Class Verse
Psalm 139:14
I praise you because I am fearfully and
wonderfully made;
your works are wonderful,
I know that full well.
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Slide 1
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body
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Slide 2
I. Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy
1. The study of the structure of an organism
and the relationships of its parts.
2. We learn hands on – anatomy means “up”
“cut” – or literally to cut up.
B. Define Physiology
1. The study of the functions of an organism
and its parts.
2. Greek for “study of nature”
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Slide 3
II. Divisions of Anatomy
• A. Gross anatomy
- study of the body and
its parts using only the
naked eye
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Slide 4
B. Microscopic anatomy
- study of body parts
using a microscope

1. Cytology —study of
cells

2. Histology —study of
tissues
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Slide 5
• C. Developmental anatomy
- study of human growth and development
• D. Pathological anatomy
- study of diseased body structures
• E. Systemic anatomy
- study of the body by systems
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Slide 6
III. Levels of Organization
• Your House
• Your Continent
• Your Street
• Your Hemisphere
• Your Neighborhood
• Your Planet
• Your City
• Your Solar System
• Your County
• Your Galaxy
• Your State
• Your Quadrant
• Your Nation
• Your Universe
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Slide 7
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Slide 8
• A. Chemical level —
basis for life

1. Organization of chemical
structures separates living
material from nonliving
material

2. Organization of atoms,
molecules, and
macromolecules results in
living matter—a gel called
cytoplasm
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Slide 9
• B. Cellular level

1. Cells —smallest and most
numerous units that possess
and exhibit characteristics of
life

2. Cell —nucleus surrounded
by cytoplasm within a limiting
membrane

3. Cells differentiate to perform
unique functions

4. Cells contain organelles to
perform specific functions.
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Slide 10
• C. Tissue level

1. Tissue —an organization of similar cells
specialized to perform a certain function

2. Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

3. Four major tissue types:
• a. Epithelial tissue – covers body parts
• b. Connective tissue – bone, cartilage, blood
• c. Muscle tissue – skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• d. Nervous tissue – brain, nerves
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Slide 11
• D. Organ level

1. Organ —organization of several different kinds
of tissues to perform a special function

2. Each organ has a unique function, size, shape,
appearance, and placement in the body
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Slide 12
• E. System level

1. Systems —most complex organizational units of
the body

2. System level involves varying numbers and
kinds of organs arranged to perform complex
functions
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Slide 13
• F. Organism level

The living human organism is greater than the
sum of its parts
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Slide 14
Assign Systems Report
• 12 font
• Single space
• Between 1.5 and 2 pages
• 1” indent on left and right
• 1.25” indent from top and bottom
• 3 references (cited)
• Turn in to drop box on the class website by
midnight Saturday, Sept. 1
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Slide 15
Liberty Christian Anatomy Students Discover Life in Cafeteria!
IV. Life Processes
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Amazing
Discovery!
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• A. Metabolism —sum total of all physical and
chemical reactions occurring in the living
body.
•
1. Includes the breakdown of large, complex
molecules into smaller, simpler ones
• a. proteins in food are split into amino acids
•
2. The building up of complex molecules from
smaller, simpler ones
• a. The amino acids are used as the building blocks that
can be used to build new proteins that make up muscles
and bones
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Slide 17
• B. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to
detect and respond to changes in its internal
or external environment.

1. permits an organism to sense and respond to
external stimuli
• C. Movement –

1. motion of the whole body

2. individual organs – the coordinated action of
muscles allows you to move from one place to
another

3. single cells – when a body tissue is damaged
or infected, certain white blood cells help to clean
up and repair the area
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Slide 18
• D. Growth –

1. an increase in body size
• a. increase in size of existing cells
• b. the number of cells increases
• c. the amount of material surrounding the cells increases
• E. Differentiation – the process where
unspecialized cells become specialized.
• F. Reproduction

