift in middle
class opinion to the right!

The New President:
 Purged the govt. of all radical officials.

Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists.
 Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections.

Represented himself as a “Man of the People.”
 His government regularly used forced against dissenters.
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1851 Coup d’Etat



President Louis
Napoleon declared
a hereditary 2nd
French Empire.
A national
plebiscite
confirmed this.
Assumes title of
Napoleon III
The Revolution of
1848
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Revolution of 1848

Causes
 Liberals
from middle class demand rights
 Economic slowdown
 Poor harvests
 Nationalism among European minorities
Europe, 1848
Revolution of 1848

France
 Ruled
by Louis Philippe since 1830
 Working
class demonstrate in Paris
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Revolution of 1848

Second Republic declared
 Louis

Napoleon Bonaparte
Second Empire
 Declared
1852
himself Emperor Napoleon III in
Napoleon III
Revolution of 1848

Austria
 Nationalism
 Vienna
among minorities
student uprising
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Revolution of 1848

Austria
 Magyar
Revolt
 Czech Revolt
 Revolt
in Northern Italy
Vienna Uprising
Revolution of 1848

Italy
 Giuseppe
Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi
 Revolutions
put down by French troops
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Mazzini and Garibaldi
Pope Pius XI
Revolution of 1848

Germany
 Revolution
in Prussia
 Reforms
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Berlin Uprising
Revolution of 1848

Germany
 The
Frankfurt Assembly
 Attempt
to unify Germany
 Unsuccessful
Frankfurt Assembly
Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
Conclusion
Unrest throughout Europe caused
Revolution of 1848
 Liberals desired greater political
participation
 Nationalities demanded independence
 Conservatives manage to put down
rebellions

Original Presentation by Riverside Community College
The
HAPSBURG
EMPIRE
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Horace Greeley
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The Austrian Empire: 1830
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Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Revolution


The “February
Revolution” in France
triggered a rebellion
for liberal reforms.
March 13  rioting
broke out in Vienna.

The Austrian Empire
collapsed.




Metternich fled.
Constituent Assembly
met.
Serfdom [robot] abolished.
The revolution began to wane.
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Horace Greeley
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
The revolutionary government failed to govern effectively.
The New Austrian
Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 18481916]
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Horace Greeley
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The Hungarian Revolution
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Horace Greeley
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Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)



Hungarian revolutionary
leader.
March laws provided for
Hungarian independence.
Austrians invade.
 Hungarian armies drove
within sight of Vienna!



Slavic minorities resisted
Magyar invasion & the
Hungarian army withdrew.
Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army.
Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.
Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)

He raised an
army of 400,000
in response to a
request from
Franz Joseph.
 140,000
put
down the
Hungarian
revolt.
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Pojer
Horace Greeley
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Chappaqua,
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Bohemia, 1848


Bohemia was split
between Pan-Slavs
& Pan-Germans.
Prague Conference:
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Horace Greeley
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 Developed
the idea
of Austro-Slavism.


A constitution &
autonomy within the
Habsburg Empire.
The Austrian military
ultimately attacked
Prague, occupied
Bohemia & crushed
the rebellion.
The Prague
Barricades
Revolution in Romania
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Horace Greeley
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Italy
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Horace Greeley
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Chappaqua,
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Upheaval in Italy, 1848





Italian nationalists
and liberals sought
to end foreign
domination of Italy.
Milan, Lombardy &
Venetia wanted to
expel their Austrian
rulers.
Bourbon rulers in
Kingdom of Two Sicilies.
House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont
grant liberal constitutions.
 Sardinia-Piedmont declared war
on Austria.
Beginning in May, revolutions
suppressed.
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Italy, 1848





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Horace Greeley
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Chappaqua,
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Giuseppe Mazzini established a Roman Republic
in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Pope Pius IX forced to flee.
Austrian General Radetsky crushed
Sardinia-Piedmont.
French troops take back the Papal
States.
Victor Emmanuel II takes the
throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.
Reasons for Failure in Italy

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Horace Greeley
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Rural people did not support the
revolutions.
 Revolutionaries
focused mainly on urban
middle classes.

The revolutionaries were not united.
 Fear
of radicals among moderates lead to
the collapse of the revolutions.

Lack of leadership and administrative
experience among the revolutionaries.
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Horace Greeley
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Chappaqua,
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The
German
States
Germania - 1848
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Horace Greeley
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Frederick William IV of
Prussia
(1840-1861)


Mad as a hatter!
Anti-liberal, but an
‘Arthurian’ medieval
romantic.
 Agricultural

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Horace Greeley
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
romantic.
Relied on Junker
support.
Prussia in the mid19c:
 Efficient.
 Good
economy.
The Frankfurt Assembly


German liberals are overjoyed!
German National Assembly established in
Frankfurt:
 Universal
suffrage.
 Delegates mostly from the middle class.
 Debate over the nature of the state 
monarchy of Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns?
 They
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chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke
John rather than the King of Prussia.


He was a well-known liberal sympathizer.
But they couldn’t guarantee the loyalty of the Prussian
Army.
Frankfurt Assembly Meets
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The “Three Germanies”
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Prussian Resurgence



The Prussian army moved to crush the new
Polish Grand Duchy.
The Prussian parliament disagreed with the
Frankfurt Parliament.
The Prussian army
invaded Schleswig-Holstein
(at Frankfurt’s request).
 Horrified international
liberal opinion.
 Britain & Russia
threatened war
with Prussia.
 Prussia agreed to its own
peace with Denmark.
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Ms. Susan M.
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


Austria & Prussia Reassert
Control
Austria re-gained
control of Vienna.
Frederick William
deposed the Berlin
parliament.
The Frankfurt
Assembly offered the
emperorship to
Frederick William.
 He declined.
 Radicals took to the
barricades again.
 The Prussian army crushed all resistance.
 April, 1849  the Assembly collapsed.
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A New German Confederation

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

Frederick William IV of Prussia was still
interested in ruling a united Germany.
1850  the German Confederation was
re-established at Olmutz.
But, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian
leadership of Central Europe.