1. The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or
replacement

2. The production of a new individual
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Slide 19
V. Interaction of Structure and Function
• - the structure of the body often determines how it
functions (respiratory problems, obesity, anorexia,
etc)
• A. Body Type (somatotype or physique) and
disease – body shape/fat content is affected
by gender, ago, exercise, and diet

1. endomorph – heavy in the middle
• a. apple shape – large waistline – fat deposited here
breaks down and enters the blood stream – can lead to
heart disease, stroke, high BP, breast cancer, etc.
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Slide 20
• b. Pear shaped – large hips, thighs, rear. This
fat is not metabolically active, so the good news
is that this fat doesn’t break down and enter the
blood stream to cause health problems – but
the bad news is that since it is not metabolically
active, it doesn’t come off easy.
Mesomorph – Ken and Barbie look
– muscular build
 2.
 3.
Ectomorph – thin, lean body types
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Slide 21
VI. Homeostasis
• A. Homeostasis is the term used to
describe the relatively constant
states maintained by the body—
internal environment around body
cells remains constant.
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Slide 22
B. Examples of homeostasis:
1.
Temperature regulation
2.
Regulation of blood carbon
dioxide level
3.
Regulation of blood
glucose level
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Slide 23
VII. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• A. Devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by
self-regulation through feedback control loops
• B. Basic components of control mechanisms

1. Sensor mechanism —specific sensors detect and react to
any changes from normal

2. Control center—information is analyzed and integrated, and
then, if needed, a specific action is initiated

3. Effector mechanism —effectors directly influence controlled
physiological variables

4. Feedback —process of information about a variable
constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
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Slide 24
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Slide 25
VIII. Anatomical Position
• A. Body erect with arms at sides and palms
forward
• B. Head and feet pointing forward
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Slide 26
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Slide 27
Anatomical Position
• Bilateral symmetry is a term meaning that
right and left sides of body are mirror images

Bilateral symmetry confers balanced proportions

Remarkable correspondence of size and shape
between body parts on opposite sides of the body
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Slide 28
Body Regions
1. Abdominal
Stomach
2. Nasal
Nose
3. Oral
Mouth
4. Facial
Face
5. Dorsal
Back/Top
6. Ventral
Front/Bottom
7. Brachial
Upper arm
8. Carpal
Wrist
9. Cephalic
Head
10. Femoral
Thigh
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Slide 29
Body Cavities
• Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity
• Right and left pleural
cavities
• Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
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Slide 30
Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity
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Slide 31
Body Regions
• Appendicular subdivision

Upper extremity and subdivisions

Lower extremity and subdivisions
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Slide 32
Body Regions
Abdominal regions
• Right hypochondriac
region
•
•
•
•
•
•
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac (inguinal)
region
• Hypogastric region
• Left iliac (inguinal) region
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Slide 33
Body Regions
• Abdominopelvic
quadrants

Right upper
quadrant

Left upper
quadrant

Right lower
quadrant

Left lower quadrant
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Slide 34
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Directional terms
(Figure 1-9)

Lateral

Superior

Proximal

Inferior

Distal

Anterior (ventral)

Superficial

Posterior (dorsal)

Deep

Medial
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Slide 35
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Directional terms
(Figure 1-9)

Lateral

Superior

Proximal

Inferior

Distal

Anterior (ventral)

Superficial

Posterior (dorsal)

Deep

Medial
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Slide 36
Body Planes and Sections
• Planes are lines of
orientation along
which cuts or sections
can be made to divide
the body, or a body
part, into smaller
pieces
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Slide 37
Mechanisms of Disease
• Genetic
- altered or mutated genes
• Pathogenic
- disease-causing organisms
• Tumors and Cancer
- neoplasms - abnormal tissue growth
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Slide 38
Mechanisms of Disease
• Physical and chemical agents
• Malnutrition
• Autoimmunity
- immune system attacks the body
• Inflammation
• Degeneration
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Slide 39
Appendix A
Chemistry of
Life
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I. Basic Chemistry
• A. Elements and
compounds – 96% of the
body is made of 4
elements: carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, and
nitrogen
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II. Organic and
Inorganic
Compounds
• “rule of thumb”- organic
contains carbon, inorganic does
not
• A. Inorganic Molecules- water,
oxygen, carbon dioxide,
electrolytes
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1. Water
• “cradle of life” because all living
organisms require H2O to
survive
• Every cell is bathed in watery
fluid (surrounds it) and
cytoplasm is made largely of
water
• It is 70% of bodyweight
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• a. Properties of water
Acts as a solvent – things
will dissolve in it. This makes
it a good transporter of
oxygen, food substances, etc.
1.
2.
Absorbs and gives off heat
slowly – therefore helps
maintain constant body
temperature
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2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• Cellular respiration where
oxygen is used to break down
the nutrients within the cell in
order to release energy. (this is
the exception to the “rule of
thumb” that inorganic
compounds have no carbon in
them)
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3. Electrolytes
• Are acids, bases and salts
Acids and bases – early chemists
characterized acids and bases by
tasting them. Acids taste sour and
bases bitter.
 A.
• 1. Acids – any substance that will
release H+ ions or are proton
donors (example: HCl –
hydrochloric acid in stomach)
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• 2. Bases – “proton acceptors”, so
they have a lower concentration of
H ions in solution. (example:
biocarbonate ion transports
respiratory gases.
• 3. pH scale – way to measure
acidity or alkalinity of a solution –
logarithmic scale (meaning 10 fold)
 Scale
is 0-14 with neutral 7
(water). <7=acidic, >7=basic
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Salts – mineral salt
electrolytes such as
calcium (important for
muscle contraction),
potassium and sodium
(important for nerve
impulse)
b.
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c.
If output (ie:diarrhea,
vomiting, excessive sweating)
exceeds input, then
dehydration occurs. This
causes skin to loose elasticity.
Test for dehydration =
“tenting” occurs when fold of
skin is pinched.
Give
electrolytes to fix =
Gatorade, Pedialyte
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• d. Homeostatic mechanism
that tells your body that then
electrolyte concentration is
off = thirst.
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B. Organic Molecules
• Also known as “macromolecules”
Carbohydrates – sugars and
starches that function for energy
1.
• a. Monosaccharides – sinple
sugars; glucose (blood sugar)
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• b. Disaccharides – 2
monosaccharides bonded
together; sucrose (table
sugar), lactose (milk sugar)
• c. Polysaccharides – many
monosaccharides bonded
together; glycogen
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Proteins – enzymes, hair, nails,
hormones, antibodies
 2.
• a. Amino acids – are the building
blocks of proteins. There are 20
commonly occurring amino acids
(a.a.); 8 of them are essential (the
body cannot produce them so they
must be included in the diet). The
other 12 can be made from the 8
essential ones.
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• b. PKU – 1/12,000 births are
babies with phenylketouria
(PKU) – a genetic disease that
lacks enzymes to break down
the a.a. phenylaline. Build up
of phenylaline in the body
causes mental retardation. All
babies are tested for PKU at
birth.
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Lipids – fats used for energy,
insulates to minimize heat loss,
protection around internal organs
3.
Nucleic acids – genetic
material which is the information
of heredity (DNA and RNA)
4.
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a. Deoxyribonucleuic Acid
• The primary function
of DNA is to store
and transmit genetic
information that tells
cells which proteins
to make and when to
make them.
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b. Ribonucleic Acid
• RNA is responsible for
the movement of genetic
information from the
DNA in the cell nucleus
to the site of protein
synthesis in the
cytoplasm. RNA's sugar
molecule is ribose
instead of the deoxyribos
sugar in DNA.
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III. Metabolism
• The term used to describe all
the chemical reactions that
occur in the body, there are
2 major types
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A. Catabolism
• The break down of large
food molecules which in turn
releases energy
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B. Anabolism
• The build up of larger and
more complex chemical
molecules from smaller
subunits which requires
energy.
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